1. A proposalofamodel LCAforbioethanolTheInmetroLCACollaboration

2. BiofuelsandtheEnvironment Currently, the default for fuels worldwide ispetroleum. Lately, with the tighter regulationsand with the increase in environmentalawareness,thisdefaulthasbeencontested. With new technologies and enhanced methods,thescientificcommunityhasbeenfindingwaystoreplace fossil fuels with cleaner fuels, such asethanolandbiodiesel. Theestablishmentofanewfuelworldwideneedsto be closely monitored in order to ensure that itwill have a beneficial effect compared to thepreviousfuelmatrix. 3. Biofuelsvs.FossilFuelsThemaindifferenceisthebiologicalphotosynthesis,whichusessunlightanddrawsCO2fromtheatmospheretoproducebiomass.The CO2 emited frombiofuelswilleventuallybereabsorbedbynewcrops.Fossilfuels,ontheotherhand, use limited supplies of petroleum to generate fuels, and aside frombeingfinite,theprocessdrawscarbonfromoilwellsanddepositsthatcarbonintheatmosphere,tiltingthecarboncycle. 4. WorldEnergyMatrix 5. A life cycle assessment (LCA, alsoknown as life cycle analysis,ecobalance, and cradletograveanalysis) is the investigation andvaluation of the environmental andenergy impacts of a given product orservice. 6. The purpose of an LCA is to identifyenvironmental and energy impacts in general.Inourmethodology,wechoseaGHGinventoryas our goal, since we want to establish themitigationpowerofbiofuelsincomparisonwithpetroleumfortheBrazilianlightvehiclefleet.Wearethusexcludinganyotherenvironmentalimpacts,asidefromtheemissionofGHGs. 7. Leadingedgetechnology(Prolcool 1980s)Leadingsugarcaneproduction(8,2MHaofcanefields)Leadingethanolefficiency (Superiortocorn,beet,etc.)One of the most efficient photosynthesizers innature 8. BrazilianSugarcane Deforrestation Lately,thecorrelationwithcanefieldsisnegligible SugarcaneBurning Cheaper,buthighlypolutant LandUseChange Pastures Corn&Soyfields Thesechangesmayactuallybebenefitialtotheenvironment, sincetheyraisethelevelofcarbonsequestrationthroughits fixationinthesoil 9. Mechanized (40%):Automated machinerySocial implications(a single harvester does up to 80 mens work) 10. Traditional(60%):Manuallabor,CanefieldBurning 11. EnergyBalance Gasoline produces 0,9 units of energy for everyunitspentinproduction Brazilian ethanol produces 9,1 units of energyforeveryunitspentinproduction 12. GHGAspects:GrowingCrops Landusechangefrompasturesandotherplantations Carbon sequestration when replacing plantations /pastures Carbonfixationinsoil Seedproduction Fertilizers/Herbicides Machinery 13. GHGAspects:GrowingCrops Waterusage TypicalCycle(6years) Harvesting(18months) Ratooning(four12monthscycles) Resting(6months) 14. GHGAspects:IndustrialMills Cogeneratedenergy Themillsburntheexcessbagassetogenerateallthe energytheyrequire TheburningofbagasseisaneutralGHGemission,sincethe sugarcanereabsorbsthoseemissionswhengrowing Theburningofbagasseisactuallyanenvironmentalservice (energyfromthegrid:15%fossil;theunburntbagassewould emitmethane,sincetheresidueendsupfermenting) Construction(steel,cement,chemicals,energy) Vinasse (pollutantwithanunknownemissionfactor) 15. GHGAspects:Transportation Fossil fuel carriers (lack of railroad networks forethanolproduction) Precarious conditions of Brazilian highways ( impairsthefulldistributionpotential) Diesel powered truck fleet emissions (eventually willusebiodiesel) Mostexportsshippedout 16. Logistics 17. GHGAspects:Distributors&Refineries Refineries (steel,cement,chemicals,energy) Mixanhydrousethanolwiththegasoline Nochemicalprocessinvolved Gasstations&Fueldeposits (steel,cement,chemicals,energy) 18. Mission Inmetro has been working to elaborate aquestionnaire / worksheet model (as inspired by MichaelWangs GREET 1.8b) for Brazilian producers, in order toconstructadatabaseforitsdifferentregions.The goal here is to gather information and studiesfrom reliable sources (such as ANP, CTC, Embrapa,agricultural schools, etc.), and publish a series of results,in order come up with a standard LCA for ethanolproduction,notonlyforBrazil,butalsoforotherpotentialproducers. The ultimate achievement would be to have theproducers themselves using our model LCA, in order torateandimprovetheirprocesses. 19. Vision The model LCAshould be: Open Userfriendly Basedonmeasurements Verifiable PeriodicallyUpdatedThe final outcome of our methodology would be aBiofuel LCA Quality Seal. 20. Thank you forthe attention! InmetroLCACollaboration: CarlosArago(aragao@if.ufrj.br) CarlosCerri (cerri@cena.usp.br) HumbertoBrandi(hsbrandi@inmetro.gov.br) MarcosSebastioGomes(mspg@pucrio.br) LuizOliveira(oliveira@ifi.unicamp.br) RomeuDaroda (rjdaroda@inmetro.gov.br) VictorCarvalho(victorcarvalhorj@gmail.com)