Learning disability / KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO
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Transcript of Learning disability / KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO
LEARNING DISABILIT
YKUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
INTRODUCTIONLearning disability is the most recent classification to be
included in the category of disability. since the term was introduced ,its use has become widespread in education. But many educators still remain unsure about the category .currently the learning disability field includes concept such as perceptual motor problem , hyperactivity ,minimal brain damage & psychoneurological disorders that have their roots in origin of this field.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
History of learning disabilitySAMUEL KIRK was the first to propose the term learning
disability in the year 1963.he introduced the term at a meeting of parents advocating special educational services, who were not considered disabled by mental retardation or emotional disturbances.
In earlier decades ,these children’s difficulty had been variously categorized as exogenous mental retardation ,minimal brain dysfunction , perceptual impairment, hyperactivity & slow learning. The difficulties designated by these & other terms were eventually amalgamated into the concept of learning disabilities.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
DEFINITIONS
• KIRK’S DEFINITION[1962] A Learning disability refers to a retardation,
disorder,or delayed development in one or more process of speech ,language,reading,writing,arithmetic or other school subject resulting from a psychological handicap caused by a possible cerebral dysfunction &/or emotional or behavioral disturbances.it is not the result of mental retardation,sensory deprivation or cultural & instructional factors.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
DEFINITIONS…“A Disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes
involved in understanding or in using the language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations, including conditions such as perceptual disabilities brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, Dyslexia, and Developmental Aphasia the term does not include learning problems that are primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities, of Mental Retardation, of Emotional Disturbance, or of Environmental, Cultural, or Economic Disadvantage”
(US Office of Education, as an Individuals with Disabilities Education Act,IDEA )
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
DEFINITIONS
BATEMANS DEFINITION[1965].
Children who have learning disorders are those who manifest an educationally significant discrepancy between their estimated intellectual potential and actual level of performance related to basic disorders in learning process ,which may or may not be accompanied by demonstrable central nervous system dysfunction , & which are not secondary to generalized mental retardation , educational or cultural deprivation ,severe emotional disturbance or sensory loss.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
DefinitionNATIONAL JOINT COMMITTEE (revised
definition)[1988] learning disability is a general term that refers to a
heterogeneous group of disorders manifested by significant difficulties in acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities. These disorders are intrinsic to the individual, presumed to be due to central nervous system dysfunction, & may also occur across the life span. Problems in self regulatory behaviors, social perception, and social interaction may exist with learning disabilities but do not by themselves constitute a learning disability, although learning disabilities may occur concomitantly with other handicapping conditions such [e.g., sensory impairment, MR, serious emotional disturbances] or with extrinsic influences [e.g., cultural differences, insufficient/inappropriate instruction], they are not the result of those condition or influences.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
Causes
Etiology of LD is unknownCentral Auditory Processing Disorder
Minimal Brain Dysfunction (MBD)
Developmental Apraxia of speech
Mixed dominance of cerebral hemisphere
Environmental factorsKUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
PrevalencePrevalence is 4.09% among the age range of 6-21
years(According to the federal government of US, 1976)
Increasing prevalenceThere is a rapid growth in number of Learning
disabled children:MisdiagnosisLack of knowledge about LD (Hallahan)
Sex Ratio:3/4:1, Male : Female.KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
Characteristics Hyperactivity: Inappropriate excessive motor activity
such as tapping the foot, jumping out of seat, skipping from task to task.
Attention deficits: Distracted by irrelevant stimuli or perseveration, or behavior is repeated over and over
Motor Deficits: General co-ordination problem resulting in awkward or clumsy movements
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
Characteristics… Perceptual motor deficits: Difficulty in integrating
visual or auditory stimuli with a motor response
Language deficits: Delay in speech and difficulty in understanding and comprehending spoken language.
Impulsivity: lack of reflective behavior
Cognitive defects: deficits in memory and concept formation
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
Orientation Deficits:Have poorly developed spatial and
temporal concepts
Specific learning deficits: Problem in acquiring, reading, writing and arithmetic skills.
Learning disabled children have IQ’s in the low to mid 90’s or slightly below the average 0f 100.
Learning Disabled students tend to have lower self concept than normal students.
Characteristics…
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
Speech & Language Characteristics
Spoken Language:Both Expressive and Receptive Language skills are affected in learning disabled population but some studies have shown that they have greater difficulty using spoken language to express themselves than they do understanding the spoken language of others. (Hessler & Kitchen 1980; Noel, 1980)
Some of the specific areas that may cause difficulty are
1. Phonology2. Syntax3. Morphology4. Semantics5. Pragmatics KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
1.PhonologyProblems with phonological production of speech are referred to as articulation problems.
Auditory Discrimination
Phonemic Segmentation. E.g, Rhyming
Sound Blending. E.g, Mmmiiiiiisssst can be blended into “mist”
Statement Repetition
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
2.Syntax
Problem seen:
Selecting Appropriate picture to a referred sentence
Difficulty in understanding a pronoun
Grammatically incorrect sentences
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
3.MorphologyProblem seen:
Difficulty in using Morphological rules
Forming Plurals
Creating Adjective form of word
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
4.SemanticsProblems Seen:
• Impoverished vocabularies• Labeling pictures• Difficulty in completing orally presented sentence that
has a common word missing• Difficulties in understanding sentences in which
ambiguous word is used• Errors in defining common words
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
5.Pragmatics
Problems seen :
In using more complicated and longer communication pattern
Inability to provide descriptive information about an object
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
Reading ProblemsDyslexia:
The term dyslexia is used to refer to” an impairment in the ability to read”.
It also suggests severe reading disability, perhaps because of students with quite serious deficits are more likely to be taken to clinics than the students with less severe problems.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
Reading ProblemsReading is often broken into 2 major stages: 1.Decoding: Refers to the aspects of reading that happens
as the reader converts the printed letters and words on the page into more familiar spoken or heard language
2. Comprehending: Involves grasping like significance
meaning of the words, once decoding has accomplished.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
Reading ProblemsThe deficits seen are:
1. Reversals2. Phonology 3. Syntax4. Semantics5. Gist Comprehension
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
1.Reversals
Students sometimes read or write a letter,letters or word “BACKWARD”.a student may look at a written word WAS as SAW or may write dog as bog.similar mistakes can be made with numerals,writing 3as E or 6 as 9.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
2.Phonology
Fluent decoding requires phonological competence,without it reading problems abound. many difficulties with reading comprehension can be attributed to poor decoding skills.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
3.Syntax[It is grammatical structure of a language]• Students who have decoding problem have difficulty
with certain aspects of syntax , particularly morphology.• Problems with understanding the syntax of written
sentences probably involved in students problem with reading comprehension.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
4.Semantics[refers to meaning of a language]• reading comprehension is greatly influenced by decoding
skills.many children with comprehension deficits have inferior performance on task requiring simple reading of words.
• Slower in reading unfamiliar words.• Hampered in reasoning out by their inaccurate decoding
& impoverished vocabularies[kavale 1980].• Deficits in vocabulary & general word knowledge.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
5.Gist Comprehension
– Understanding the theme of narrative- is that their background knowledge intrudes too much into
their interpretation of what they read.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
WRITING PROBLEMSWriting problems consist of;1. handwriting problems.
2. Spelling problems.
3. Composition problems.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
1.HAND-WRITING It is the development of a stylish & uniform
‘hand’.it is a tool skill which has to become routine as rapidly & efficiently as possible[herricle 61]
Problems with handwriting are known as
‘DYSGRAPHIA’ which refers to partial ability\inability to remember how to make certain alphabet or arithmetic symbols in handwriting.[jordon 1977]
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
• HANDWRITING PROBLEMS IN LD’s INCLUDE;
1. Misformation of letters[o for a].2. Poor spacing both vertically & horizontally[o j
for g].3. Extremely slow writing.4. Reversals [b for d(vice versa),mirror writing.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
2.SPELLING
• The formal name for the system of representing spoken language in written form is ‘ORTHOGRAPHY’.
In greek, ortho-correct , graphy-writing. This requires a person to produce in a written or
oral form the correct sequence of letters that form a particular word .To do this ,a person must convert phonemes into graphemes
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
Spelling probs seen in LD’s• LD’s have poor spellings & particularly show
difficulty with morphological structures.
Problems in spelling cause;• Hampered handwriting.• Delay of motor activity involved in writing the word.• Composition difficulties.• Reading problems.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
3.COMPOSITION.• Composition is orderly prose that is consistent with
grammatical conventions.
STUDENTS WITH LD;• Score lower in vocabulary & thematic maturity as
well as in word usage,style & overall writing skill.• Use less sentence structure & include fewer type
of words
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
• Write paragraphs that are less well organized.
• Include fewer ideas in writing products .• Write stories which have fewer important
components,such as introducing main characters, setting scenes,describing a conflict to be resolved & so forth.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
ARITHMETIC & MATHEMATICS PROBS.
• ‘DYSCALCULIA’ is the most widely used term for disabilities in arithmetic & mathe matics.dyscalculia means inability to calculate.
LD’s have problem in arithmetic calculation that is;
• Problem in naming the number of things.• Problem in reading mathematical symbols.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
• Problem in the concept of borrowing or carrying over system in subtraction.
• Problems in understanding mathematical
concepts & relationships
• Problems in performing arithmetic operations.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
COGNITIVE PROBLEMS.• Cognition is the ability to think,is primarily
unobservable.
COGNITIVE PROBS FACED BY LD’S;1. Field independence vs field dependence. children with Ld are field
dependent.2. Reflectivity vs impulsivity children with LD are more
impulsive
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
MEMORY.• Short term memory ability to remember information over a
relatively short period of time.• Long term memory the ability for retention for several hours,days or
so longer• Working memory it is ability to keep a small amount of information in
mind while carrying out further operation.• LD’s have prob in short term memory - in retention of auditory &visual info.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
METACOGNITIVE PROBS
• Metamemory probs.• Meta listening probs.• Meta comprehension probs in reading.• Motivational probs.• Negative attribution about self.• Learned helplessness.• Inactive learners.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
ATTENTION PROBS.PROBLEMS SEEN IN;• Selective attention -ability to focus on relevant features of a task,
without being distracted by its irrelevant aspects.
• Decision making ability to choose the first relevant
alternative for decision making.• Maintaining attention sticking to one task, once they begin
with it ,till it ends.KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
EMOTIONAL & BEHAVIOURAL PROBS.
PROBS SEEN ARE;• Inability to learn that cannot be explained by
intellectual,sensory or health factors.• Inability to build or maintain inter-person
relationships with peers & teachers• In appropriate type of behavior or feelings
under normal condition e.g., tempertantrums,hyperactivity
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
• A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression.• Tendency to develop physical symptoms ,
pains or fears associated with personal or school problems.
The problems fall under 2 category;1. Externalizing behavior; uncontrollable,
conduct disorder consisting of anger, agression, disruption.
2. Internalizing behavior; overcontrolled withdrawal consisting of anxiety & feelings
of inadequacy & depression.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
ThankYou
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
TREATMENT FOR LEARNING DISABILITY
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
Introduction:Treatment of LD is an elaborative process which has to be dealt keeping in mind the various aspects of impairment.
It comprises various professionals and also deals with different areas of deficits.
THE DIFFERENT PROFESSIONALS ARE:
Classroom teacher
School psychologist
Resource teacher
SLP
Social worker
Physician
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
The different areas of deficits are:
•Spoken language
•Reading
•Writing
•Spelling
•Composition
•Arithmetical and mathematical skills
•Cognitive , meta cognitive and attention deficits and social and emotional problems
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
Importance of early interventionChildren with language impairment identified before school age may receive intervention before they enter the school, and intervention may continue during school years. In contrast children identified as LD may not have been identified until school years, when the intervention may begin. In these cases it is possible that a large focus of intervention for these children will be on academic manifestation of the learning disabilities rather than on their language difficulties.
So intervention should begin as early as possible so as to lessen the types of LD’s
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
As children move from grade to grade, the structure of their formal education changes; the amount of play time decreases, and number of subjects and teachers increases.
So, children with learning disabilities will require special attention as they make major grade transitions, such as from elementary to junior high school.
The class room teachers will need assistance from the professionals in observing and identifying children who reveal new learning problems. KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
Intervention :
For problems in spoken language:Consists of two approaches:•Behavioral approach•Nativist approachBehavioral approach [ Skinner, 1957]•Language skills are taught by environment•Modeling and reinforcement influences the performance•Differential reinforcement is used so as to stabilize certain target response.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
E.g. : If the student does not know the plural form of man, i.e; if the student says man’s instead of men, the teacher can model and say:“Listen to me and say it ‘men’”, provide the student to repeat it correctly and reinforce the usage and further provide opportunity to generalize .
Specific language deficits are identified and activities are designed to get the students use those skills
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
Nativist approach :• Stresses on the environment and its influences on the behavior o the speaker.• Emphasizes on the importance of the innate abilities and interpretation of the listener•De-emphasizes the importance of direct teaching.•Main means used to encourage the acquisition of language is Expansion.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES:• Psycholinguistic Intervention:Focuses on the pupil’s strengths and weaknesses. Specific language abilities are processed and isolated and each skills are trained using educational technique.• Cognitive psycholinguistic Intervention:Are very similar to the process of expansion. Here the teacher presents the stories and ask questions in order to get the students to answer in sentences. Based on the answer got teacher employs one of the several technique and teach the child to use more grammatically acceptable sentence.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
For problems in reading:This addresses thraee major topics:•Contemporary issues in reading problems •Teaching beginning reading•Correcting reading problems Contemporary issues in reading problems :Different approaches are:•Teaching phonological awareness•Learning stylesKUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
Teaching beginning reading:
Different approaches are:•Whole word approach•Linguistic approach, [decoding necessary ,not only meaning sufficient]E.g. Nat the fat cat sat on a mat.•Language experience approach[LEA]Learning to read is a natural part of the language development.•Code emphasis approach
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
Correcting reading problemsDifferent approaches are:•Fernald approach [FERNALD 1943]A visual Auditory Kinesthetic Tactile approach•Orton-Gillingham approach [GILLINGHAM, STILMAN ’65]Orton [neurologist] said the information is stored in both the hemispheres and they mirror each other, so when the dominance is not achieved confusion occurs, and reversals are present.They are taught to study the relations between letter and the sounds.KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
•Reading recovery program [CLAY 1985]
•Hegge-Kirk –Kirk approachDesigned to help the students remember phoneme- grapheme relationship by providing extensive practice and by simplifying relationship between letters and their sounds.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
For problems in writing: Task Stimuli InterventionWriting letters Blank lined
paperWrite the alphabet
Copying letters Alphabet letters randomly presented
Copy these letters
Copying letters in sequence, near point
Words and sentence with space to copy below each other
Copy these words in space belowFar point copy Ten words in
sentence written on board and three yards away from the student
Copy these words onto your paper
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
For problems in spelling:• It involves a memorization approach• presenting words in sentences or paragraphs•Ignoring the errors.• presenting extensive lists of words to be learned each week.• having individual’s devise their own methods of studying.• Using the phoneme grapheme correspondences.•Presenting the word lists.•Practice writing words in the air.• Practicing lists of only three words per day• Practice writing words on paper, teaching letter titles, or typing words on a computer•Rewarding achievement•Using spelling games
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
For problems in compositionThe primary steps include:•Have students plan what they will write•Translate their plans into written product•Edit I.e; having to read the data and identify the errorsThe specific techniques are:•Sentence combining•Reinforcement•Story grammar•Cognitive behavioral technique
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
FOR PROBLEMS IN ARITHEMATIC AND MATHEMATICAL SKLLS.:The different techniques recommended for teaching arithmetic and mathematics includes:• Modeling• Reinforcing the responses• Strategy training•Self instruction training.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
FOR PROBLEMS IN COGNITIVE AND METACOGNITIVE AND ATTENTION PROBLEMS: Cognitive problems :Auditory information:• Auditory short term memory task.Visual information:• Visual short term memory taskMemory strategies:• Rehearsals• Organizations KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
Meta cognitive problems:• Mnemonic key word methods• Meta comprehension training.• Self monitoring of academics.Attention problems:Treatment intervention for attention problems can be categorized into four general readings• Stimulus reduction and structure•Behavior modifications• Cognitive trainingKUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
FOR PROBLEMS IN SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL SKILLS:• Teaching appropriate behavior• Positive reinforcement.• Parental counseling.
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN
KUNNAMPALLIL GEJO JOHN