Leadership Behavior and Management Styles

04/19/23Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN,

ONC 1

Leadership Behavior and Management Styles

04/19/23 Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC 2

Leadership vs Management

“There is only one manager, but anyone can be a leader if they act on their good ideas!”

Leadership:

Influence based to reach a goal Informal designation: independent of management Achieved positions; special skills Examples!


Leadership vs Management

Management:

Authority based: appointed Formally designated Assigned position Replaced if poor manager;

good leadership skills help!


Leadership Theories Hegel

1800’s Leaders must serve as followers

Great Man/Trait Earliest theories “I was born to lead!” Have innate characteristics Not “accepted today (Great Man theory

Trait/attribute-from Great Man Personal leadership characteristics “looks, walks, talks like a leader” Limited

Does not consider situation Does not consider follower

Leadership Theories cont

Behavioral Theories: Aka: Humanist approach Emerged in 1940’s & 50’s Looked at behaviors leaders

engaged in Applied to nursing:

Identifies the relationship between the work environment and positive patient outcomes



Leadership Theory

Situational Varies with situation considers structure, atmosphere

and leader’s characteristics

Contingency Different situation require

different leadership types

Keys to the above theories: Effective leadership style

depends upon the situation; what is successful in one situation, may not be effective in the next!

Path-goal looks at supervision more than decision making

Minimizes goal obstruction; rewards followers; focuses on goal achievement

Model that predicts which leadership style most effective in situations. Based on follower’s maturity Involves telling, selling, participating and delegating!By Hersey and Blanchard


Leadership Theory cont.

Process theories- as they relate to group interaction

Transactional/Transformational Motivates followers to full potential Influence perceptions Foster a sense of direction! What is focus of transformational leader?

Relational Accomplish a common goal

Servant Dedicates lives to serving others

Social Change Work toward common goal, improving quality of

life for all** shift from task- oriented to a relationship

oriented focus


Women and Leadership

Historical perspective Stereotyping-”women less competent

than men” Nursing

A predominately female-oriented profession

Leadership roles encounter challenges


Leadership and Cultures

Culture influences leadership

Legal mandates, affirmative action, civil rights regulations, and social pressure

Minorities in leadership roles- improving but still has a ways to go.


What leadership qualities do you possess??

Use the next slide to consider your own attributes as a leader/manager!


Leadership Qualities and Behaviors

Integrity Think criticallyCourage Solve problemsInitiative Respect person Energy ListenOptimism Skillful Communication

Perseverance Set goalsBalance Envision futureAbility to handle stress Develop oneselfSelf-awareness Coach others


Leadership Styles and Effective Management (Pattern of

Behavior)

Leadership styles Authoritarian (military)

Strong control, directive Downward and task directed

Democratic Subordinates involved in decision-making Lengthy process, communications flow up and down

Laissez-Faire or Permissive Little or no direction Maximum freedom for individuals-”delegating

approach” *Multicratic- Combines best of all

Adapt the leadership style needed for particular situation!!


Consider: Ann is a nurse manager for a 26 bed ICU. She is people and relationship oriented. Ann promotes and facilitates group discussion and decision making. Teamwork is the focus for any project and she provides the necessary resources. She wants everyone to have a role on the unit and input into decisions.

What leadership style is exhibited?

Is this style effective in all situations?

What leadership style do you prefer?

Democratic

No, not in situations where immediate action needed.


Power and Leadership/Management

Styles

Power…what is it?? Influence of others through persuasion or

coercion Non-static; ever changing Power sources: legitimate (authority) Referent (symbol of leader) Reward (favor granting) Coercive (punishment) Expert (special knowledge) Nurisng!!!


Power and Leadership/Management Styles

Power…answer these questions!

•The nurse who can accurately interpret an ECG has ____ power.

•The nurse manager who can write a letter of commendation about your performance in the unit newsletter has ____ power.

•Your nurse manager has authority to grant you a salary increase; this manager has ______ power.


Power and Leadership/Management Styles

Power

•The nurse who can accurately interpret an ECG has EXPERT power.

•The nurse manager who can write a letter of commendation about your performance in the unit newsletter has REWARD power.

•Your nurse manager has authority to grant you a salary increase; this manager has LEGITIMATE power. (reward)


Give an example in which “coercive” power (punishment) might be appropriately used in the nursing profession.

Refer to text…a nurse who is abusing drugs faces loss of license, job, salary…patient safety is priority!

Referent power…how might referent power influence your career as a nurse?

Text…an example…as a nurse you carefully follow directions of your assigned department head…that individual possess symbol of power!


Power and Leadership/Management

Styles

Empowerment Share power with others;

enables them to act; transformational leadership

Delegates much authority for decision- making

Encourages others to excel!


Three Factors of Empowerment

Direction: sufficient instructions to give confidence

Challenge: an element of stretch that will bring out creativity and satisfaction on completion

Autonomy/support: confidence that there is further help and direction available if needed


Reasons to Empower Work output increases

Nursing: better care for more patients

Places decision making in the hands of those individuals closest to the situation Nursing: decisions tend to be safer and better fitted to

the needs of a particular patient or patient care situation

A more enthusiastic, satisfied, and healthy group of workers Nursing: reducing employee turnover


Question

A unit with what type of leadership enables empowerment of staff?

A. Situational leadership

B. Great man leadership

C. Transformational leadership

D. Trait leadership


Answer

C. Transformational leadership

Rationale: many hospital units operate in some type of transformational leadership that involves individuals other than the manager in decision making and supports democratic leadership.


The Reciprocal Role

Two parties to any leadership situation

We all begin our careers in a follower-type position

Role of the follower

Being a good follower


The Effective Follower!

What is the effective follower? Perceives the relationship between

institutional goals and personal goals Views leader as working toward both Need to be both a leader and a

follower (interchangeable!)


Qualities of a Good Follower! (Important as a GN)

Know these characteristics!

Invest self in the organization and its goals Know your responsibilities as a follower

Job description Report to whom? Evaluated by whom?

Identify your expectations of the leader. Support your leader and the group Stimulate leader and the group! Follow channels of communication


Developing Your Leadership Role and Skills!

Evaluate your own leadership qualities!

(Leadership exercises)

Strengths Weaknesses


Developing Your Leadership Role and Skills!

Evaluate your own leadership qualities! Ways to enhance your own personal

power: Increase Knowledge and competence Flexibility Self-confidence, decisiveness and integrity Walk, talk, and look poised and confident Alliances Develop personal physical resources- healthy

living


Assessing Your Own Effectiveness as a Leader

Self-assessment Environmental assessment Identifying role models Trying out leadership styles Evaluating effectiveness


Test Your Understanding

Which leadership style is considered “people oriented?1. Laissez-faire2. Authoritarian3. Coercive4. Democratic

A nurse with the responsibility of deciding the number of staff member will be assigned to a unit has what kind of power?

1. Legitimate2. Reward3. Coercive4. Referent

Which method is BEST to assess one’s effectiveness as a leader?

1. Review amount of formal education2. Ask opinion from friend3. Wait for input from others4. Review personal interactions


Test Your Understanding!

Which of the following factors MOST affects one’s effectiveness as a manager?

1. Number of people managed

2. Salary received3. Status within

organization4. Leadership style

Which description characterizes the path-goal theory of leadership?

1. Identifies common traits exhibited by leaders

2. Reflects four behaviors: telling, selling, participating, and delegating

3. Minimizes goal obstruction and reward followers

4. Born with leadership qualities


Test Your Understanding!

1. Which of the following factors MOST affects one’s effectiveness as a manager?

1. Number of people managed2. Salary received3. Status within organization4. Leadership style *

2. Which description characterizes the path-goal theory of leadership?

1. Identifies common traits exhibited by leaders

2. Reflects four behaviors: telling, selling, participating, and delegating

3. Minimizes goal obstruction and reward followers*

4. Born with leadership qualities

1. Which leadership style is considered “people oriented”?

1. Laissez-faire2. Authoritarian3. Coercive4. Democratic*

2. A nurse with the responsibility of deciding the number of staff member will be assigned to a unit has what kind of power?

1. Legitimate*2. Reward*3. Coercive4. Referent

3. Which method is BEST assess one’s effectiveness as a leader?

1. Review amount of formal education

2. Ask opinion from friend3. Wait for input from others4. Review personal interactions*


The End

Leadership Behavior and Management Styles

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