SEMESTER I MODULE 5

Learner ’s Personal i ty and Adjustment

• Social attractiveness• A good person can impress others with

his/her personality• Personality is the sum total of ones qualities

& character• It is the sum total of positive and negative

attributes of a person

Personality ÕcµñßÄb¢

Personality

• Latin word “persona”

• Means Mask or false face

• Personality includes everything about the person

Definition of Personality“Personality is a dynamic organization

within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustment with the environment”

Allport (1948)“Personality is that which permits a

prediction of what a person will do in a given situation”.

Cattel (1970)

Characteristics of Personality• Personality is something unique and

specific• It includes everything about a person• Personality is not static • Personality is the product of heredity

and environment• Learning and experience contributes

the development of one’s personality

Approaches 1. Psycho Analytic Approach

Sigmund Freud2. Trait Approach

G.B. Allport R.B. Cattel

3. Humanistic Approach Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow

Psycho Analytic ApproachPsycho Analytical Theory Has

Three Major PartsI. Theory of Personality

Dynamics (levels of consciousness)

II. Theory of Personality Structure

III. Theory of Psycho Sexual Development

Sigmund Freud

Conscious Mind • Active mind• Your present perceptions, memories, thoughts,

fantasies, feelings, Preconscious Mind

• Available memory • We can easily be made conscious• Retrievable

Unconscious Mind• Not directly aware• Repressed motives, memories and emotions

Levels of Consciousness

The Structure of Personality

1. Id2. Ego3. Superego

The Structure of PersonalityThe Ego

• Instincts & Biological• Situated in

unconscious mind • Original System of

Personality• Immoral • Work on pleasure

principles• Reservoir of Psychic

Energy

• Human quality• Situated in

conscious mind • Work on Reality

Principle • Executive of the

Personality• Organized

Portion of Id• Psychological

• Moral Arm of Personality

• Situated in pre-conscious mind

• Learning of Moral Values

• Sociological

The super EgoThe Id

Theory of psycho-sexual development• According to Freud sex is the life urge or

fundamental motive in life• All physical pleasure is sexual in nature• Sexuality is not the only characteristic of the adult• Children from the very beginning have also sexual

desires it is called Infantile Sexuality • A child passes through five stages of psycho sexual

stages

Stages of Psycho Sexual Development

1. Oral stage (birth to 2 years) ÕÆÈ ¸G¢ Mouth is the erogenous zone. Infant achieves gratification by feeding,

sucking, biting etc..2. Anal stage (2 to 3 years) Sexual pleasure is focused on the anal

zone Child achieves gratification through

retention & expulsion of faeces

3. Phallic stage (4 to 6 years) èÜ¢·ßµÞÕÏÕ ¸G¢ Pleasure is focused on the genital region by

playing with them Child notes the biological differences between

sex organs It give raise to many complexes Oedipus complex – sexual attraction of Boy to

mother Electra complex - sexual attraction of Girl to

father Castration complex – boy fear of being deprived

of their sex organs because elders fear them to cut off their sex organs when playing with them

4. Latency stage (7 to 12 years) ÈßÜàÈ ¸G¢ Prefer the company of their own sex Child neglect or hate the members of the

opposite sex Sexual interests and pleasure is derived from

external world5.Genital stage (13 and above) èÜ¢·ßµ ¸G¢

Attraction towards the opposite sex Seek pleasure by the self stimulation of the sex

organs They love themselves and opposite sex Pleasure is derived from mature sexual relations

with a partner of opposite sex.

Life Instinct

• Impulse to live • Aim the survival of

the species • Manifested through

love and sex

Death Instinct

• LIBIDO is the life maintaining energy which seek pleasure through sexual gratification

• If the flow blocked, may cause neurotic problems

• desire to die or destruction• Creates conflicts and

anxiety • Manifested through

aggression, cruelty and suicide

• Life instincts and death instincts decides the quality and satisfaction of a persons life

Trait Theories• Basic unit of personality• Relatively permanent and consistent general

behavioral patterns that an individual exhibits in most of the situations

• “Personality traits are real entities that physically located somewhere in the nervous system.”

• Relatively consistent ways of thinking, acting and feeling

G.B. Allport R.B. Cattel

Allport's theory of Personality • Common Traits

• Common with most others in our own culture.

• Individual traits• Unique traits • According to Allport, Individual

traits have three elements1. Cardinal Traits2. Central Traits3. Secondary Traits

Individual Traits • Cardinal traits: – Dominates an individual’s entire personality– Just one or two in an individual– Appears most of the time– Gandhi – Peace

• Central traits: – Ordinarily used to describe a person– Less pervasive

• Secondary traits:– Specific narrow traits, weak effect on behavior,

relatively small range of situations– Less prominent, less generalized, eg. Food habits

Cattell’s Theory of Personality • Personality of an individual is composed of

different combinations of four types of traits• He found four types of traits

1. Common Traits Trait found widely in

general population Refer to characteristic

shared by many people. Eg. Aggression, honesty

and cooperation etc

Cattell’s Theory of Personality 2. Unique Traits

Those specific or unique to a person. Eg. Temperamental traits and emotional reactions

3. Surface Traits Observable qualities of a personality, eg. Kindness, curiosity, dependability, tactfulness etc Easily recognized by overt manifestation of behavior

4. Source Traits Underlying structures or sources that determine the

behavior Predictors of human behaviour Eg. Intelligence, dominance etc

Maslow’s Self-actualization Theory

• According to Maslow the goal of personality development is the self actualisation

Self Actualisation• It is the realisation of one’s basic potential to

the maximum extent and use it effectively as much as possible

• A person achieves this through many steps • It is known as the Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Carl Rogers’ Self Theory Organism

Individuals entire time of reference Represents the totality of ones experience Experience includes both conscious and

unconscious Self

The aware part of experience It is the understanding of ones concept of ‘I’ Know self affects one’s growth and development

and adjustment to his environment The concept of self may differ from person to

person

Carl Rogers’ Self TheoryPersonality

It is the product of the interaction between the organism and the self of the individual

Congruence and incongruence with self determines the personality

He divided the self in to three1. Real Self 2. Self Concept 3. Ideal Self

There should be some congruence between these three

The Problem of incongruence

• Developing false self image or the incongruence may lead to abnormality in one’s behaviour

• The teacher want to develop the congruence between these three selves

Characteristics of a Mature Personality

• A goal towards life• Good self esteem • Effective communication• Taking up challenges • There is no fear to failure • Warm relatedness to others• Realistic perception of reality• Unifying philosophy of life• Emotional intelligence

• Desire to live• Willingness to change • Continuous learning • Positive attitude• Self acceptance• Self objectification• Self confidence • Enthusiasm • Empathy

Measurement of Personality

Subjective TechniquesInterviewSituational testsSociometric methodsPsychodrama

Self Report InventoriesMinnesota Multi-phasic

Personality Inventory

Projective Techniques Rorschach Inkblot Test Thematic Apperception

Test (TAT) Word Association Test Sentence Completion

Test

Objective Techniques Observation Rating Scale

Projective Techniques ÕßçfÉÃ ÄdLBZ

• Used in personality assessment

• Used to collect data which cannot be collected directly from the individual

• It helps to project one’s inner feeling in an unconscious manner

ExamplesProjective Techniques

• Rorschach‘s Ink Blot Test

• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

• Children’s Apperception Test (CAT)

• Word Association Test (WAT)

• Sentence Completion Test

Adjustment and Maladjustment ØÎÞçÏ޼Ȣ ¥ÉØÎÞçÏ޼Ȣ“Adjustment is the process by

which living organisms maintains a balance between its need and circumstances that influence the satisfaction of his life”

--- L.S. ShafferAdjustment problems leads to

Maladjustment

Causes of Maladjustment• Physical causes • Defects • Diseases

• Psychological causes• Psychosis • Neurosis • Emotional problems

• Environmental causes • School / teacher • Home / parents

• Social causes• Lack of soft skills • Lack of socialisation• Bad friendship

Adjustment Mechanisms ØÎÞçÏÞ¼È ÄdLBZ• Maladjustment is the degree of disharmony

between individual and environment• If it occurs the person tries to adjust the

environment by using three mechanisms1. Modifying the internal impulses2. Try to alter the environmental demands to

resolve the maladjustment 3. Escape through unconscious resources of the

mental mechanisms (Defense Mechanisms)

“Defense mechanisms are certain pattern of behaviour that are employed for protection against threat of anxiety”

--- Arkoff

It is the temporary solution to protect from a psychological problem

Defence Mechanism dÉÄßçøÞÇ ÄdLBZ

1. Repression (ÆÎÈ¢)2. Projection (dÉçfÉâ)3. Displacement

4. Rationalization (Ïáµñàµøâ)6. Denial

7. Regression (ÉÖíºÞÆí·ÎÈ¢)8. Sublimation

Defence Mechanisms

Mental Health ÎÞÈØßµÞçøÞ·c¢

“Mental health is the full and harmonious functioning of the wholesome personality”

J.A Hadfield (1953)“It is the ability which help to

seek adjustment in the difficult situations of our life”

Cutts and Maslay (1941)

Characteristics of Mentally Healthy Person

• Knows his strength and weaknesses• Sense of happiness and well-being• Capable to deal with stresses of life• The feeling of self realization• Ability to strike balance in different aspects of life• Intellectual development • Shows concerns for other• Social adjustability • He lives in the world of reality

Symptoms of Poor Mental Health• Emotional unstable and upset• Suspicious and insecure • Feeling of guilt • Less self confidence • Frustration, conflicts, strain and stress• Less tolerance and short tempered• Lack of decision making capacity• Unrealistic attitudes towards life • Suffers mental disturbances• Always dissatisfied• Live in his own world of imagination and fantasy

Importance of Mental Health of Teachers and Students

• Help in seeking goals of life

• Help to lead a life with satisfaction

• Help in preventing mental illness

• Help in actualising one's potentialities

• Help in proper emotional development

• Help in developing desirable personalities

Causes of Mental Illhealth of Teachers and Students

• Stress and strain • Lack of social skills • Lack of support from parents and

teachers• Lack of healthy diet • Lack of health exercises

Role of the teacher to Improve Mental Health

• Give students a stress free learning environment• Ensure emotional security• Treat them psychologically • Encourage Prayer • Mediation• Aware them about Healthy fats• Give opportunity to Indulge in mind games• Give chance to Spend more time with nature • Give options for Exercise students’ body well• Focus student on learning new things

Mental Hygiene ÎÞÈØßµ ÖáºßÄb¢

“Mental hygiene is a science which deals with human welfare that pervades all fields of human relationship”

--- Crow and Crow (1951)

“Mental hygiene may be defined as the prevention of mental illness, preservation of mental health and the cure of mental illness”

--- Crow and Crow (1969)

Guidance (ÎÞVPÆVÖÈ¢)“Guidance is the help given by one to another in making choices and adjustments and in solving problems”

-- Jones (1961)“Guidance is a process of helping every individual, through his own efforts, to discover and develop his potentialities for his personal happiness and social usefulness” -- Strang “ Guidance is a process of helping young person to learn to adjust self, to others and to circumstances”

-- Skinner

Guidance• It is a personal help given by other persons • It assist to solve the problems • Attach the problem, not the individual

Types of GuidanceEducational Guidance Vocational Guidance Personal Guidance

Need of GuidanceEducational needVocational needPersonal need

Counselling (dÉçÌÞÇÈ¢)

“It is a series of direct contacts with the individuals which aims to offer him assistance in changing his attitudes and behaviour ”

Rogers (1942)“it is a self adjective process which helps the client become more self directive and self responsible”

Shostorm and Brammer (1952)

Nature of Counseling • It involves two person, the counselee and

the counselor• The two persons have very cordial and

satisfying relationship• It discusses freely what upset the counselee• It tries to develop social skills, courage and

self confidence etc• It also tries to modify the interest, attitude

and abilities of the child

Types of Counselling

1. Directive Counselling Counsellor centered

2. Non Directive Counselling Counsellee centered

3. Eclectic Counselling

Guidance • May be given in

groups• Face to face relation

is not essential• The task of the

guidance worker is not as serious as that of a counselor

• Cordial and satisfying relationship is not needed

Counselling • Given individually not in

groups • Face to face direct

relation is essential• The task of the

counselor is more serious than that of a guidance worker

• Cordial and satisfying relationship is needed

• Aims to solve the problem

Guidance and Counselling Services in Schools

• Inventory Service• Information Service• Guidance Committee• Career Corner• Career Talks• Career Conferences• Placement Services• Testing Programmes for finding problems• Films or documentary and Exhibitions

2 Marks Questions1. Write any two functions of Ego2. Write any two characteristics of mature personality3. Briefly explain mature personality4. Briefly explain the concept ideal self of Rogers 5. What is meant by personality traits? Give an examples6. State Allport’s definition of personality 7. Define non directive counselling8. What are the important principles of group guidance9. Write a short note on clinical guidance 10. Distinguish between directive and non- directive

counselling 11. What do you mean by group guidance

4 Marks Questions1. Describe Allports Trait approach to personality 2. Explain the views of Cattell regarding the trait approach

in personality 3. In Freudian terminology, predominance of Id, Ego and

Super ego make one slave to impulsive behaviour. Discuss

4. How would you develop mental health among high school students

5. Define mental hygiene. What are the goals of mental hygiene

6. Explain Humanistic approach of Roger about personality 7. Adjustment and maladjustment of the personality

development

4 Marks Questions8. How will you organize a guidance cell in your school?

Briefly explain9. Explain the term counselling. Differentiate between

directive and non-directive conselling10. What ate the deferent types of guidance? 11. Explain the objectives of organizing guidance cell in a

school.12. Explain Guidance and Counselling. 13. Bring out the need for guidance and counselling in

secondary schools

1. Discuss the different approaches to personality.

2. What is personality? Discuss the psycho- analytic approach of personality proposed by Freud

10 Marks Questions

Thank you

Jahfar MangattuchaliAssistant ProfessorEMEA Training College, kummuniparambamangatchali@gmail.com

May God bless you

Mob:9745839459