Learning AWK
-
Upload
guy-pruitt -
Category
Documents
-
view
68 -
download
7
description
Transcript of Learning AWK
UNIX
IBM India Private Limited
© 2012 IBM Corporation
Learning AWK
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
WHAT IS AWK? scripting language used for manipulating data and
generating reports created by: Aho, Weinberger, and Kernighan unlike other filters, it operates at the field level and
can easily access, transform and format individual fields in a line.
awk programs are based on the idea of pattern and action; the program scans a document looking for a pattern and when found it performs the action.
awk never modifies the input file.
2
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH AWK? awk operation:
scans a file line by line splits each input line into fields compares input line/fields to pattern (field
matching is implemented in only awk and perl) performs action(s) on matched lines
Useful for: transform data files produce formatted reports
Programming constructs: format output lines arithmetic and string operations conditionals and loops 3
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
THE COMMAND: AWK
4
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
BASIC AWK SYNTAX awk [options] ‘script’ file(s)
E.g. awk –F: ‘/search/ {print $0}’ file1
awk [options] –f scriptfile file(s) E.g. awk –F: -f ip.awk file1
Options:
-F to change input field separator
-f to name script file
5
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
BASIC AWK PROGRAM
consists of patterns & actions:
awk ‘pattern {action}’ file(s)
if pattern is missing, action is applied to all lines awk '{print}' datafile prints all lines in datafile
if action is missing, the matched line is printed awk '/for/' testfile prints all lines containing
string “for” in testfile
must have either pattern or action
6
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
BASIC TERMINOLOGY: INPUT FILE A field is a unit of data in a line Each field is separated from the other fields by the field separator
default field separator is whitespace A record is the collection of fields in a line A data file is made up of records
7
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
BUFFERS
awk supports two types of buffers:
record and field
field buffer: one for each fields in the current record. names: $1, $2, …
record buffer : $0 holds the entire record (print and print $0 are
same)
8
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
SOME SYSTEM VARIABLESFS Field separator (default=whitespace)RS Record separator (default=\n)NF Number of fields in current recordNR Number of the current recordOFS Output field separator (default=space)ORS Output record separator (default=\n)FILENAME Current filename$0 Entire input record$n nth record field.ARGC Number of arguments on command line. ARGV An array containing the command-line arguments.
9
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
EXAMPLE: RECORD NUMBER - NR
% cat empsTom Jones 4424 5/12/66 543354Mary Adams 5346 11/4/63 28765Sally Chang 1654 7/22/54 650000Billy Black 1683 9/23/44 336500
% awk '{print NR, $0}' emps1 Tom Jones 4424 5/12/66 5433542 Mary Adams 5346 11/4/63 287653 Sally Chang 1654 7/22/54 6500004 Billy Black 1683 9/23/44 336500
10
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
EXAMPLE: SPACE AS DEFAULT FIELD SEPARATOR - FS
% cat empsTom Jones 4424 5/12/66 543354Mary Adams 5346 11/4/63 28765Sally Chang 1654 7/22/54 650000Billy Black 1683 9/23/44 336500
% awk '{print NR, $1, $2, $5}' emps1 Tom Jones 5433542 Mary Adams 287653 Sally Chang 6500004 Billy Black 336500
11
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
EXAMPLE: COLON AS FIELD SEPARATOR - FS
% cat em2
Tom Jones:4424:5/12/66:543354
Mary Adams:5346:11/4/63:28765
Sally Chang:1654:7/22/54:650000
Billy Black:1683:9/23/44:336500
% awk -F: '/Jones/{print $1, $2}' em2
Tom Jones 4424
12
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
EXAMPLE: MULTIPLE FIELD SEPARATORS% cat d1.txt
1|NE|20-JAN-2012
2|DE|02-FEB-2012
3|PE|12-MAR-2012
% awk -F"[|-]" '{print $1,$2,$4}' d1.txt1 NE JAN
2 DE FEB
3 PE MAR
awk '{FS="[|-]" ;print $1,$2,$4}' d1.txt
13
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
EXAMPLE: OFS File: gradesjohn 85 92 78 94 88 andrea 89 90 75 90 86 jasper 84 88 80 92 84
% awk '{OFS="-";print $1 , $2}' grades
john-85
andrea-89
Jasper-84
14
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
AWK SCRIPTS awk scripts are divided into three major
parts:
comment lines start with #15
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
AWK SCRIPTS BEGIN: pre-processing (optional)
performs processing that must be completed before the file processing starts (i.e., before awk starts reading records from the input file)
useful for initialization tasks such as to initialize variables and to create report headings
BODY: Processing contains main processing logic to be applied to input records like a loop that processes input data one record at a time:
if a file contains 100 records, the body will be executed 100 times, one for each record
END: post-processing (optional) contains logic to be executed after all input data have been
processed logic such as printing report grand total should be
performed in this part of the script 16
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
PATTERN / ACTION SYNTAX
17
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
CATEGORIES OF PATTERNS
18
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
EXAMPLE: SIMPLE PATTERN
% cat employees2
Tom Jones:4424:5/12/66:543354
Mary Adams:5346:11/4/63:28765
Sally Chang:1654:7/22/54:650000
Billy Black:1683:9/23/44:336500
(find those recs which contain 00 at the end)
% awk –F: '/00$/' employees2
Sally Chang:1654:7/22/54:650000
Billy Black:1683:9/23/44:336500
19
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
EXAMPLE: SIMPLE PATTERN% cat datafile
northwest NW Charles Main 3.0 .98 3 34
western WE Sharon Gray 5.3 .97 5 23
southwest SW Lewis Dalsass 2.7 .8 2 18
southern SO Suan Chin 5.1 .95 4 15
southeast SE Patricia Hemenway 4.0 .7 4 17
eastern EA TB Savage 4.4 .84 5 20
northeast NE AM Main 5.1 .94 3 13
north NO Margot Weber 4.5 .89 5 9
central CT Ann Stephens 5.7 .94 5 13
(find those records which have .7 at the end in 5th field)
% awk '$5 ~ /\.[7-9]+/' datafile
southwest SW Lewis Dalsass 2.7 .8 2 18
central CT Ann Stephens 5.7 .94 5 13 20
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
EXAMPLES: SIMPLE PATTERN% awk '$2 !~ /E/{print $1, $2}' datafilenorthwest NWsouthwest SWsouthern SOnorth NOcentral CT
(those records which start with n or s)% awk '/^[ns]/{print $1}' datafilenorthwestsouthwestsouthernsoutheastnortheastnorth
21
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
RANGE PATTERNS Matches ranges of consecutive input lines
Syntax:pattern1 , pattern2 {action}
pattern can be any simple pattern pattern1 turns action on pattern2 turns action off
22
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
RANGE PATTERN EXAMPLE
23
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
POSITIONAL PARAMETERS
24
Positional parameters in awk are represented as $1, $2, $3 and so forth.
Shell also uses identical parameters to represent the command line arguments, so these in awk have to be placed in ‘single quotes’.
Example:
% script1.sh 400
inside the shell script, awk can access parameter like:
$3 > ‘$1’ (instead of $3 > 400)
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
getline : MAKING awk INTERACTIVE
25
Usage : getline var1 < "/dev/tty" Example: cat test1.awk BEGIN { printf "Enter the salary :"
getline sal < "/dev/tty" }
$8 > sal {printf "Employee %s has salary above %d\n", $3, sal }
=> cat datafilenorthwest NW Charles Main 3.0 .98 3 34
western WE Sharon Gray 5.3 .97 5 23
southwest SW Lewis Dalsass 2.7 .8 2 18
southern SO Suan Chin 5.1 .95 4 15
=> awk -f test1.awk datafileEnter the salary :20 Interactive behavior
Employee Charles has salary above 20
Employee Sharon has salary above 20
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
Operator Meaning Example
+ Add x + y
- Subtract x – y
* Multiply x * y
/ Divide x / y
% Modulus x % y
^ Exponential x ^ y
Examples:% awk '$3 * $4 > 500 {print $0}' file
Calculate total file size in a directory:% ls -ltr | awk ‘BEGIN {print "Calculating total file size"} {x=x+$5} END { print "total bytes: " x }’
Calculating total file size
total bytes: 11915
26
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
RELATIONAL OPERATORS
Operator Meaning Example
< Less than x < y
< = Less than or equal x < = y
== Equal to x == y
!= Not equal to x != y
> Greater than x > y
> = Greater than or equal to x > = y
~ Matched by reg exp x ~ /y/
!~ Not matched by req exp x !~ /y/
27
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
LOGICAL OPERATORS
Operator Meaning Example
&& Logical AND a && b
|| Logical OR a || b
! NOT ! a
Examples:% awk '($2 > 5) && ($2 <= 15)
{print $0}' file
% awk '$3 == 100 || $4 > 50' file
28
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
AWK ACTIONS
29
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
AWK VARIABLES
Format: variable = expression
Examples:% awk '$1 ~ /Tom/ {wage = $3 * $4; print wage}' filename
% awk '$4 == "CA" {$4 = "California"; print $0}‘ filename
30
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
AWK ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS
= assign result of right-hand-side expression to left-hand-side variable
++ Add 1 to variable-- Subtract 1 from variable+= Assign result of addition-= Assign result of subtraction*= Assign result of multiplication/= Assign result of division%= Assign result of modulo^= Assign result of exponentiation
31
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
AWK EXAMPLE File: gradesjohn 85 92 78 94 88 andrea 89 90 75 90 86 jasper 84 88 80 92 84
awk script: average.awk# average five grades { total = $2 + $3 + $4 + $5 + $6 avg = total / 5 print $1, avg }
Run as: awk –f average grades 32
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
OUTPUT STATEMENTS
print easy and simple output
printf
print formatted (similar to C printf)
sprintf
format string (similar to C sprintf)
33
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
FUNCTION: PRINT Writes to standard output Output is terminated by ORS
default ORS is newline If called with no parameter, it will print $0 Printed parameters are separated by OFS,
default OFS is blank Print control characters are allowed:
\n \f \a \t \\ …
34
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
PRINT EXAMPLE
% awk '{print}' gradesjohn 85 92 78 94 88andrea 89 90 75 90 86
% awk '{print $0}' gradesjohn 85 92 78 94 88andrea 89 90 75 90 86
% awk '{print($0)}' gradesjohn 85 92 78 94 88andrea 89 90 75 90 86
35
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
PRINT EXAMPLE
% awk '{print $1, $2}' grades
john 85
andrea 89
% awk '{print $1 "," $2}' grades
john,85
andrea,89
% awk '{OFS="-";print $1 , $2}' grades
john-85
andrea-8936
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
REDIRECTING PRINT OUTPUT Print output goes to standard output unless
redirected via:> “file”>> “file”| “command”
Example:
% awk '{print $1 , $2 > "file"}' grades
% cat filejohn 85
andrea 89
jasper 8437
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
REDIRECTING OUTPUT EXAMPLEo Remove only files
=> ls –l| awk '$1!~/^drwx/{print $9}'|xargs rm
o Kill a process
=> find / -name abc.txt -print 2>/dev/nullu807735 21626990 20119632 7 00:41:04 pts/3 0:07 find / -name abc.txt -print
=> kill -9 `ps -ef | awk '$0 ~ /-name abc.txt/ {print $2}'`
38
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
PRINT EXAMPLE
% awk '{print $1,$2 | "sort"}' grades
andrea 89
jasper 84
john 85
% awk '{print $1,$2 | "sort –k 2"}' grades
jasper 84
john 85
andrea 89
39
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
PRINT EXAMPLE
% date
Wed Nov 19 14:40:07 CST 2008
% date |
awk '{print "Month: " $2 "\nYear: ", $6}'
Month: Nov
Year: 2008
40
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
PRINTF: FORMATTING OUTPUT
Syntax:
printf(format-string, var1, var2, …)
works like C printf each format specifier in “format-string” requires
argument of matching type
41
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
FORMAT SPECIFIERS
%d decimal integer
%c single character
%s string of characters
%f floating point number
%o octal number
%x hexadecimal number
%e scientific floating point notation
%% the letter “%”
42
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
SPRINTF: FORMATTING TEXT
Syntax:sprintf(format-string, var1, var2, …)
Works like printf, but does not produce output Instead it returns formatted string
Example:{
text = sprintf("1: %d – 2: %d", $1, $2)
print text
}
43
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
AWK built-in functions for STRING manipulation
tolower(string) Example: tolower("MiXeD cAsE 123")
returns "mixed case 123"
toupper(string) returns a copy of string, with each lower-case character converted to
upper-case.
index(input_string,find_string) This searches the string input_string for the first occurrence of the
string find_string, and returns the position in characters where that occurrence begins in the string input_string. For example:
awk 'BEGIN { print index("peanut", "an") }'
prints `3'. If find_string is not found, index returns 0.
44
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
AWK built-in functions for STRING manipulationlength(string) This returns the number of characters in string.
substr(string, start, length) Returns the substring in “string” startng from position “start” upto
position “length”.
split(string, array, fieldsep) divides string into pieces separated by fieldsep, and stores the
pieces in array if the fieldsep is omitted, the value of FS is used.
Example: split("auto-da-fe", a, "-")
sets the contents of the array a as follows:
a[1] = "auto"
a[2] = "da"
a[3] = "fe" 45
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
AWK built-in functions for STRING manipulationsub(search_string, replacement_string, source) This function searches the ‘source’ for first occurrence of
‘search_string’ and replaces it with ‘replacement_string’.
Example:
str = "water, water, everywhere"
sub(/at/, "ith", str)
sets str to "wither, water, everywhere"
Example: awk '{ sub(/candidate/, "& and his wife"); print }' filename
changes the first occurrence of ‘candidate' to ‘candidate and his wife‘
on each input line in the file.
gsub is similar to sub but has ‘global’ effect, i.e. it makes
replacement in whole file.46
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
AWK EXAMPLE: LIST OF PRODUCTS103:sway bar:49.99 101:propeller:104.99 104:fishing line:0.99 113:premium fish bait:1.00 106:cup holder:2.49 107:cooler:14.89 112:boat cover:120.00 109:transom:199.00 110:pulley:9.88 105:mirror:4.99 108:wheel:49.99 111:lock:31.00 102:trailer hitch:97.95
47
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
AWK EXAMPLE: OUTPUTMarine Parts R UsMain catalogPart-id name price======================================101 propeller 104.99102 trailer hitch 97.95103 sway bar 49.99104 fishing line 0.99105 mirror 4.99106 cup holder 2.49107 cooler 14.89108 wheel 49.99109 transom 199.00110 pulley 9.88111 lock 31.00112 boat cover 120.00113 premium fish bait 1.00======================================Catalog has 13 parts
48
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
AWK EXAMPLE: COMPLETEBEGIN { FS= ":" print "Marine Parts R Us" print "Main catalog" print "Part-id\tname\t\t\t price" print "======================================"}{ printf("%3d\t%-20s\t%6.2f\n",$1,$2,$3) | "sort" count++}END { print "======================================" print "Catalog has " count " parts"}
49
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
AWK ARRAY awk allows one-dimensional arrays to store strings or
numbers index can be number or string array need not be declared, its declared when used array elements are created when first used
initialized to 0 or “”
50
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
ARRAYS IN AWK
Syntax:
arrayName[index] = value
Examples:
list[1] = "one"
list[2] = "three"
list["other"] = "oh my !"
51
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
ILLUSTRATION: ASSOCIATIVE ARRAYS awk arrays can use string as index
52
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
DELETE ARRAY ENTRY The delete function can be used to delete an element
from an array.
Format:delete array_name [index]
Example:delete deptSales["supplies"]
53
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
AWK CONTROL STRUCTURES Conditional
if-else
Repetition for while do-while also: break, continue, next
54
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
IF STATEMENT
Syntax:if (conditional expression)
statement-1
else
statement-2
Example: for $6 > 1200 {
This can also be written as below in term of if:awk ‘{if ( $6 > 1200)
print $2;
else
print $3}’ filename 55
IBM India Private Limited
04/19/23 © 2012 IBM Corporation
56
Awk limitations
http://docstore.mik.ua/orelly/unix/sedawk/ch10_08.htm
http://balazsdeak.blogspot.in/2010/02/solaris-awk-max-record-size-is-2559-2-8.html