LEADERSHIP AND MILITARY ETHICS IN PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS Assoc. prof. Audrone Petrauskaite General...

LEADERSHIP AND MILITARY ETHICS IN PEACE SUPPORT

OPERATIONS

Assoc. prof. Audrone Petrauskaite

General Jonas Zemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania

July 2013, Wroclaw

PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS

INCLUDES:

Conflict prevention, Peacekeeping, Peacemaking, Peace building operations.

PSO AND THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE

ARMED FORCES IN POSTMODERN SOCIETY

PSO has changed:

the character of the military forces, the nature of military person, the nature of military leader.

Armed Forces in the Three ErasC. C. Moscos conception

Modern Late Modern Postmodern

Perceived Threat Enemy invasion Nuclear war Subnational

Force Structure Mass army, conscription

Large professional army Small professional army

Major Mission Definition Defense of homeland

Support of alliance New missions

Dominant Military Professional

Combat leader Manager or technician Soldier-statesman; soldier-scholar

Public Attitude

Supportive Ambivalent Indifferent

Media Relations Incorporated Manipulated Courted

Civilian Employees Minor component Medium component Major component

Women`s role Separate corps or excluded

Partial integration Full integration

Spouse and Military Integral part Partial involvement Removed

Homosexuals in Military Punished Discharged Accepted

Conscientious Objection Limited or prohibited

Routinely permitted Subsumed under civilian service

Militaries in the world transformation(according E. R. Micewski)

NATIONALISM (Modern) (End 30-Year War until end of WW II)

BIPOLARISM (Late Modern)(Cold War)

MONDIALISM (Postmodern)(since end of Cold War)

Globalization – Transnationalization – Internationalization

Deconstruction Reconstruction

POSTMODERN PARADIGM OF MILITARIES:

,,…shifts toward a volunteer force, more multipurpose in mission, increasingly androgynous in make up and ethos, and with a greater permeability with civilian society“.

,,...The roles of combat leader, manager/technician, and soldier statesman/soldier-scholar are added rather than substituted as the international environment changes. ... all roles remain necessary“.

C.C. Moskos

IDENTITY OF (POST) MODERN MILITARY

Modern Military Postmodern Military

Threat & Application of Violence

Peacekeeping and humanitarian tasks

FIGHTER PROTECTOR

Participating in PSO and new identity of militaries

The purpose of participating in PSO has changed traditional purpose of the military from fighting wars to non-traditional operations.

New character of military purpose has brought the changes in the identity of militaries.

_________________ This new identity requires critical thinking and

creative person in the military especially in the officer corp.


International authority and international legitimacy of PSO meaning more international and less national character of the activities of militaries.

International character of PSO could be reasoned by its multinational composition.

__________________ As a result many international factors creating

the identity of international soldier rather than national.


The non-traditional character of PSO includes the partnership with the civilians and increasing interoperability of civilian and military spheres.

____________________ That means the shift of traditional professional

identity of the militaries toward civic identity based on the global civic values and universal moral virtues.


1. As the result of the participation in PSO the identity of militaries includes more human and civic meaning in its content.

2.2. Participation in PSO requires Participation in PSO requires reconsideringreconsidering the priorities in the system the priorities in the system of traditional military values.of traditional military values.

The value orientation of the militaries in PSO

The value orientation includes main principles of right and

wrong that are accepted by an individual or a social group.

The military both as professionals and as human-beings are forming their system of values under the influence of many factors:

social, political, economical, psychological, etc.


Conscience of the military is a convergence of their personal, professional, national, civic, universal moral values.

All these values could be suggested as the basis for the right moral attitude to professional activities of a military person.


Traditional values of the good soldier: duty, honor, country, loyalty, sacrifice, honesty, patriotism, responsibility, courage, dignity, etc.


Personal moral maturity the militaries is closely connected with their civic and national system of values:

Civic identity of a person includes: freedom, equality, solidarity, tolerance, etc.

Civic values are not opposite to such national values as native country, national language, national culture, national historical memory and traditions.


Postmodern society demands for militaries:Postmodern society demands for militaries: Humanity Tolerance Respect


Conscience of the military is a convergence of their personal, professional, national, civic, universal moral values.

All these values could be suggested as the basis for the right moral attitude to professional activities of a military person.

Professional values

Civic values

Universal valuesNational values

Personal values

Personal attitudes

Personal values

Professional values

National values

Civic values

Universal values

Case study Lieutenant-General Roméo Antonius Dallaire, (born June 25, 1946) is

a Canadian senator, humanitarian, . Dallaire is widely known for having served as Force Commander of UNAMIR, the ill-fated United Nations peacekeeping force for Rwanda between 1993 and 1994, and for trying to stop the genocide that was being waged by Hutu extremists against Tutsis and Hutu moderates.

Responsibility

Responsibility involves the understanding of the person that he is acting by his own decision and so that he is responsible for this decision – good or bad.

Responsibility impact person to act according his conscience what means… according his value orientation.

Legal responsibility – to be legally responsible is to fulfill the requirements accountability under the law either the requirements for having a legal obligations.

Causal responsibility – to be causally responsible for a state of affairs is to bring it either directly or indirectly.

Nature of responsibility

Moral responsibility – to be moral responsible is to have a moral obligation and to fulfill for a morally significant act deserving blame or praise.

Causal responsibility

Moral responsibility

Legal responsibility

Responsibility:

is based on the human’s feeling (fear) to be punished or deserve of blame,

possessed the human’s ability to understand what he is doing,

push the human’s mind to control his behavior,

is connected with the human’s free will or freedom.

Decision theoryDecision theory

,,A decision is something terrible“. It is ,,both a terrible and tragic situation“ in which we are alone.

,,If we knew what to do, … then the decision would not be a decision…At some point, for a decision to be made, you have to go beyond knowledge, to do something that you don’t know“.

Jacques Derrida

Decision making is related with:Decision making is related with:

Human’s free will

Human’s choice

Human’s responsibility

Human’s guilt

Human’s choice :

The decision is person’s choice all the time The main human’s choice is the ,,Choice of

itself“ which is revealed in ,,limit-situations“ (death, war, conflict, quilt, etc) and requires uncertainty, antinomy decisions.

Human’s guilt:

Person is guilty for the results of the decision because nobody knows was it right or wrong or could be better.

Guilt can be ( according Karl Jaspers) :

Criminal (when the human is acting illegally) Political (when political decisions by the government or

population are wrong) Moral (when human acting against moral norms and

principles) Philosophical (when human is feeling responsibility for

everything and to everybody)

Militaries toward postmodern military…?

Lithuanian case

Military values:The most important values for Lithuanian cadets

63,966,6

74,8

65,5

56,6

63,364,967

47,4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Responsibility Justice Honesty

for human being for soldier for military leader

Military values:The important human values

51

62,9

47,8

48

19,5

8,7

13,4

31,3

24,7

9,8

24,2

30,9

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Tolerance

Friendship

Understanding ability

Comunication ability

for human being for soldier for military leader

Military values:

29,1

50,9

9,6

58,2

43,7

9,4

54,1

38,5

4,1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

A woman can choosea military profession

like any other

A woman has thesame rights in

Lithuania as a manhas

I would like to serveunder the female

commander

the results of the test in 2003 the results of the test in 2004

the results of the test in 2005

The cadet’s opinion about women’s equality

Military values:

The cadet’s opinion about homosexuals

Statement Don‘t agree Don‘t know Agree

1. Every person is free to choose his sexual orientation. 18, 0 14, 0 68, 0

2. Sexual orientation of a person doesn’t make any influence on his/her military career. 64, 5 15, 4 20, 1

3. I don’t worry about sexual orientation of others.27, 9 13, 8 58, 3

4. I don’t mind to be under the command of a homosexual. 68, 0 18, 0 14, 0

Ethical transformations Ethical transformations toward postmodern militarytoward postmodern military

,,,,… people in the military should … people in the military should learn to think learn to think in new waysin new ways and to develop capabilities that and to develop capabilities that make it possible to adapt quickly and make it possible to adapt quickly and effectively effectively to new challenges and unexpected to new challenges and unexpected circumstances and situationscircumstances and situations“.“. Prof. Jarmo ToiskallioProf. Jarmo Toiskallio

Value orientation of the militaries

The requirements of the society

Professional norms and values

Personnal moralityPractical experience

Ethical transformations Ethical transformations toward postmodern militarytoward postmodern military

,,The attempt to reduce ethics to the level of observing the letter of the laws has perhaps to be considered the first danger to military ethics on the individual level of soldiering and commanding“.

Prof. Edwin R. Micewski

Conclusions:

1. Peace support operations (PSO) and their peacekeeping and humanitarian tasks are changing the identity of the militaries:

international factors creating the identity of international soldier rather than national.

traditional professional identity of the militaries the shifts toward civic identity based on the global civic values and universal moral virtues.

new identity requires critical thinking and creative person in the military.

Conclusions:

2. The identity of present military requires reconsidering the priorities in the system of values’ orientation of the militaries: the traditional professional or national values must be formed on the basis of civic and universal human values.

Conclusions:

3. The changes in the system of values are caused by the importance of collective and individual responsibility of the militaries participating in PSO.

LEADERSHIP AND MILITARY ETHICS IN PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS Assoc. prof. Audrone Petrauskaite General...

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