Leader June 2017 - ac

Leader – June 2017


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MrphpaH> “yPlH” rQ;rpif>

Kfhikj;Jt Jiw> tHj;jf Kfhikj;Jt gPlk;>

fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk


cs;slf;fk;

1. nfhs;Kjy; NkyhsH Rl;b

\hkpdp epa+l;ld;

cjtp tphpTiuahsh;

fpof;F gy;fiyf;fofk;

2. gRik kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtk;

nrsk;ah Foe;ijtbNty;

cjtp tphpTiuahsh;


3. rHtNjr tHj;jfk;;;

nrNyhkpah whfy;

cjtp tphpTiuahsh;


4. ,yj;jpudpay; tq;fp

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cjtp tphpTiuahsh;



nfhs;Kjy; NkyhsH Rl;b

(Purchasing Managers Index – PMI)

\hkpdp epa+l;ld;

cjtp tpupTiuahsH> tHj;jf Kfhikj;Jtg; gPlk;

nfhs;Kjy; NkyhsH Rl;bahdJ nghUshjhu MNuhf;fpaj;ij gpujpgypf;Fk; xU

Fwpfhl;bahFk;. ,yq;ifapy; PMI Rl;bahdJ ,yq;if kj;jpatq;fpapd; Gs;sptpgutpay;

jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; 2015 Nk khjj;jpypUe;J Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L njhlHr;rpahf

fzpg;gplg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ,jd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; cw;gj;jpj;Jiwapd; nraw;jpwid

mstpLtjhFk;> ,jw;fhf ,yq;ifapd; Kd;dzpapy; cs;s Vwj;jho 150 njhopw;Jiw

epWtdq;fs; fzf;nfLg;gpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

rHtNjr uPjpahf nfhs;Kjy; NkyhsH Rl;b (PMI) ,idf; fzpg;gpl ,uz;L Kd;dzp

epWtdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd toq;fy; Nkyhz;ik epWtdk; ( Institute of

Supply Management - ISM) ,J ,yhg Nehf;fkw;w epWtdk; vd;gNjhL ,jpy; 40>000 w;Fk;

Nkw;gl;l epWtdq;fs; mq;fj;Jtk; tfpf;fpd;wd. ,e; epWtdkhdJ 1948k; Mz;L

mnkupf;fhit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L jw;NghJ cyfshtpa uPjpapy;

tzpf eltbf;iffis kpf neUf;fkhf mtjhdpf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Fwpfl;bahf

cs;sJ. mLj;jjhf Kd;dzpapYs;s PMI fzpg;gPl;L epWtdk; Markit Group MFk;. ,g;

PMI Fwpfhl;bahdJ fk;gdpfs;> ehLfisg; nghWj;J mit gpuRupf;fg;gLk; ,lq;fs;

NtWgLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf ISM mj;NjhL Markit ,U epWtdq;fSk;

mnkupf;fhtpw;fhd PMI Fwpfhl;bia ntspapLk; nghWg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

PMI MdJ Ie;J Jizf; Fwpfhl;bfspd; xU $l;Lf; FwpaPlhFk;. Gjpa nfhs;tdT

Ntz;LNfhs; (New orders)> ruf;F msTfs; (Inventory level)> cw;gj;jp toq;FdH

fpilg;gdT (Supplier deliveries) Ntiyr; #oy; (employment environment) Nghd;w Kf;fpa

05 Jizf;Fwpfhl;bfis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. PMI fzpg;gPl;bd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhdJ

KfhikahsHfs;> Ma;thsHfs; Vida mf;fiwAila jug;gpdHf;F jw;Nghija tzpf

epiyikfs; njhlHghf jPHkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;sj; Njitahd jfty;fis toq;FtjhFk;.

Fwpg;ghf PMI MdhJ Kf;fpakhd Kfhikj; jPHkhdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F gy;NtW

topfshYk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf fk;gdpfs; PMI ngWNgWfis jkJ

Mz;L tuT nryTj; jpl;lk;> CopaHkl;lj; jPHkhdk;> fhRg;gha;r;ry; jpl;lkplypy;

gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

mNefkhf nghUshjhu Fwpr;Rl;bahdJ fle;jfhy tuhw;Wj; jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy;

fzpg;gplg;gl;L jPHkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy; PMI Rl;bahdJ


fzf;fha;tpd; %yk; juTfs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;L jw;Nghija vjpHfhyk; njhlHghd

fz;Ndhl;lj;ijg; gpujpgypg;gjhy; KjyPl;lhsHfspd; KjyPl;L jPHkhdk; vLj;jypy;

ngWkjp NrHf;fpd;wJ. NkYk; PMI MdJ cw;gj;jpf;Jiw Nritj;Jiwf;F kl;Lky;yhJ

xl;Lnkhj;jg; nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fk; Kf;fpa Fwpfhl;bahf mikfpd;wJ.

Vnddpy; nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jpapy; (GDP) cw;gj;jp Nritj;Jiwapd; gq;fspg;G

ngUk;ghd;ik tfpf;fpd;wJ. MfNt cw;gj;jp Nritfs; Jiwapy; Vw;gLk; rpwpa tPo;r;rp

nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jpapy ghupa gpd;dilit Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;gjhy; mit kpf

neUf;fkhfTk; Jy;ypakhfTk; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

PMI fzpg;gPl;L KiwahdJ gpd;tUkhW fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F fzf;nfLg;G

Ma;thdJ xt;nthU khj mbg;gilapYk; xt;nthU KiwAk; tzpf njhopw;Jiwapd;

xg;gidiag; gpujp epjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; NkyhsHfsplkpUe;J thf;Fg; gjpT ,lk;ngw;W

ngWNgWfs; fzpf;fg;gLk;. ,q;F juT Nrfupg;gpw;F cl;gLj;g;gLk; NkyhsHfs; njupT

nra;agl;l Jiwapd; nghUshjhuj; juTfis mjpfhu g+Htkhf ntspaplf;

$batHfshf kpfj;Jy;ypakhd Kiwapy; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;wdH.

,q;F Njitahd juTfs; gu];gu Kiwapy; fzf;nfLg;gpd; %yk; Nrfupf;fg;gLtNjhL>

fzf;fha;tpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gLk;. NkyhsHf;F “rpwe;jJ- improvement” “mNj- no change”

“Nkhrkhd- deterioration” vd %d;w tpUg;gj; NjHTfs; khj;jpuk; toq;fg;gLk;. ,q;F

PMI vz;zpf;if 0 – 100 tiu fhzg;gLk;.

ngwg;gLk; juTfspd; mbg;gilapy; PMI fzpg;ghdJ gpd;tUkhW mikAk;.

PMI = (P1x1) + (P2x0.5) + (P3x0)

,q;F>

P1 – Kd;Ndw;wk; cd;djkhf / “rpwe;jJ” vd mwpf;ifapl;NlhH tPjk;

P2 – “mNj” / khw;wkpy;iy vd mwpf;ifapl;NlhH tPjk;.

P3 – “gpd;dilT” / NkhrkhdJ vd mwpf;ifapl;NlhH tPjk;.

,jpy;>

100%Ma;tpw;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;NlhH “Kd;Ndw;wk;” vdg; gjptpl;lhy; PMI Fwpfhl;b - 100

100%Ma;tpw;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;NlhH “gpd;dilT” vdg; gjptpl;lhy; PMI Fwpfhl;b - 0

100%Ma;tpw;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;NlhH “khw;wkpy;iy” vdg; gjptpl;lhy; PMI Fwpfhl;b -50


,q;F nfhs;tdT NkyhsHfsplk; ,Ue;J Nrfupf;fg;gLk; juthdJ Gtpapay;>

njhopy;Jiw gy;tifg;gLj;jy; NtWghl;bid gpujpgypg;gNjhL> PMI Fwpfhl;b 50Mf

gjptplg;gLk; NghJ mq;F “Kd;Ndw;wk;” mNj Nghy; “gpd;dilT” epiyikapy; cs;s

tzpf epWtdq;fs; rk vz;zpf;ifapy; cs;sdH vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

NkYk; PMI Fwpfhl;bapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp (GDP)

tsHr;rpapid vjpHT$Wk; NghJ PMI Fwpfhl;bahdJ 42 Mf my;yJ mjw;F mjpfkhf

cs;sNghJ nghUshjhu tpupthf;fj;ijg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. kWgf;fk; Nehf;Fkplj;J> 42

,w;F Fiwthd njhlHr;rpahd PMI Fwpfhl;bahdJ nghUshjhu ke;jepiyia

gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. mNj Nghy; 42 ,w;Fk; 50 ,w;Fk; ,ilNaahd tpj;jpahrk; xU

nghUshjhu kPl;rpapd; typikiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,t;thwhf PMI Rl;bahdJ jpl;l

tpupthf;f Nfhy;fshf njhopw;gLfpd;wJ.

xt;nthU khjKk; ngwg;gLk; PMI Fwpfhl;b thrpg;ghdJ Kd;ida khjj;jpd; Fwpfhl;b

thrpg;Gld; xg;gplg;gl;L tsHr;rptPjk; tpgupf;fg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf nrd;w khjj;ijtpl

,k;khj PMI Fwpfhl;b tPjkhdJ mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fkplj;J nghUshjhu tpupthf;fk;

,k;khjk; mjpfupj;j tPjj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

mNef ehLfspd; kj;jpatq;fpfshdJ tl;b tPjq;fs; kPjhd jPHkhdk; vLj;jypy; PMI

Fwpfhl;bapid gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. NkYk; KjyPl;lhHfspdhYk;> gpizfs; re;ijapdhy;

kpf mtjhdkhf ,g; PMI Fwpfhl;bahdJ cw;W Nehf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. xU

MNuhf;fpakhd PMI Fwpfhl;bahdJ KjyPl;lhsHfSf;F Fwpj;j ehl;L nghUshjhuk;

njlhHghd rhjf Fwpapid gpujpgypg;gNjhL KjyPl;lhsHfis ftHe;jpOf;fpd;wJ.

PMI Fwpfhl;bapd; gyk; (Strengths)

kpfTk; rupahd Neuj;jpy;> fzf;nfLg;gpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gLk; khjj;jpd; mLj;j

Kjy; ehspNyNa ntspaplg;gLjy;.

nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp (GDP) njhopyhsH Gs;spapay; tpguk;> cw;gj;jp

mwpf;iffs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; vjpHfhy ntspaPLfspd; xU Kd; fzpg;G

Fwpfhl;bahf njhopw;gly;.

tzpf ty;YdHfs; (Professionals) jkJ tptuz fUj;Jf;fis vjpHT $Wtjw;F

xU Kd;Ndhf;F Fwpfhl;bahf mikjy;.

xt;nthU khje;j mwpf;ifapYk; ruf;F> tpiy Nghd;w Jizf; Fwpfhl;bfspd;

ePz;lfhy Nghf;Ffspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; ntspaplg;gl KbAk;.


,jd; %yk; xt;nthU jdpg;gl;l Jizf;Fwpfhl;bfspdJk; toq;fy; tpepNahf

,Wf;fk;> ruf;F> tpiy epiyikfis Ke;ijia khjj;Jld; xg;gPL nra;J

vjpHtUk; fhyq;fspd; Nghf;Ffis (trend) vjpHT $wKbAk;.

kpfg; gpujhdkhf PMI Fwpfhl;bfs; ,uz;L ngUk; Jiwfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

mitahtd. cw;gj;jp PMI kw;Wk; Nritfs; PMI MFk;. ,t;tpU Jiwfs; kPjhd PMI

Fwpfhl;bahdJ mnkupf;fh cs;slq;fyhf a+Nuh tya mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; cl;gl

cyfk; KOtJk; gygpw ehLfspy; fzpg;gplg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ mtw;Ws; ,yq;if ehLk;

xd;whFk;.

,yq;if kj;jpatq;fp mwpf;ifapd;gb ,Wjpahf ntspaplg;gl;l PMI Fwpfhl;bahdJ

Nk khjk; 2017 MFk;. ,J Vg;uy; 2017 ,w;fhd PMI Ma;Tj; jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;jp

epw;fpd;wJ. cw;gj;jp PMI > Nritfs; PMI njhlHghf PMI Fwpfhl;b jfty;fs;

njspthf fPo;;tUk; ml;ltiz tiuGfspy; njhlHGgLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

,yq;if PMI Ma;T – Vg;uy; 2017

ml;ltiz1: cw;gj;jp> Nritfs; njhlHghf PMI Fwpfhl;b

khjpup Ma;tpw;fhd khjpupfshdJ EPF jpizf;fsj;jpD}lhf njd;khfhz fk;gdp

gl;baypypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ. NkYk; nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpapd; gq;fspg;ig

mbg;gilahff;; nfhz;L cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nritf;fhd khjpupfs; 100,w;F Fiwahj

gjpy;fs; (Response) Clhfg; ngwg;gl;lJ.


cw;gj;jpj;Jiw PMI

cU1: cw;gj;jpj;Jiw PMI

gUtfhy khw;wj;jpd;gb 2017 Vg;uy; khjj;jpw;fhd PMI Fwpfhl;b 41.8 Mf

gjpthfpAs;sJ. ,J March khjj;ijtpl 24.7 jhy; Fiwtile;Js;sJ. ,J khHr;

khjj;jpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mjpfupg;gpidf; fhl;Lfpd;w mNjNtis Vg;uy; 2017 ,w;fhd

cw;gj;jpapy; ghupa rupT / gpd;diltpid Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ. NkYk; PMI ,d; Jizf;

Fwpfhl;bfSk; Kd;ida khjj;Jld; xg;gpLifapy; tPo;;r;rpapidNa Rl;Lfpd;wJ. NkYk;

Jizf; Fwpfhl;bfshy; toq;FdH tpepNahfk; (supplier delivery) jtpHe;j Vida

Jizf;Fwpfhl;bfs; eLepiy 50 ,id tplf;FiwthfNt gjpthfpAs;sij Vg;uy; 2017

,y; Rl;b epw;fpd;wJ.

Nritj;Jiw PMI

Nritj;Jiw PMI MdJ khHr; 2017,y; 60.8 ,ypUe;J 54.2 Mf Vg;uy; khjk;

gjpthfpAs;sJ. ,t;tPo;;rpahdJ fle;j khjj;Jld; xg;gpLifapy; Vg;uy; 2017>

khjj;jpw;fhd Nritfs; Jiwfs; kPjhd nghUshjhu ehltbf;ifapy; xU rhtpidg;

gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ.


cU2: Nritj;Jiw PMI

,t; nghJthd nghUshjhu tpupthf;fj;jpw;F Gjpa tzpfk;> tzpf nraw;ghLfs;

mtw;wpd; mjpfupg;G vd;gd gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd. NkYk; mjpfkhd ftdk; nrYj;j

Ntz;ba tplak; vd;dntdpy; ,yq;ifapd; PMI Ma;T 2015 Nk khjk;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J Kjy; jlitahf Jizf; Fwpfhl;bahd Ntiytha;g;G 50

,w;F Fiwthf gjpthfpAs;sJ.

Remarks – Kf;fpa Fwpg;G:

nfhs;Kjy; NkyhsH Fwpfhl;b vd;gJ xU nghUshjhuf; FwpaPlhFk;. mJ

Fwpg;gpl;l Jiwapy; cs;s tzpfq;fspd; NkyhsHfis Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jp

ngwg;gLtjhFk;.

nghJthf PMI Fwpfhl;b thrpg;ghdJ 42k; mjw;F Nkw;gl;lJk; nghUshjhu

tpupthf;fj;ij gpujpgypf;Fk; NghJ> 42,w;F Fiwthd thrpg;G nghUshjhu

ke;j epiyiag; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ.

PMI Fwpfhl;bapy; cs;slq;Fk; jdpg;gl;l $Wfs; gztPf;fk; Nghd;wtw;iw

vjpHT $w kpfg; gaDs;sjhFk;.

crhj;Jiz

Central bank press release-2017

http://www.4-traders.com/news/Central-Bank-of-Sri-Lanka-SL-Purchasing-

Managers-Index-PMI-Survey-March-2017--24199975/

http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/what-is-

purchasing-managers-index-pmi/articleshow/6259031.cms

http://www.4-traders.com/news/Central-Bank-of-Sri-Lanka-SL-Purchasing-Managers-Index-PMI-Survey-March-2017--24199975/

http://www.4-traders.com/news/Central-Bank-of-Sri-Lanka-SL-Purchasing-Managers-Index-PMI-Survey-March-2017--24199975/


gRik kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtk;

(Green HRM)

nrsk;ah Foe;ijtbNty;


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kdpju;fspd; Ntiyfis ,yFgLj;jp tho;f;if juj;ijAk; cau;j;Jfpd;wJ. Mdhy;

mjw;F khwhf Rw;Wg;Gw #oYf;F jPq;F tpistpg;gNjhL #oYf;F mr;RWj;jiyAk;

Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. vdNt> ,t;Ntisapy; kdpjd; gRik gw;wpa eilKiwfis

nraw;gLj;jp Rw;Wg;Gw #oiyAk; gy;NtW tifahd mupa tsq;fisAk; ghJfhf;f

tpisfpd;whd;. ,t;thwhd gRikg;gLj;jy; nraw;ghlhdJ cyf ntg;gkakhf;fy;

kw;Wk; ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fis Fiwf;f cjTk; (mkpy kio> Rdhkp;>

nts;sg;ngUf;F, tul;rp)> #oy; khriltpdhy; Vw;glf;$ba Neha;fis jLf;Fk;>

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#oy;fSf;Fk; ,d;wpaikahjjhf cs;sJ.

Fwpg;ghf tzpf #oypy; gRik njhlu;ghd Kfhikj;Jtk; gutyhf

mKy;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. mjid ntw;wpfukhf jpl;lkpl;L xOq;fikj;J

nraw;gLj;Jtjpy; Copau;fspd; gq;F mjpfk; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; vd;gijf;

fz;lwpe;j epWtdq;fs; ‘gRik kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtk;’ vDk; vz;zf;fUit

mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtj;jpDs; gRik vz;zf;fU Njhw;wk;

ngw;wikf;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzq;fshtd tUkhW> ,aw;if Rw;Wg;Gw #oiy mjd;

,aw;if jd;ik khwhJ Ngzy;> tUq;fhy re;jjpapdUf;fhf ,aw;if tsq;fisg;

ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; #oy; khriljiyj; jLj;jy; MFk;. NkYk; epiyj;J

epw;ff;$bathwhf mUikahd tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp epiyj;jpUf;Fk;

Rw;Wr;#oiy fl;bnaOg;Gtij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L gRik kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtk;

epWtdj;jpDs; nraw;gLj;Jtjhy; mJ xU tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f Kfhikj;Jtkhff;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt gRik kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ jdp egUf;Fk;>

r%fj;jpw;Fk;> ,aw;if Rw;Wr; #oYf;Fk; kw;Wk; tzpfj;jpw;Fk; ed;ik Vw;gLj;Jk;

Kfkhf epWtd Copau;fis gRikg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nfhs;iffs;> nraw;ghLfs;>

xOq;FKiwfs; MFk;.


NkYk; kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Gjpa gupkhzkhf gRik kdpjts

Kfhikj;Jtk; miktNjhL gRikahd Copau;fisf; ftu;e;J> mgptpUj;jp mila

nra;J epWtdj;jpDs; epiyj;J epw;f nra;a cjTfpwJ. mjhtJ epWtdj;jpd; #oy;

njhlu;ghd ,yf;Ffis miltjw;fhTk;> epiyj;J epw;ff;$ba Rw;Wr; #oYf;F

gq;fspg;G nra;tjw;fhfTk; rhjhuz Copau;fis gRik Copau;fshf khw;wk;

milar; nra;fpd;wJ. ,t;thwhf khw;Wtjw;F Copau;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT

Rw;Wg;Gw #oy;> mjidg; ghJfhj;jy; njhlu;ghd mbg;gilahd mwpT kw;Wk;

jpwd;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW ,y;yhjgl;rj;jpy; Copau;fs;

gRikahf;fg;gLjy; vd;gJ rhj;jpakw;wjhfpwJ. mj;Jld; epWtdj;jpd; #oy;

ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd nraw;ghLfspy; gq;fspf;f Copau;fs; #oy; njhlu;gpYk;

mjid ghJfhj;jy; njhlu;gpYk; Neuhd mZFKiwfSk;> elj;ijfSk;

cs;stu;fshf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iw Copau;fs; kj;jpapy; tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;s

epWtdq;fs; gRik kdpjts Kfhikj;Jt nraw;ghLfis gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ

mitahtd gRik Ntiy tbtikg;G> gRik kdpjts jpl;lkply;> gRik Ml;Nru;g;G

kw;Wk; njupT nra;jy;> #oy; gw;wpa gapw;rpAk; mgptpUj;jpAk;> gRik nray;jpwd;

kjpg;gPL> gRik nfhLg;gdT Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; gy. ,it midj;Jk;

Copau;fspd; gRik nraw;ghLfis mgptpUj;jp nra;tJld; epWtdj;jpd; #oy;

ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd ,yf;FfisAk; miltjw;F toptFf;fpd;wJ.

grik kdpj ts Kfhikj;JtkhdJ epWtd kl;lj;jpy; kl;Lkd;wp Copau;

kl;lj;jpYk; ,d;wpaikahjjhfpd;wJ. mjhtJ Ntiy tho;;f;ifiaAk; jhz;b

CopaUf;F jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifAk; cs;sJ. mit ,uz;ilAk; rkepiyg;gLj;jp tho

Ntz;ba Njitg;ghL Copau;fSf;F cs;sJ. Fwpj;jegnuhUtu; xU epWtdj;jpw;F

Ntiyj;jsj;jpy; copauhfTk;> jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifapy; Efu;NthuhfTk;

fhzg;gLfpd;whu;. ,t;thW cs;s NghjpYk; gRik kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtj;jpdhy;

Copau;fisg; gRikg;gLj;jp mtu;fSs; Rw;Wr; #oiy ghJfhj;jy; njhlu;ghd

elj;ijia Cf;Ftpg;gJ mtu;fsJ Ntiy kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifapy; ed;ik

gag;gjhf cs;sJ gpd;tUk; topfspy;>

1. Ntiyapy; epWtdj;jpd; Rw;Wr; #oy; ghJhfg;G njhlu;ghd ,yf;Ffis

mila cjTjy;.

2. jdpg;gl;l tho;f;ifapy; #oiy ghJfhg;gjpy;; gq;fspg;G nra;tjd; %yk;

ehl;bw;F ey;y gpui[ahf ,Uj;jy;.


kdpjts Kfhikj;Jt nraw;ghLfSk; mit gRikahf;fg;gLk; KiwfSk;

tUkhW:-

Ntiyg;gFg;gha;T

(Job Analysis)

- njhopy; tpguj;jpy; #oy; ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd

khwpia ,izj;jy;.

- njhopy; epakj;jpy; gRik njhlu;ghd

jifikia xU $whf ,izj;jy;.

Ml;Nru;g;G

(Recruitment)

- #oy; ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd tpopg;Gzu;it

Ml;Nru;;g;gpy; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

- Ml;Nru;g;G %yk; gRik Mf;fy; gw;wpa

njhopy;jUdupd; fUj;ij Kd;itj;jy;.

njupT nra;jy;

(Selection)

- NghjpasT gRik gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tld; $ba

Copau;fis njupT nra;jy;.

- jdpg;gl;l tho;tpYk; xU Efu;Nthuhf gRik

elj;ijfis nfhz;ltu;fis njupT nra;jy;.

njhopy; mwpKf

tpsf;fk;

(Induction)

- Gjpa Copau;fis epWtdj;jpd; gRik

njhlu;ghd tpsf;fk; (Induction) Kaw;rpfSf;F

gof;fkhf;Fjy;/mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

- Vw;fdNt epWtdj;jpy; cs;s Copau;fspd;

gRik njhlu;ghd mwpT> jpwd;> elj;ijfis

ntspg;gLj;j njhopy; mwpKfj;jpw;fhf

epfo;;r;rpfis xOq;fikj;jy;.

gapw;rp

(Training)

- gRik gw;wpa mwpT kw;Wk; jpwid

Copau;fSf;F toq;fy;.

- gRik gapw;rp Njitfis milahsk;

fhz;gjw;fhf gapw;rp Njit Ma;it

Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

nray;jpwd;

kjpg;gPL

-

gRik njhlu;ghd epakj;ij mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L Copa nraw;jpwid kjpg;gPL nra;jy;.

(Performance Evaluation) - nraw;jpwd; gpd;D}l;lypd; NghJ gRikg;gLj;jiy

jdp mk;rkhf ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.


nfhLg;gdT

epjprhu;

Kfhikj;Jtk;

- Copau;fspd; gRik nraw;jpwid Cf;Ftpf;f

epjprhu; Kfhikj;Jtk; nfhLg;gdTfis

toq;fy;.

(Rewards Management) - Copau;fspd; gRikahf;fy; eltbf;iffSf;fhf

epjprhu my;yhj ntFkjpfis toq;fy;.

xOf;f epu;thfk;

(Discipline

- gRikahf;fYld; njhlu;ghd xOq;F tpjpfis

Kiwikg;gLj;jy;.

Administration) - gRikahf;fy; xOq;F tpjpfis kPWnthu;

njhlu;gpy; xOf;f eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;lthW kdpjts Kfhikj;JtkhdJ mjd; nraw;ghLfshd njhopy;

cUthf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J Copau; njhlu;G tiu midj;J nraw;ghLfspYk;

gRikahf;fiy mKy;gLj;jp mjd; %yk; epWtdj;ijAk; mjd; rfy fUkq;fisAk;

‘gRik’ vDk; vz;zf;fUit Nehf;fp efur; nra;fpd;wJ. ,jpy; kdpjts Jiwapy;

cau;kl;lj;jpy; cs;NshUf;F epWtdj;ij gRikahf;FtJ kpfTk; rthy; epiwe;j

xd;whf cs;sJ. ,j;jifa rthy;fis ntw;wp nfhs;tJ epWtdj;jpd;; #oy; rhu;e;j

nraw;jpwid mjpfupf;f nra;Ak;. mjhtJ gRik kdpjts Kfhikj;jtr;

nraw;ghLfs; epWtdj;jpy; vjpu;kiwahd #oy; jhf;fj;ijf; Fiwg;gNjhL

epWtdj;jpy; Neu; kiwahd #oy; jhf;fj;ij mjpfupf;fTk; nra;fpd;wJ. ,t;thwhf

#oy; rhu;e;j nraw;jpwid mjpfupg;gjpy; kdpjtsk; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. vdNt

gRik kdpjts Kfhikj;JtkhdJ xU jdpegiuAk;> epWtdj;ijAk;> Rw;Wg;Gw

#oiyAk; gRikahf;Ftjd; %yk; epWtdj;jpd; #oy; rhu;e;j nraw;jpwid

mjpfupj;J epWtdj;jpd; ePz;lfhykhf epiyj;jpUf;ff; $ba ];jpu jd;ikf;F

toptFf;Fk;.

crhj;Jiz

Opatha, H.H.D.N.P., & Arulrajah, A.A. (2014). Green Human Resource Management:

Simplified General Reflections. International Business Research, 7(8), 101 – 112.

https://graduateway.com/green - hrm/

https://graduateway.com/green%20-%20hrm/


rHtNjr tHj;jfk;;;

(International Trade)

nrNyhkpah whfy;


xt;nthU ehLk; jkf;nfd;W jdpj;Jtkhd ,aw;if tsq;fs; nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; mjd;

ed;ikfis jk;kfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sd. tsq;fs; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lit. Mdhy;

NjitfSk; tpUg;gq;fSk; kl;lw;wit. mtw;iw G+Hj;jp nra;Ak; nghUl;L fhzg;gLk;

tsq;fshdJ ehl;bw;F ehL NtWgl;L fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; ehLfshtd ,e;j

gpur;ridfis fle;E nry;y ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;ij gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

nghJthf ru;tNjr tu;j;jfkhdJ ru;tNjr vy;iyfs; gpuhe;jpaq;fs; KOtJkhd

nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfspd; gupkhw;wj;ij Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ru;tNjr tu;j;jfkhdJ

ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspy; nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpapy; fzprkhd gq;if tfpf;fpwJ.

2010y; ru;tNjr tu;j;jfkhdJ cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpapy; 30% Mf fhzg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ

cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfspy; 1/3 gq;fhdJ cynfq;fpYk;

ru;tNjr uPjpapy; gupkhw;w gLfpd;wJ.

“Global Policy Fourm” ,d; fzpg;gpd; gb 2030k; Mz;lstpy; cyf nghUshjhuj;jpy;

60% MdJ ru;tNjr uPjpapy; gupkhw;wg;gLk;. xt;nthU ehl;bdJ Njrpa

nghUshjhuj;jpYk; jkJ nrhe;j cs;ehl;L nghUshjhuj;jpd; gq;;if tpl ru;tNjr

tu;j;jfj;jpd; gq;fhdJ mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk;. ,t;thwhd re;ju;g;gj;jpy; cs;ehl;L

nghUshjhukhdJ cyfyhtpa uPjpapy; Vw;gLk; nghUshjhu khw;wq;fshy; ntFthf

ghjpg;gilAk;. xU ehl;bd; tUkhdk;, Ntiytha;g;Gf;fs; rk;gsq;fs; ehl;bd; tsu;r;rp

kw;Wk; ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jp vd;gd cs;ehl;L tpisTfshy; kl;Lkd;wp cyf

nghUshjhuj;jpd; epiyg;ghl;bdhYk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;. ,jdhy; ru;tNjr tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk;

nghUshjhuk; njhlu;ghd xU mwpKfk; ve;jnthU nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fk;, nghUshjhuk;

njhlu;ghf tpthjpf;Fk; ve;jnthU egUf;Fk; ,d;wpaikahjnthd;whFk;.

ru;tNjr tu;j;jfkhdJ ehl;bd; ngsjPf tsq;fis cfe;j Kiwapy; tpidj;jpwDld;

gad;gLj;j cjTfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; xU ehlhdJ jk;kplk; ,Uf;Fk; tsj;ij nfhz;L

ve;j cw;gj;jpia tpidj;jpwdhf cw;gj;jp nra;a KbANkh mt;Tw;gj;jpapy; jkJ

KOf; ftdj;ijAk; nrYj;j vj;jdpf;fpwJ.

ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpd; %yk; ,d;W xU ehl;by; cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhd rhj;jpaq;fs;

,y;yhj nghUl;fisAk; me;ehl;by; cs;stu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $bajhf

fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J Vw;Wkjp gutyhf;fj;ij vspjhf;fp tsu;r;rpaile;JtUk; ehLfSf;F


tha;g;gspg;gjd; %yk; Gjpa re;ijfisAk; Gjpa nghUl;fisAk; mZff;$ba tha;g;G

fpilf;fpd;wJ. ru;tNjr tu;j;jfkhdJ Njitaw;w jilfis ePf;fp Vw;Wkjpia

,yFthf;Ftjd; Kyk; cs;Su; epWtdq;fSf;F Gjpa re;ij tha;g;Gf;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;

gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; ru;tNjr uPjpahd Nghl;b ehLfSf;fpilNaAk;

epWtdq;fSf;fpilapYk; mjpfupg;gJld; re;ijf;F jukhd nghUl;fis Fiwthd

nrytpy; jahupj;J tpepNahfpf;f KbfpwJ.

NkYk; ru;tNjr tu;j;jfkhdJ ehLfSf;fpilapyhd cwTfis tYg;gLj;jp mjd; %yk;

mikjp kw;Wk; gu];gu ed;ik gupkhw;wj;jhy; kf;fis xd;WgLj;JfpwJ. nghUshjhu Jiwfis

cau;j;Jtjd; %yk; ,J njhopw;JiwfisAk; njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fisAk; cUthf;Ftjhy;

tUkhd msitAk; tho;thjhuj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ. ,t;thW gy ed;ikfs; rHtNjr

th;j;jfj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpw NghjpYk; mjd; jPikfSk; Mgj;Jf;fSk; jtpHf;fg;gl

Kbahjit. rHtNjr tHj;jfj;jpd; tsh;r;rpahy; cs;ehl;L ifj;njhopy;fs; xU

Nkhrkhd tpisit vjpHNehf;fNtz;bAs;sJ. ,J cs;ehl;by; fhzg;gLk; Gjpa

ifj;njhopy;fSf;F xU ghjpg;ghfNt mikfpwJ. rHtNjr Nghl;bahYk; fl;Lg;ghlw;w

,wf;FkjpfshYk; cs;ehl;L njhopy;fs; tPo;r;rpailAk;.

mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; ehLfs; mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfspy; jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;ba

R+o;epiyAk; mjdhy; mJ nghUshjhu Ruz;lYf;Fk; toptFj;J epw;fpwJ. mj;NjhL

mjpfkhd Vw;Wkjpfs; XU ehl;bd; ,aw;if tsq;fis FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fs;

jPHj;JtpLk; ,J ehl;bw;F ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F nghUshjhu tPo;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jk;. rpy

Neuq;fspy; XU ehl;by; Njitahd mj;jpatrpa nghUl;fs; Fiwthd mstpy;

fhzg;gLk; NghJk; ntspehl;L nryhtdpia <l;l Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLtjhy;

nghUl;fSf;fhd gw;whf;Fiw cs;ehl;by; gztPf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.

rHtNjr tHj;jfk; fhuzkhf ntspehl;L KftHfs; cs;ehl;by; FbNaWtjw;fhd xU

tha;ig toq;Ftjhy; mJ ,Wjpahf me;epa ehLfSldhd rkjhdj;ij ghjpf;fyhk;

rHtNjr tHj;jfj;jpy; epyTk; Nghl;bfhuzkhf ehLfSf;F ,ilapyhd Aj;jq;fSf;F

,it toptFj;J cyf rkhjhdj;ij epiyFiyf;fyhk;. xU ehl;by; xg;gplf;$basT

tpiy ed;ikfis nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghUl;fshy; kl;LNk rHtNjr tHj;jfk; xU ehl;by;

tsh;rpf;F cjTfpwJ. ehLfSf;fpilNa ey;y cwTfs; ,y;yhjgl;rj;jpy; gy

f\;lq;fs; njhluyhk;. ehLfSf;F ehL tsq;fs; NtWgl;bUg;gjhYk;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhYk; ve;jNthU ehLk; jkf;F Njitahd midj;Jk; nghUl;fs;

kw;Wk; Nritfis jhkhfNt cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhs;s Kbtjpy;iy mt;thwhd

jd;dpiwT nghUshjhuj;jpw;fhd rhj;jpa$Wfis jw;NghJ ,t; cyfj;jpy;

fhzKbtjpy;iy ,jw;fhf xt;NthU ehLk; Vida ehLfspy; jq;fpapUf;fNtz;ba

epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e; epiyia rHtNjr tHj;jfk; %yNk eptHj;jp nra;J

nfhs;sf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

rHtNjr tHj;jfkhdJ gy;NtW ed;idfisAk; jPikfisAk; jk;kfj;Nj

nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJk; ve;jNthU ehLk; rHtNjr tHj;jfj;jpy; tpUk;ghkNyh <Lgl


Ntz;ba xU fl;lhaj;jpy; cs;sJ. xU ehL rHtNjr tHj;jfj;jpy; <Lglhtpl;lhy; mJ

ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;ij ghjpg;gNjhL me;ehl;L kf;fspd; Njitfis G+Hj;jp nra;a

,ayhj epiyf;F js;sg;gLk;. MfNt ,d;iwa R+o;epiyapy; rHtNjr tHj;jfkhdJ

,d;wpaikahj xd;whf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,yq;ifapy; ru;tNjr tu;j;jfk;

,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; miktplkhdJ rPdhtpw;Fk; INuhg;ghtpw;Fkhd

fly;topg; ghijapd; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gLtjdhy; gz;ila fhyj;J tu;j;jfj;jpw;F xU

ikakhf mike;jpUe;jJ. tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; njhy;nghUs; rhd;WfspypUe;J

fp.K 8tJ Ehw;whz;bypUe;J ru;tNjr tu;j;jf njhlu;Gfs; fhzg;gl;lij tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;syhk;. ,yq;if fpof;fhrpahtpd; kpfg; ngupa tu;j;jf Nfe;jpu epiyaq;fspy;

xd;whf fhzg;gl;lJ. tzpfu;fs; Vw;Wkjpf;fhfTk; gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhfTk; nghUl;fis

,wf;Fkjp nra;jdu;.

17k; E}w;whz;by; nehf;]pd; $w;Wg;gb gz;ila fhyj;jpy; gy;NtW tifahd gl;Lf;fs;,

gUj;jp, gPq;fhz;fs,; gy;NtW tifahd kUe;Jfs;, fw;G+uk,; fz;zhb Nghj;jy;fs;

Kjypa gy;NtW nghUl;fs; ,yq;iff;F ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;ld. tpiykjpg;gw;w

fw;fs;, Kj;Jf;fs;, ahidfs;, ahidj;je;jk;, MikNahLfs;, ngWkjpahd kuq;fs;,

Jzp kw;Wk; thridj;jputpak; Nghd;w ngWkjpkpf;f nghUl;fs; Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;ld.

fhydpj;Jt rfhg;jj;jpy; Nfhg;gp, Njapiy, ug;gu; Nghd;w ehza gapu;fs; Kf;fpakhf

Vw;Wkjpf;fhfNt gapuplg;gl;ld.

1970 fspd; gpw;gFjpastpy tu;j;jf jhuhskakhf;fy;; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJld; njhlu;e;J

midj;J muRfshYk; njhlug;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. jw;NghJ ,yq;ifahdJ

njw;fhrpahtpd; KOg;gpuhe;jpaj;jpYk; kpfTk; jhuhskakhf;fg;gl;l nghUshjhuq;fspy;

xd;whf mwpg;gLfpwJ. ntspehl;L tu;j;jf nfhs;ifahdJ cs;ehl;L njhopy; eyq;fis

rkepiyapy; itj;jpUg;gd; %yk; cyf nghUshjhuj;Jld; ,yq;ifia

xUq;fpizg;gij Nehf;fkhf nfhz;L ehl;bd; jw;Nghija tu;j;jf Ml;rpia NkYk;

jhuhskakhf;Ftjw;fhd nraw;ghLfis njhlu;e;J Kd;ndLf;fpwJ.


,yq;ifapd jw;Nghija Vw;Wkjpfs; kw;Wk; ,wf;Fkjpfs; gpd;tUkhW

,yq;ifapd; Vw;Wkjp 30.00 gpy;ypad; mNkupf;f nlhyu;fs;. (2016 est.)

,yq;ifapd; Vw;Wkjpfs;

,yq;ifapd; gpujhd Vw;Wkjp nghUl;fs;

Jzp kw;Wk; Milfs;

Njapiy kw;Wk; thrizg;nghUl;fs;.

ituq;fs;

kufjk;

khzpf;fq;fs;

njq;F cw;gj;jpfs;

,wg;gu; cw;gj;jpfs

kPd;


,yq;ifapd; ,wf;Fkjp 35.00 gpy;ypad; mNkupf;f nlhyu;fs;. (2016 est.)

,yq;ifapd; ,wf;Fkjpfs;

,yq;ifapd; gpujhd ,wf;Fkjp nghUl;fs;

MilfSf;fhd Jzpfs;

fdpk nghUl;fs;

ngw;Nwhypak;

czTg;nghUl;fs;

,ae;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; thfdq;fs;


crhj;Jiz

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/international-trade.html

http://gsme.sharif.edu/`trade

http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/international-trade/advantages-and-disadvantages-

ofinternational trade/42100/

http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2012/january/tradoc148991.pdf.

Slembassyusa.org/trade/sri-lankas-trade-policy/

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka

Lankadiva.org/muse04/exhibit/start.html

www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Sri-Lanka-

INTERNATIONAL-TRADE.html

http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2012/january/tradoc148991.pdf

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka


,yj;jpudpay; tq;fp

(E – Banking)

igry; md;ldl; rhkpsh


kpf mz;ikf; fhyk; tiuapy; tzpfu;fs; nfhLg;gdT eltbf;iffis nra;tjw;F

gutyhff; Fw;wp ehzaq;fs;> jhs; ehzq;fs;> fhNrhiyfs; vd;gdtw;iwNa

gad;gLj;jp te;jdu;. jw;Nghija fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yj;jpudpay; tpQ;QhdkhdJ

mjprapf;fjf;f tifapy; tsu;r;rpaile;jjd; fhuzkhf fzpdp>

njhiynjhlu;Gr;Nrit Nghd;w Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l xd;wpize;j Kd;Ndw;wk;

fhuzkhf tq;fp thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F tpiuthf epjp nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis

toq;Ftjw;fhf ,j;jpudpay; tq;fpr;Nritia mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

,izaj;ijAk; ,izaj;jpjpYs;s etPd ,yj;jpudpay; rhjdq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp

tq;fpahdJ jdJ thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F tpiuthdJk; ,yFthdJkhd

tq;fpr;Nritapid toq;FtJ ,yj;jpudpay; tq;fp vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,jid ehk;

,yj;jpudpay; “epjp gupkhw;wk;” vdTk; miof;fyhk;. ,uj;jpudpay; tq;fp %ykhf

thbf;ifahsu;fs; 24 kzpj;jpahyKk; VO ehl;fSk; tq;fpr;Nritapid

vq;fpUe;jhYk; tq;fpf;F nry;yhJ ,izaj;jpd; %ykhf ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. Neub

fhR kw;Wk; fhNrhiy %ykhd gzg;gupkhw;wj;jpid tpl ,yj;jpudpay; %ykhd

gzg;gupkhw;wk; ,yFthdjhfTk; tpiuthdjhfTKs;sJ. ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy;

tq;fpahdJ gy;NtW topKiwfspy; ,yj;jpdpay; tq;fpr;Nritapid

eilKiwg;gLj;jp tUfpd;wd. mitahtd>

1. jd;dpaf;f nuyu; ml;il (ATM Card)

2. njhiy tq;fp (Tele Banking)

3. tutl;il (Debit Card)

4. fldl;il (Credit Card)

5. ,yj;jpudpay; fhNrhiy (E- Cheque)

jd;dpaf;f nuyu; ml;il (ATM Card):

tq;fpapy; tupirapy; epd;W jkJ tq;fpf; fzf;fpYs;s gzj;jpid thbf;ifahsu;fs;

kPsg;ngWtjid Fiwg;gjw;fhf tq;fpahdJ ATM Nritapid

mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. fzdpkag;gLj;jg;gl;l ,ae;jpuj;jpd; cjtpAld; Rakhf


thbf;ifahsu;fs; tq;fpf;F nry;yhJ gzk; itg;G nra;jy;> kPnsLj;jy;>

fzf;FfSf;fpilNa gzk; khw;wPL nra;jy; Nghd;w fUkq;fis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

,t;tpae;jpukhdJ kf;fs; $Lk; xU nghJthd my;yJ gpurpj;jkhd ,lj;jpy;

tq;fpfspdhy; epWtg;gl;Ls;sJld; 24 kzpj;jpahyKk; VO ehl;fSk;

tq;fpr;Nritapid ngwf;$bajhfTKs;sJ. jhdpaq;fp gzk; toq;Fk;

,ae;jpukhdJ ,j;jpudpay;kag;gLj;jg;gl;l xU ghJfhg;ghd njhiyj;njhlu;G

rhjdkhf tq;fpf;Fk; thbf;ifahsUf;Fkpilapy; fhzg;gLtJld;

thbf;ifahsu;fs; jkJ tq;fp fzf;F kPjpapid mwpa> gzj;jpid kPsg;ngw> gzk;

kw;Wk; fhNrhiyapid itg;gpypl gzg;gpkhw;wj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;s cjTtJld;

khjhe;j nfhLg;gdTfisAk; nrYj;jf;$bajhfTKs;sJ.

ATM ml;ilahdJ xU gpyh];bf; ml;ilNghy; fhzg;gLtJld; ,jpy; fhe;j

GyKs;s xU gFjp (Megnatic Tripe) fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; tq;fp

fzf;Fupikahsupd; fzf;fpyf;fk;> tq;fpapd; ngau;> ml;il cupikahsupd; ngau;>

ml;ilia ,dq;fhzf;$ba tpahghu ngau;> ml;ilapd; ,yf;fk; > toq;fg;gl;l

jpfjp vd;gd cs;slq;fpapUf;Fk;. NkYk; tq;fpapdhy; toq;fg;gLk; jdpegu;

milahs ,yf;fj;jpD}lhf (PIN Number) thbf;ifahsu;fs; jkf;F Njitahd

tq;fpr;Nritapid ATM ,ae;jpuj;jpy; njhluyhk;. vt;thwhapDk; xUtu; ATM

ml;ilapd; PIN ,yf;fj;jpid jtWjyhf %d;W jlitfs; cl;nrYj;jpdhy; ATM

,ae;jpukhdJ ATM ml;ilapid ghJfhg;G fUjp cs;thq;fp nfhs;Sk;.

vkJ ehl;by; rpy tzpf tq;fpfs; fPNofhl;lg;gl;l jd;dpaf;f nuyu; ml;ilfis

toq;Ffpd;wd.

kf;fs; tq;fp – ngl; fhu;l;

rk;gj; tq;fp – nrl; fhl;

nryhd; tq;fp - ];khu;l; fhu;l;

njhiy tq;fp (Tele Banking):

fk;gp top %ykhfTk; (Tele Banking) ifalf;f njhiyNgrp %ykhfTk; tq;fpapdhy;

thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l Fwpj;j njhiy tq;fp ,yf;fj;jpw;F miog;G

tpLtjd; %yk; thbf;ifahsu;fs; jkf;F Njitahd tq;fpr;Nritapid ngwyhk;.

njhiy tq;fp %yk; thbf;ifahsu;fs; jkJ fzf;F kPjpapid mwpa> tq;fp fzf;F

njhlu;ghd tprhuiz nra;a> tq;fpf; $w;wpid e-mail %ykhf ngw> fhNrhiy

Gj;jfj;jpw;fhd Ntz;LNfhis Kd;itf;f> fzf;fpid GJg;gpf;f> tq;fp fzf;fpYs;s

gzj;jpid gupkhw;wk; nra;a vd gy;NtW trjpfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.


tutl;il (Debit Card)

tutl;ilahdJ fldl;il kw;Wk; ATM ml;il Nghd;w tbtk; nfhz;lJ. Mdhy;

,J fhR kw;Wk; fhNrhiy Nghy njhopw;glf;$baJ. NkYk; tutl;ilia

thbf;ifahsu;fs; jkJ nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspd;NghJ gad;gLj;jpdhy;

thbf;ifahsu;fspd; fzf;fpypUe;J gzkhdJ Neubahf tutpy; itf;fg;gLk;.

nghJthf rpy;yiw tpahghu epiyaq;fspy;> ngw;Nwhy; epiyaq;fspy;>

cztfq;fspy; ,t;tl;ilahdJ gzj;jpw;F gjpyhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. vkJ

ehl;by; rpy tzpf tq;fpfs; fPNo fhl;lg;gl;l tutl;ilfis toq;Ffpd;wd.

nfhk;u;\y; tq;fp – nfl; fhh;l; (CAT Card)

rk;gj; tq;fp – nrl; fhl; (SET Card)

fldl;il (Credit Card)

,J xU gpyh];bf; tbt ml;ilahf fhzg;gLtJld; tq;fpapdhy; thbf;ifahsupd;

ek;gfj;jd;ikapidAk; Fwpj;j gzg;ngWkjpapidAk; mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L

tq;fpapdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,r;NritahdJ thbf;ifahsu;fspd; tq;fpf; fzf;F

kPjpAld; njhlu;Ggl;litay;y. khwhf Fwpj;j jpdj;jpy; thbf;ifahsu;fs;

fldl;ilia mDkjpf;fg;gl;l tzpf epWtdq;fSf;F rku;g;gpj;J ahNjDnkhU

Fwpg;gpl;l ngWkhdk; tiuapy; nghUl;fisAk; NritfisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

KbtJld; thbf;ifahsu;fspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;fhd

gzj;jpid Fwpj;j tl;bAld; thbf;ifahsu;fs; tq;fpf;F kPsnrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. vkJ

ehl;by; rpy tzpf tq;fpfs; fPNo fhl;lg;gl;l fldl;ilfis toq;Ffpd;wd.

kf;fs; tq;fp - gPgy;]; tPrh

rk;gj; tq;fp - kh];lu; fhl;

nryhd; tq;fp - nryhd; tPrh fhu;l;

tutl;ilf;Fk; fldl;ilf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL> itg;Gf;fspd; msit

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl tutl;il toq;fg;gLk;. fld; vy;iyia mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;Nl fldl;il toq;fg;gLk;. tzpfu;fs; ,t;tl;ilfs; %yk; Njitahd

nghUl;fis nfhs;tdT nra;Ak;NghJ gzj;ij nfhz;L nry;Yk;NghJ Vw;gLk; ,lu;

jtpu;f;fg;gLk;.


,yj;jpudpay; fhNrhiy (E- Cheque)

,yj;jpudpay; fhNrhiyahdJ jhs; fhNrhiy Nghd;wJ. Mdhy; ,yj;jpudpay;

njhopy;El;gj;jpd; %yk; fhNrhiyahdJ tiuag;gl;L ,yj;jpudpay; %ykhf

ngWdUf;F toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; fhNrhiyahdJ ,yj;jpudpay; %ykhfNt

ngWdu; fzf;fpy; itg;gpyplg;gLtJld; tq;fpahdJ ,yj;jpudpay; fhNrhiyf;fhd

fl;lzj;ij ,yj;jpudpay; %ykhfNt fhNrhiy tpepNahfpg;gtuplkpUe;J

mwtplg;gLfpd;wJ.

,yj;jpudpay; tq;fpr;Nrit %ykhf ngwf;$ba ed;ikfs;

tq;fpf;F : ,yj;jpudpay; tq;fpr;Nrit %yk; Fwpg;gpl;l tq;fpahdJ ngUksT

thbf;ifahsu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd tq;fpr;Nritapid Gtpapay; vy;iyf;F mg;ghy;

24 kzpj;jpahyKk; VO ehl;fSk; ,yFthdjhfTk; tpiuthdjhfTk;

toq;ff;$bajhf cs;sJld; Gjpa re;ijapid milaf;$bajhfKs;sJ NkYk;

fhfpj Kiwapd;wp ,yFthdjhf eilKiwg;gLj;jf;$bajhf cs;sJld;

tq;fpf;fpisfis Kfhik nra;Ak; mstpidAk; Kftu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia

Fiwf;ff; $bajhfKs;sJ. MfNt tq;fpf;F nryT FiwT> epiyahd

thbf;ifahsu;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;> NkYk; ed;kjpg;ig kf;fs; kj;jpapy;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.

thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F : ,yj;jpudpay; tq;fpr;Nrit %yk; thbf;ifahsu;fs;

tq;fpf;F Neubahf nry;yhJ vq;fpUe;jhYk; ve;Neuj;jpYk; Nritia ngwyhk;.

NkYk; ,r;NritahdJ kpf ,yFthdjhfTk; tpiuthdJkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

NkYk; thbf;ifahsu;fs; gzj;jpid itg;Gr;nra;a> fzf;F kPjpapid mwpa>

gzj;jpid kPsg;ngw> khjhe;j nfhLg;gdTfis nrYj;jf;$bajhf cs;sJld;

tq;fp fzf;fpid vq;fpUe;jhYk; Kfhik nra;af;$bajhfTKs;sJ NkYk;

thbf;ifahsu;fs; tq;fpf;Fr;nrd;W fhj;jpUf;Fk; Neuk; Fiwf;fg;gLtjdhy;

me;Neuj;ij NtW Nehf;fk; fUjp kpf tpidj;jpwdhf gad;gLj;jyhk;

crhj;Jiz

http://sjecnotes.weebly.com/uploads/5/2/5/1/5251788/26494919-definition-of-e-

banking.pdf

http://www.upet.ro/annals/economics/pdf/2014/part1/Driga-Isac.pdf

http://www.ismsedu.com/E-Banking%20Management.pdf

http://www.upet.ro/annals/economics/pdf/2014/part1/Driga-Isac.pdf

Leader June 2017 - ac

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Transcript of Leader June 2017 - ac