Learning from One’s Mistakes: Effects of Age and Error Processing
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Transcript of Learning from One’s Mistakes: Effects of Age and Error Processing
Learning from One’s Mistakes: Effects of Age and Error Processing
Nicole D. Anderson, PhD, CPsychAssociate Professor, Psychiatry & Psychology, University of Toronto
Senior Scientist, Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest
York Neuropsychology Rounds – January 7, 2013
Errors in Everyday Life
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Outline
Providing the world with innovations in aging
•Background• Improving errorless learning• Lubinsky, Rich, & Anderson (2009)• Guild & Anderson (2012)
• Improving trial-and-error learning• Cyr & Anderson (2012a)• Cyr & Anderson (2012b)• Cyr & Anderson (a couple in prep)
• A Framework of Error Processing in Episodic Memory• Future Directions
•16 people with amnesia (20-69)•16 healthy old (61-79)•16 healthy young (20-58)
Baddeley & Wilson (1994)
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•5-word list•10-word list•10-word list
Three learning trials (data not provided), followed by nine additional trials with the same word list, conducted twice with different words.
Baddeley & Wilson (1994)
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BR____? BRICK
MU___? MUSTARD
“BRAIN”?
“BRIDGE”?
“BRIM”?
TEL
EL
Baddeley & Wilson (1994)
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Errorless Learning
Providing the world with innovations in aging
• Acquired brain injury• Glisky et al. 1986• Kalla et al. 2001• Riley et al. 2004• Haslam et al. 2012
• Amnesia / Memory Impairment• Hamman & Squire 1995• Squires et al. 1997• Hunkin et al. 1998• Tailby & Haslam 2003• Page et al. 2006
• Korsakoff’s• Komatsu et al. 2000
• Aging, MCI, AD• Lubinsky, Rich, & Anderson
2009• Ruis & Kessels 2005• Haslam et al. 2006• Anderson et al. 2012• Guild & Anderson 2012• Laffan et al 2010
• Semantic Dementia• Jokel & Anderson 2012
• But see…• Evans et al. 2000• Dunn 2003• Dunn & Clare 2007• Kessels 2007
But hold on….
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Errorless Learning Trial-and-Error Learning
Active and effortfulEncourages deep
processing
×Entirely passive×Encourages shallow
processing
But hold on…
Providing the world with innovations in aging
WA___WALRUS
WA___war-wand-walnut;
WALRUS
ActivePassive
EL
TEL
Outline
Providing the world with innovations in aging
•Background• Improving errorless learning• Lubinsky, Rich, & Anderson (2009)• Guild & Anderson (2012)
• Improving trial-and-error learning• Cyr & Anderson (2012a)• Cyr & Anderson (2012b)• Cyr & Anderson (a couple in prep)
• A Framework of Error Processing in Episodic Memory• Future Directions
Tailby & Haslam (2003)
Providing the world with innovations in aging
WA___WALRUS
WA___wall-wallet-walnut;
WALRUS
ActivePassive
EL
TEL
WA___A mammal with tusks
WALRUS
Tailby & Haslam (2003)
Providing the world with innovations in aging
• 24 people with mixed bag episodic memory impairment: 8 mild, 8 moderate, 8 severe
• 12-word lists, each presented 3x– Errorless – Passive (EL-P)– Errorless – Active (EL-A)– Trial-and-Error – Active (TEL-A)
Tailby & Haslam (2003)
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Mild Moderate Severe0
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EL-PEL-ATEL-A
Imm
edia
te C
ued
Reca
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Tobi Lubinsky
Providing the world with innovations in aging
• 23 healthy older adults• 23 people with single-
domain amnestic MCI• Four lists encoded– Free recall– Cued recall
• Final recognition for all four lists
Tailby & Haslam (2003)
Providing the world with innovations in aging
WA___WALRUS
WA___wall-wallet-walnut;
WALRUS
ActivePassive
EL
TEL
WA___A mammal with tusks
WALRUS
Lubinsky et al. (2009)
Providing the world with innovations in aging
WAL___WALRUS
Mammal; Tusks
WAL___wall-wallet-walnut;
WALRUSMammal; Tusks
ActivePassive
EL
TEL
WAL___Mammal; Tusks
WALRUS
Lubinsky, Rich, & Anderson (2009) JINS
WAL___wall-wallet-walnut;
WALRUSMammal; Tusks
Lubinsky et al. (2009)
Providing the world with innovations in aging Lubinsky, Rich, & Anderson (2009)
JINS
Passive PassiveActive ActiveTrial-and-ErrorErrorless
Lubinsky et al. (2009)
Providing the world with innovations in aging Lubinsky, Rich, & Anderson (2009)
JINS
• Results replicated in second study using sentence stems (e.g., Hank reached into his pocket to get the _______).
• Benefit of active errorless learning present only when generation cues recapitulated at retrieval Free recall (Study 1 and 2) Yes/No recognition (walrus?) (Study 1)Cued Recall (Study 1 and 2)Cued Recognition (Study 2)
Lubinsky et al. (2009)
Providing the world with innovations in aging Lubinsky, Rich, & Anderson (2009)
JINS
• Consistent with multifactor view of generation effect (Hirshman & Bjork, 1988; McDaniel et al., 1990)– Item-specific : yes/no recognition– Cue-target : cued recall (tusks - ???) and cued
recognition (Hank reached into his pocket to get the _______)
– Inter-item : free recall
Emma Guild
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• 32 healthy older adults• Categorized or uncategorized word lists
(between-Ss)• Four lists: EL-P, EL-A, TEL-P, TEL-A• Free recall after each list; final cued recall• Predicted EL-active advantage for unrelated
lists in cued recall, and for related lists in free recall
Lubinsky et al. (2009)
Providing the world with innovations in aging
WAL___WALRUS
Mammal; Tusks
WAL___wall-wallet-walnut;
WALRUSMammal; Tusks
ActivePassive
EL
TEL
WAL___Mammal; Tusks
WALRUS
Lubinsky, Rich, & Anderson (2009) JINS
WAL___wall-wallet-walnut;
WALRUSMammal; Tusks
Guild & Anderson (2012)
Providing the world with innovations in aging
ANIMALHop – r_bb_t: RABBIT
ANIMALDog-Horse-PigHop – r_bb_it
RABBIT
ActivePassive
EL
TEL
ANIMALHop – r_bb_it
RABBIT
Guild & Anderson (2012) ANC
ANIMALDog-Horse-Pig
Hop – r_bb_t: RABBIT
Providing the world with innovations in aging Guild & Anderson (2012) ANC
Passive Active Passive 2 Active 20.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
Cued Recall
RelatedUnrelated
Prop
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tGuild & Anderson (2012)
Trial-and-ErrorErrorless
Providing the world with innovations in aging Guild & Anderson (2012) ANC
Passive Active Passive 2 Active 20.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
Free Recall
RelatedUnrelated
Prop
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Trial-and-ErrorErrorless
Improving Errorless Learning
Providing the world with innovations in aging Lubinsky, Rich, & Anderson (2009)
JINS
• Active errorless learning is more advantageous than passive errorless learning, but only when the processes evoked by generation at encoding are recapitulated at retrieval
Outline
Providing the world with innovations in aging
•Background• Improving errorless learning• Lubinsky, Rich, & Anderson (2009)• Guild & Anderson (2012)
• Improving trial-and-error learning• Cyr & Anderson (2012a)• Cyr & Anderson (2012b)• Cyr & Anderson (a couple in prep)
• A Framework of Error Processing in Episodic Memory• Future Directions
Andrée-Ann Cyr
Providing the world with innovations in aging
• Website https://sites.google.com/site/andreeanncyr/
But hold on….
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Errorless Learning Trial-and-Error Learning
Active and effortfulEncourages deep
processing
×Entirely passive×Encourages shallow
processing
Perceptual Learning
Providing the world with innovations in aging
BRI____? BRICK
MUS___? MUSTARD
“BRIM”?
“BRIDGE”?
“BRIDE”?
EL > TEL
TEL
EL
Conceptual Learning
Providing the world with innovations in aging
A flower?
“ROSE”?
“ORCHID”?
“VIOLET”?
TULIP
A sport? SOCCER
EL < TEL
TEL
EL
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Cyr & Anderson (2012a)
Cyr & Anderson (2012) Psych & Aging
A flower?“ORCHID”?
“VIOLET”?TULIP
A sport? SOCCER
TEL
EL
33 younger adults31 older adults
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Cyr & Anderson (2012a): Study 1
Cyr & Anderson (2012) Psych & Aging
• Prediction (cf. Anderson & Craik, 2006): –Recollection: TEL > EL– Familiarity: EL > TEL
Process dissociation procedure (Jacoby, 1991) Double exclusion task
Younger Older0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
EL TELYounger Older
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EL TEL
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Cyr & Anderson (2012a): Study 1
Cyr & Anderson (2012) Psych & Aging
Familiarity Recollection
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Cyr & Anderson (2012a): Study 2
Cyr & Anderson (2012) Psych & Aging
A flower?“ORCHID”?
“VIOLET”?TULIP
A sport? SOCCER
TEL
EL
Recognition: All target words, first errors, and new words in random order“Is this a target word, a word you provided as a guess, or a new word?”
15 younger adults15 older adults
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Cyr & Anderson (2012a): Study 2
Cyr & Anderson (2012) Psych & Aging
Younger Older0.0
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EL TEL
Prop
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Conceptual Learning
Providing the world with innovations in aging
A flower?
“ROSE”?
“ORCHID”?
“VIOLET”?
TULIP
A sport? SOCCER
EL < TEL
TEL
EL
Cyr & Anderson (in progress)
Providing the world with innovations in aging
TEST- Conceptual TEST- Perceptual
br____
Target?
tr____
Guess 1?Guess 2?
Target?
EL
TEL
A flower
Target?
A fruit
Guess 1?Guess 2?
Target?
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Cyr & Anderson (in progress)
n = 16 older adults
EL-Target TEL-Target TEL-Errors0.00
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Conceptual Perceptual
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Study 4 Cue Constraint
Providing the world with innovations in aging
– High cloze sentences (EL or TEL)
You can’t buy anything for a ______
– Low cloze sentences (EL or TEL)
There is something grand about the ______
Cued Recall You can’t buy anything for a ______. There’s something grand about the ______.
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Cyr & Anderson (in prep)
• 56 younger adults; 56 older adults• Prediction: – “Close” conceptual errors will be less
beneficial than “far” conceptual errors.
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Cyr & Anderson (in prep)
Younger Adults Older adults
Low-Cloze High-Cloze0.0
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Cyr & Anderson (2012b): Study 1
Providing the world with innovations in aging Cyr & Anderson (in purgatory)
“What is the capital of Australia?” Response: “Sidney”Confidence: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Answer: Canberra“What is the last name of the man who invented dynamite?”Response “I don’t know….Jones”Confidence: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Answer: Nobel Hypercorrection effect (Butterfield & Metcalfe, 2001)
21 younger adults18 older adults
Cyr & Anderson (2012b): Study 1
Providing the world with innovations in aging Cyr & Anderson (in purgatory)
1 2 3 4 5 6 70.0
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YoungerOlder
Confidence in errors on initial test
Prop
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Providing the world with innovations in aging Cyr & Anderson (in purgatory)
What is the last name of the author who wrote ‘Canterbury Tales’?
1) Austin2) Shakespeare3) Chaucer4) Joyce5) Dickens
How many alternatives did you narrow it down to?0 1 2 3 4
Cyr & Anderson (2012b): Study 2
19 younger adults17 older adults
Study 5b Hypercorrection
Providing the world with innovations in aging Cyr & Anderson (in purgatory)
1 2 3 4 50.0
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YoungerOlder
Rescaled confidence in errors on initial test
Prop
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Improving Trial-and-Error Learning
Providing the world with innovations in aging
• Neuropsychological literature has long embraced errorless learning
• Our research turns this viewpoint on its head– conceptual errors can benefit memory – they
can serve as stepping stones towards better learning for older adults
–“If a mistake is not a stepping stone, it is a mistake.” Eli Siegel
Outline
Providing the world with innovations in aging
•Background• Improving errorless learning• Lubinsky, Rich, & Anderson (2009)• Guild & Anderson (2012)
• Improving trial-and-error learning• Cyr & Anderson (2012a)• Cyr & Anderson (2012b)• Cyr & Anderson (a couple in prep)
• A Framework of Error Processing in Episodic Memory• Future Directions
Framework of Error Processing
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Braver et al., 2007
PERCEPTUAL BR______?
Proactive control Reactive control
CONCEPTUAL A flower?
WRONG!
WRONG!
“BRIDGE?”
“ROSE?”Proactive control Reactive control
Future Directions
Providing the world with innovations in aging
• Can conceptual errors confer a mnemonic benefit for people with episodic memory impairment (MCI, mild AD)?
• Are these effects specific to episodic learning? Or can errors be beneficial for procedural or spatial learning?
• How long do these effects last? •But see…• Evans et al.
2000• Dunn 2003• Dunn & Clare
2007• Kessels 2007
Thank You!
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Vinay KansalNisha KansalJanice BabinsAndrea MaioneLaura StefanikKashfia Alam
Guild & Anderson (2012)
Providing the world with innovations in aging
A flower?
“ROSE”?
“ORCHID”?
“VIOLET”?
TULIP
A sport? SOCCER
EL > TEL
TEL
EL
Holland-t_l_p
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Study 1 Recollection and familiarity
Cyr & Anderson (2012) Psych & Aging
• Design:– Learning condition (EL/EF) INTERMIXED presentation within-subjects
• Materials:– 240 semantic categories each with four associates– Target assignment (1, 2, 3 or 4) counterbalanced
• Participants:– 31 younger and 33 healthy older adults– MMSE, Shipley vocabulary scale, HVLT, Digit-symbol
• Procedure:– Study and Test phases self-paced– Brief delay between study-test (5 minutes or so)
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Study 1 Recollection and familiarity
Cyr & Anderson (2012) Psych & Aging
• Other findings/notes:– Older adults made more false alarms to prior
learning errors relative to young adults – We included a “Read” condition, not reported here because it
doesn’t add to the findings (we found an expect YA > OA at recognition for Read words)
– We did control for generation (A flower R_s_) and participants never made mistakes in generation in either EL or TEL. We are not reporting generation because in other studies we did not control for it and found the same effect (TEL > EL)
– No age differences in generation times at study
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Study 2 Source Memory
Cyr & Anderson (2012) Psych & Aging
• Design:– Learning condition (EL/EF) INTERMIXED presentation within-subjects
• Materials:– 56 semantic categories each with four associates (28 EL and 28 TEL)– Target assignment (1, 2, 3 or 4) counterbalanced across participants
• Participants:– 15 younger and 15 healthy older adults– Health screening– MMSE, Shipley vocabulary scale
• Procedure:– Study and Test phases self-paced– Brief delay between study-test (5 minutes or so)– CATCH TRIALS included (told their guesses are correct
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Study 2 Source Memory
Cyr & Anderson (2012) Psych & Aging
• Other findings:– Like in Study 1, older adults made more false
alarms to prior learning errors relative to young adults
– We included catch trials in Study 2 and still corroborated Study 1
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Study 3 Errors as stepping stones
• Design:– Learning condition (EL/TEL) BLOCKED presentation within-
subjects – Perceptual/conceptual between subjects
• Materials:– 32 categories each with four associates (16 EL and 16 TEL)– Target assignment (1, 2, or 3) counterbalanced across
participants• Procedure:
– Study and Test phases self-paced– 10 minute delay between study-test
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Study 4 Cue Constraint
• Design– Learning condition (EL/TEL) BLOCKED within-subject– HIGH/LOW between subjects
• Participants:– 56 younger and 56 healthy older adults
• Materials:– 108 sentence stems (54 HIGH and 54 LOW)
• Procedure:– 20 minute delay between study and test TETRIS– Study and Test phases self-paced
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Study 5a Hypercorrection
• Materials: – 150 general knowledge questions
• Nelson & Narens (1980)• Participants:– 21 younger and 18 older adults– Shipley, HADS, MMSE
• Procedure:– Participants tested in groups of 5-10– 15 minute delay Shipley, HADS, washroom
break
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Study 5a Hypercorrection
Initial test Final test0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
Younger Older
Prop
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Providing the world with innovations in aging
Study 5b Hypercorrection
• Materials: – 170 general knowledge questions• Nelson & Narens (1980) and other sources
• Participants:– 19 younger and 17 older adults– Shipley, HADS, MMSE
• Procedure:– Participants tested individually– 20 minute delay TETRIS
Providing the world with innovations in aging
Study 5b Hypercorrection
Initial test Final test0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
Younger Older
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Anderson, Guild, Cyr, Roberts, & Clare (2011)