Leadership and Leadership Styles. Leadership - what is it? influencing people so that they will...
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Leadership and Leadership Styles
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Leadership - what is it?“influencing people so that they will strive
willingly towards the achievement of group goals” 1
1 Koontz, H. and C. O’Donnell. “Management: A System of Contingency Analysis of Managerial Functions”. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1976.
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How important is a leader? In most cases, people will perform at
about 60% of their potential with no leadership at all
Thus, an additional 40% can be realized if effective leadership is available
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40%
60%
capabilityutilization
Contribution due to leadership ability of manager
Default contribution due to need for a job, peer pressure, etc.
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WHAT LEADERSHIP IS
Leadership is influencing people Leadership is getting people to work
willingly; not grudgingly Leadership is achieving organisational
goals; not just welding power Leadership is building teams, creating
cohesion and resolving conflict Leadership is mentoring, coaching,
inspiring and motivating people
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Leadership vs Management
Managers LeadersImplement vision & Strategy Create vision
Control Inspire
Maintain Develop
Punish Provide Emotional Support
Ask HOW ? and WHEN ? Ask WHAT ? and WHY ?
Accept the status quo Challenge the status quo
Do things right Do the right things
Short term view Long-term-view
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APPROACHES TO LEADERSHIP
TRAITS OR QUALITIES APPROACH This approach assumes that leaderships are born not
made. Thus, it consists of certain inherited
characteristics or personality traits. (charisma, Physical vitality and stamina, Intelligence and action-oriented judgment, Eagerness to accept responsibility, Task competence
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Traits/Qualities Approach cont.
Understanding of followers and their needs, Skill in dealing with people, Need for achievement, Capacity to motivate people, Courage and resolution Trustworthiness, Decisiveness, Self-confidence, Assertiveness
Adaptability/flexibility
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These can also be thought of as:1. Initiating structure (get it done)2. Consideration (human condition)
LEADERSHIP AS A BEHAVIOURAL CATEGORY
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Initiating structure
Consideration
X X
XX
Styles of leadership
X
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Styles of leadership
concern for production
concern for people
Laissez-faireLeader(L)
BenevolentLeader(Y)
AutocraticLeader(X)
Team Leader(Z)
9
91
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Which style of leadership works best?
Team Leader (Z) has proven to be the most effective in general (9,9)
Requires a “balancing act” of getting things done and having a genuine concern for people
Certain special situations may require other styles (i.e. making the atom bomb)
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Theory “L”: Laissez-faire leader
Uninvolved - “leave them alone” Sees main role as passer of information Lets others make decisions Basically abdicates responsibility for team
or unit
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Theory “X”: Autocratic leader
Lacks flexibility Controlling and demanding “carrot and stick” approach Focused solely on productivity
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Theory “Y”: Benevolent leader
Very people oriented; encouraging Organizes around people Can be paternalistic “country club” atmosphere: non-
competitive
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Theory “Z”: Team leader
Balances production and people issues Builds a working team of employees Team approach: involves subordinates Organization is a vehicle for carrying out
plans
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Results of leadership styles
1. Theory L: “missing management” Very low productivity
2. Theory X: “my way or the highway” Job stress; low satisfaction; unions form
3. Theory Y: “country club” Low achievement; good people leave
4. Theory Z: “good manager” High productivity, cooperation, low turnover,
employee commitment
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Origins of leadership
BOTH. Evidence that both inherent personality and environment are factors
Are leaders born or made?
What kind of leader would you be?
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Summary Learn to identify style of your manager If possible, seek a Theory Z environment
More common in recent years Get management training Inherent leadership styles can be
changed, but takes effort