Waste disposal

methods

Maria Vincent

Types of Wastes0According to the Municipal solid waste management (Management and Handling) rule, 2000, solid waste include commercial and household wastes either in semi solid or solid form. Examples:

0Bio-medical wastes,

0Construction and demolition of debris,

0Sanitation residue, and wastes from streets generated from residential

0Commercial complexes, hotels and restaurants, horticulture and sludge

Chemical Composition of municipal solid wastes

0The rising urbanization and the related changes that it has brought about in the life style of people, the amount and nature of wastes are constantly changing. Broadly the wastes may be classified into 2 types, biodegradable mainly from food and garden and non- biodegradable wastes from both residential and commercial establishments.

Waste Management

0Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal, managing and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. Waste management is a distinct practice from resource recovery which focuses on delaying the rate of consumption of natural resources. All wastes materials, whether they are solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive fall within the remit of waste management

Methods of Waste Disposal

0Landfill0Incineration0Conversion too plant nutrition(bio-

degradable waste)0Recycling(bio-degradable waste)

Different Kinds of Waste

Plastic

Meta

ls

Paper

Biodegra

dableRags

Glass

Someth

ing

Others

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

9%

1%8%

48%

4%1%

25%

4%

Wastes

Disposal of Waste

Generation Segregation

Storage and Collection Transportation

DisposalDegradation/

Decay

Landfill

0 A landfill site (also known as tip, dump or rubbish dump and historically as a midden) is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste treatment. Historically, landfills have been the most common methods of organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world.

Composting0 Composting is a method for

treating solid waste in which organic material is broken down by microorganisms in the presence of oxygen to a point where it can be safely stored, handled and applied to the environment. Composting is an essential part of reducing household wastes. It can be done inexpensively by every household and produces a product -- finished compost or humus -- that can benefit the environment as a natural fertilizer for gardening and farming.

Type of Litter Approx. Degeneration Time

Organic Waste(Vegetable and Fruit Peels, leftover foodstuff)

A week or two

Paper 10-30 days

Cotton Cloth `2-5 months

Wood 10-15 years

Woolen Items 1 year

Tin, Aluminum, and other metal items such as cans

100-500 years

Plastic Bags A possible 1 million years

Glass Bottles Undetermined

Waste Management and Disposal Steps

0Generation of waste and storage

0Segregation into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes

0Recycling initiatives carried out by residents

0Waste collection from various points and transfer to a to to to a community bin

0Management of wastes from the community bins and transport to waste disposal site

0Disposal of waste in landfills.

Integrated Solid Waste Management

0This is based on the0Generation0Sustainability of Waste

0A specific amount of solid wastes is made to go through various processes.

Accidents in

Rural and

Urban Areas

Maria Vincent

Introduction

0According to World Health Organisation, the no. of deaths caused by accidents was estimated to be 3.5 million annually. This figure corresponds to an avg. of 10000 deaths per day. Intl. and unintl. Accidents are the cause of 15% of years of life lost globally which is greater than any other cause of death.

Introduction

0Each year, tens of thousands of accidents occur worldwide. Accidents can take place in a wide variety of environments and every sphere of human life: at home, while travelling, at play and at work. However, the home is the most likely location. Home accidents are a major cause of death and injury. They produce major costs in terms of loss of life, pain and suffering as well as loss of production and wages for the employed and the injured.

Main causes for accidents

0According to researches, one of the primary reasons of accidents are happening is due to the negligence or recklessness of behaviour. Statistics also show that accidents could easily be prevented if the person involved in such an accident exercised the proper care and diligence that was required under the circumstances.

Common day-to day Accidents

0Road Accidents

0Burns and fire related injuries

0Poisons

0Drowning

0Falls and domestic injuries

0Violence

0Suicides

Accidental Deaths

0Railway accidents- 7.6%

0Poisoning- 7.1%

0Drowning- 7.9%

0Fire accidents- 6.6%

0Natural Causes- 7.0%

0Falls- 3.1%

0Electrocution- 2.4%

0Road Accidents- 34.5%

Rural Accidents

0Drowning

0Suicide

0Falls

0Fire –Related Accidents

Urban Accidents

0Railway and Road Accidents

0Suicide

0Electrocution

0Poisoning

Preventing Road Accidents

0An Integrated Road Policy needs to be drafted.

0Helmets and other protective gear must be worn at all times(cycling/biking)

0Laws pertaining to helmets, drink drive, speed measures, road and vehicle standards, improving visibility, improving trauma care in case of accidents, mass transport system such as the metro rail, etc. need to be implemented all over the country.

0People should be vigilant at all times while on the road and be conscious about their safety .

0Awareness and education on road safety literacy should be promoted.

Related Statistics

Protection on Road

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WRIST GUARDS

A ACCIDENT IN INDIA- CLICK TO FIND OUT MORE

Preventing Home- Accidents0The vast majority of accidents happen at home. Using common sense while clearing and organizing your home can help to prevent many of these accidents.

0Keep cleaning products in a secure area away from heat and flame, and out of reach of children.

0Remove common obstacles such as loose wires and cables from walkways.

0Put away children’s toys that are not in use to prevent tripping and falling.

0Monitor any burning candles or incense

0Turn off and unplug any appliances not in use to prevent fire hazards.

Protection in Kitchen

GOOD STURDY SHOES AVOIDING SYNTHETIC CLOTEHS