Lazarovici M Chronology Precucuteni Cucuteni Horodistea

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New data regarding the chronology of the Precucuteni, Cucuteni and Horodiştea-Erbiceni cultures

Cornelia-Magda Lazarovici

Abstract: he chronology of prehistoric civilizations in Romania is even today a very important subject, because of the culturaldiversity, the great number of cultures, local groups or regional aspects, many of which are not always very well differentiated orargued in a plausible manner. In this paper we intent to present the state of art of the dating of the Precucuteni, Cucuteni and Horodiştea-Erbiceni cultures, latter called Gordineşti in Bessarabia, all being part of the Cucuteni-Tripolye cultural complex. Presented will be also some new information regarding relationships with other contemporary civilizations.

Keywords: chronology, radiocarbon, Romania, Neolithic

The chronology of prehistoric civilizations in Romania is even today a very important subject, because of the cultural diversity, the great number of cultures, local groups or regional aspects, many of which are

not always very well differentiated or argued in a plausible manner. New discoveries constantly bring newmaterial that has to be interpreted and the old one need to be reconsidered in some cases. Unfortunately, the last twenty years show that there is no coherence in planning the excavations or investigating specificallythose phases, or stages of the cultures, which are not very well known. Rescue excavations are currently on the first plan, omitting any organization of planned and targeted excavations. In a few cases at least somemoney for radiocarbon dating was obtained.

he radiocarbon evidence

To start with, we have to emphasise the fact that there is no functional radiocarbon laboratory in Romania so far. Just recently, efforts to establish such a laboratory started at the Iaşi University. In this situation, all the dating is at the moment related, just as in the past, to efforts of individual colleagues and their contactswith institutes and universities around Europe.

In this paper we intent to present the state of art of the dating of the Precucuteni, Cucuteni and Horodiştea-Erbiceni cultures, latter called Gordineşti in Bessarabia, all being part of the Cucuteni-Tripolye cultural complex. One has to remember that Tripolye culture consists of the phases A, B, C, that roughly correspond with the three mentioned civilizations on the Romanian territory. he sites in Bessarabia wereoriginally ascribed by the discoverers to the Tripolye culture but many authors believe in the meantime that through ceramic features they are much more related to Precucuteni-Cucuteni areas. herefore theradiocarbon data from this area were analyzed together with the Romanian data (Table 1). A complex analysis of these dates, involving radiometric results (radiocarbon, archaeomagnetism) as well as relative chronological data was published in 1998 (Mantu 1998). Our colleagues, Cosmin Suciu and Sabin Adrian Luca from “Lucian Blaga” Sibiu University, have organized a database of radiocarbon data, in which the new radiocarbon information was included (Tables 1, 2). Most of the older radiocarbon dates (Mantu 1998), as well as the new one, were obtained from the following laboratories: Heidelberg – thanks to Dr. B. Kromer and through the kindness and financial support of Prof. Dr. H. Hauptmann, Gliwice – thanks toDr. A. Pazdur, Louvain, due to Dr. M. Otte, and in Berlin – through the kindness of Dr. N. Boroffka. Ourthanks for supporting these datings go to all mentioned colleagues.

For the three civilizations, Precucuteni, Cucuteni and Horodiştea-Erbiceni/Gordineşti there is 83 data (Fig. 1–7), eight of them having an error of over ± 100 years, reason enough not to use it anymore (Table 1). Differentmaterials were used for the dating purposes, including animal bones, human bones, charcoal and cereals. Some data reflects also the accuracy of the laboratory and the quality of the sample chosen for dating.

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Fig. 1. Precucuteni II-III (P2, 3) data, ca. 4800–4300 Cal BC.

Fig. 2. Cucuteni A1-A2 data, ca. 4600–4000 Cal BC.

Fig. 3. Malnaş Băi, Cucuteni A2-A3, radiocarbon data.

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Fig. 4. Cucuteni A3-A4 data, ca. 4300–4000/3900 Cal BC.

Fig. 5. Cucuteni A-B data, ca. 4200–3700 Cal BC.

For the Tripolye civilization, the situation is different. Here, there is more than 165 data available, including eight with the same problem of an error of over ± 100 years. From the chronological point of view they belong to the following phases (Table 2): Tripolye AII 1-2 = Precucuteni II = 7 data; Tripolye A III 1-2 = Precucuteni III = 9 data; Tripolye A III3 = Cucuteni A1-A2 = 13 data; Tripolye A unspecified = 2 data;Tripolye B I = Cucuteni A3 = 10 data; Tripolye B I-B II = Cucuteni A-B = 18 data; Tripolye C I = Cucuteni B = 38 data; Transition between CI-C II = 2 data; Tripolye C II = Horodiştea-Erbiceni/Gordineşti = 59 data; Tripolye unspecified = 7 data. Many of these datings (132) were obtained from the radiocarbonlaboratory in Kiev. he materials used for dating include bones, cereals, charcoal, as well as organic materialsfrom the ceramic (Kovalyukh et al. 2007).

Returning to our short analysis of the Carpatho-Dniestrian area, we see that there is only seven radiocarbon data for Precucuteni (Table 1), six of them for Precucuteni III. Based on this, but also on the

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relative chronology, our assumption eas that the Precucuteni culture evolved between ca. 5050–4600 calBC (phase I-II: 5050–4750 calBC; phase III: 4750–4600 calBC).

Equally, the 70 radiocarbon data for Cucuteni culture does not cover evenly all the phases (Table 1): Cucuteni A = 44 data [A1 = 2; A2 = 22; A2-A3= 9; A3 = 12; A4 = 6]; A-B = 7; B = 19. Based on this data, we have estimated that Cucuteni evolved between 4600–3600/3500 calBC followinglys: phase A, 4600 – 4100/4050 calBC (A1: 4600–4550 calBC; A2: 4550–4170 calBC; A3: 4350–4150 calBC; A4: 4300–4050 calBC); phase A-B, 4100–3800 calBC; phase B, 3800–3600/3500 calBC (Mantu 1998). For Horodiştea-Erbiceni/Gordineşti there is six data that proves evolution between 3500–3150 calBC (Mantu 1998, 183).

In this presentation we have used OxCal v.3.9 Bronk Ramsey 2003, that does not very much change the estimations published previously (Mantu 1998, Tab. 7) Calibration of the data proves once more the superposition of some of the phases. his might be related to the real evolution, but we also do not exclude atoo general cultural attribution of the sites. herefore, for the future, a more detailed analysis of the potterywill be necessary, which is impossible now, since the archaeological material was not fully published yet in

Fig. 6. Cucuteni B data, ca. 4000–3500 Cal BC.

Fig. 7. Data of Horodiştea culture, ca. 3500–3000 Cal BC.

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Fig. 8. Traian-Dealul Viei, Precucuteni I, influences from Bugo-Dniester culture.

Fig. 9. hinker man, Târpeşti, Precucuteni II-III, influences from Hamangia culture.

Fig. 10. Coserniţa 1, Bessarabia, Precucuteni III, askos. Fig. 11. Poduri-Dealul Ghindaru, Precucuteni III, rhyton, southern influences, Gumelniţa.

Fig. 12. Poduri-Dealul Ghindaru, Precucuteni III, clay boat with signs, southern influences.

Fig. 13. Poduri-Dealul Ghindaru, Cucuteni A1, askos, southern influences, Gumelniţa.

Fig. 14. Poduri-Dealul Ghindaru, Cucuteni A1, southern influences, Gumelniţa.

Fig. 15. Poduri-Dealul Ghindaru, Cucuteni A1, askos, southern influences, Gumelniţa.

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Fig. 16. Poduri-Dealul Ghindaru, Cucuteni A2, southern influences, Gumelniţa.

Fig. 17. Costeşti-Cier, Cucuteni A2-A3, three-mouthed pot, southern influences, Gumelniţa.

Fig. 18. Ţigăneşti-Cetăţuie, Cucuteni A3, southern influences, Gumelniţa.

Fig. 19. Scânteia-Dealul Bodeşti, Cucuteni A3, statue with signs, shape with southern influences.

Fig. 20. Hoiseşti-La pod, Cucuteni A3, southern influences,Gumelniţa.

Fig. 21. Hoiseşti-La pod, Cucuteni A3, southern influences,Gumelniţa (after Boghian 1997).

Fig. 22. “En violon” idols, various sites, southern influences. Fig. 23. Ariuşd, golden pieces from the hoard: saltaleoni, southern influences, Gumelniţa (after Sztáncsuj 2005).

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Fig. 24. Scânteia-Dealul Bodeşti, Cucuteni A3, pot-stand, southern influences, Gumelniţa.

Fig. 25. Dumeşti-Între pâraie, Cucuteni A3, import or southern influences, Gumelniţa.

Fig. 26. Truşeşti-Ţuguieta, clay scepters, southern inflences. Fig. 27. Drăguşeni-Ostrov, clay scepters, southern inflences(after Marinescu-Bîlcu, Bolomey 2000).

Fig. 28. Brad, Cucuteni A3, golden and copper artefacts that prove Gumelniţa influences.

Fig. 29. Scânteia-Dealul Bodeşti, Cucuteni A3, cup stand, shape Zau III-IV or Petreşti A, AB.

Fig. 30. Piatra Şoimului-Horodiştea, Bodrogkeresztúr – Pill-shaped handles shape, Cucuteni painting.

Fig. 31. Traian-Dealul Fântânilor, influece Bodrogkeresztúr– Pill-shaped handles (after Bem 2008).

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too many cases. A more thorough investigation of the selected sites clarifying those phases and stages not represented enough until now (Precucuteni I, II, Cucuteni A-B1, A-B2, B1, B2, Horodiştea-Erbiceni/Gordineşti) is also necessary. It is also necessary to use statistical analysis, to decipher the feature of every complex or site and to make comparison between those related in time.

Relationships with other contemporary civilizations

We will now shortly present some new information regarding relationships with other contemporary civilizations (Fig. 8–10). New archaeological research in Transylvania, as well as the re-evaluation of the older ones, has proven that in the south-eastern part of this area, there are only Precucuteni I sites (Ciuc Sângiorz, Eresteghin, Leţ); later on in the same area there are sites related with the Ariuşd group of the Cucuteni culture (especially stages Cucuteni A1 and A2). We assume that the appearance of Ariuşd may be related to a southern impulse here, similar to the one that determine the Petreşti culture (Foeni group; Lazarovici C.-M. - Lazarovici Gh. 2006, 544 with further bibliography; 2007, 28–38).

Fig. 36. Cârligi-Budăile Blanarului, Cucuteni “C” shape. Fig. 37. Feteşti-La Schit, Cucuteni B1, Cucuteni “C” shape.

Fig. 32. Poduri-Dealul Ghindaru, Bodrogkeresztúr – Pill-shaped handles shape.

Fig. 33. Traian-Dealul Fântânilor, Cucuteni A-B1, Bodrogkeresztúr – Pill-shaped handles shape.

Fig. 34. Miorcani, Cucuteni B, Trichterbecher shape. Fig. 35. Brânzeni-Sâieci, Bessarabia, Cucuteni B, Trichterbecher shape.

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Precucuteni I imports have been discovered in several sites of the Turdaş culture (Turdaş, Lumea Nouă, Pianul de Jos, Caşolţ, Cauce) and of the Zau culture (the former cultural complex CCTLNIS, CCTLNZIS; Gh. Lazarovici 2009), in its phases III-IV (Iclod, Ţaga, Fundătura, Zau); Precucuteni imports have also been discovered in Foeni complexes at Lumea Nouă. he Foeni-group is assumed to be of southern origin,related with Dimini, and it marks the start of the Petreşti culture (Draşovean 2004). Radiocarbon dates of this group in Transylvania are at 4650–4500 calBC (Gligor M. 2007a; 2007b). Precucuteni II-III imports have been attested in Petreşti AB sites. Based on Turdaş discoveries, Precucuteni I is contemporary with the early and middle Turdaş strata (Luca 1997; 2001a; 2001b; Luca et al. 2004).

New archaeological research in Moldova in the Precucuteni sites at Poduri-Dealul Ghindaru and Isaiia-Balta Popii, indicate again a very strong relationship with southern areas, through Gumelniţa. heserelationships were proven by various sorts of pots (Fig. 11–12) (Poduri: Monah et al. 2003, 159, 169; Isaiia, askos: Ursulescu – Tencariu 2006, 51, fig. 14/3), anthropomorphic pots (Ursulescu – Tencariu 2006, 33, fig. 8/4,pl. IX, 6), but also related to the appearance of sanctuaries (Târgu Frumos-Baza Pătule: Ursulescu et al. 2003) and cult complexes (Poduri, Isaiia, with analogies at Sabatinovka, Ovčarovo and respectively in Greece, unknown origin: Idole 1985, 66).

New archaeological discoveries of the Cucuteni culture suggest strong relationships with the south, namely with Gumelniţa (Fig. 13–28) (Maxim-Alaiba 1983-1984, 111, fig. 26/1, 27/1; Boghian 1997, fig. 1,4, 6; Monah et al. 2003, 159, 169; Lazarovici 2008, fig. 2/3-4), but also with Transylvania (Fig. 29, 31–33) (Mantu – Ţurcanu 1999, 92, nr. 141; O lume regăsită 2001, 12; Bem 2007). New materials considered as related to the Srednîi Stog area (Skelanska culture: Rassamakin 2004, 216), named “Cucuteni C” ware, have been published for several sites (Scânteia: Mantu – Ţurcanu 1999; Truşeşti: Petrescu-Dîmboviţa et al. 1999; Cucuteni-Cetăţuia: Alaiba 2004; Alaiba – Grădinaru 2001; Alaiba – Văleanu 2001; Marinescu-Bîlcu – Bolomey 2000, 104–108, 126–127), but the most spectacular are those from the Cucuteni B phaseinfluenced by theCucuteni plastic art (Fig. 36). Relationships with the northern area, respectively with Trichterbecher culture, are especially proven by older excavations (Fig. 34–35), very few Cucuteni B-sites are investigated today.

To conclude with, the archaeological material from older or newer excavations, published in the past years prove that the Precucuteni, Cucuteni and Horodiştea-Erbiceni/Gordineşti cultures had relationships with most of all neighboring cultures. Relationships with the south, the west (Transylvania) and the east seem to be stronger, when compared with the northern ones. With regards to the Cucuteni “C” ware we have to note that some archaeologists believe that this sort of pottery might have been made also in the Cucuteni communities (Marinescu-Bîlcu 1983, 126, note 45), under the influence of the eastern communities. hegeo-archaeological analysis of the pottery will surely solve the problem in the future.

80Table 1. Radiocarbon data of the Precucuteni, Cucuteni and Horodiştea-Erbiceni/Gordineşti culturesID Daten = Reference numbers in the Radiocarbon database at „Lucian Blaga” University, Sibiu = Excavation square or area

PRECUCUTENIID

Daten Culture Phase Settlement Region LABNR BP Error Description Observations Literature2558 Precucuteni II late Poduri- D.

GhindaruRo Bln-2804 5820 50 charcoal/wood Mantu 1998, 246;

Mantu 2000, 1002559 Precucuteni III classical Poduri- D.

GhindaruRo Bln-2803 5880 150 wheat Mantu 1998, 246;

Mantu 2000, 1002560 Precucuteni III classical Poduri- D.


Mantu 2000, 1002563 Precucuteni III Rogojeni I Ro Bln-2426 5700 55 charcoal/wood Mantu 1998, 246;

Mantu 2000, 1002562 Precucuteni III Târgu Frumos Ro Lv-2152 5830 100 pit, animal bone Mantu 1998, 246;

Mantu 2000, 1002561 Precucuteni III Târpeşti Ro GrN-4424 5530 85 charcoal/wood Mantu 1998, 246;

Mantu 2000, 1002759 Precucuteni III/Tripolye A (elements

of transition to Tripolye BI (Cucuteni A).

Ruseştii Noi 1 Md Bln-590 5565 100 from 1.20 to 1.50 m below surface of Zemljanka 2.

Kohl - Quitta 1970, 413; Mantu 1998, 246

CUCUTENIID

Daten Culture Phase Settlement Region LABNR BP Error Description Observations Literature2582 Cucuteni A1 (?) Poduri- D.


László 1997, 2622583 Cucuteni A1 (?) Poduri- D.


László 1997, 2622594 Cucuteni A2 Poduri- D.

GhindaruRo Hd-15401 5575 35□ J4, H66, -1,85m, charcoal wood Mantu 1998, 247;


GhindaruRo Hd-15324 5529 29 1992, □ I2, H66, -1,85 m, charcoal wood Mantu 1998, 247;


GhindaruRo Bln-2824 5500 60 H2B, charcoal Mantu 1998, 247;


GhindaruRo Lv-2153 5470 90 1990, human skull, □F1,-1,55m Mantu 1998, 247;

László 2006, table 32588 Cucuteni A2 Poduri- D.

GhindaruRo Bln-2802 5420 150 H2A, charcoal/wood Mantu 1998, 247;


GhindaruRo Bln-2805 5400 70 H2B, charcoal Mantu 1998, 247;

László 1997, 262

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ID Daten Culture Phase Settlement Region LABNR BP Error Description Observations Literature

2592 Cucuteni A2 Poduri- D. Ghindaru

Ro Hd-15039 5385 37 1990, Cassette A, burned cereals under the human skull

Mantu 1998, 247; László 1997, 263

2590 Cucuteni A2 Poduri- D. Ghindaru

Ro Bln-2766 5350 80 H15, wheat Mantu 1998, 247; László 1997, 263

2587 Cucuteni A2 Mărgineni Ro Bln-1751 5635 50 charcoal/wood Mantu 1998, 247; László 1997, 262

2584 Cucuteni A2 Mărgineni Ro Bln-1536 5625 50 charcoal/wood Mantu 1998, 246; László 1997, 262

2585 Cucuteni A2 Mărgineni Ro Bln-1534 5610 55 wheat Mantu 1998, 247; László 1997, 262

2586 Cucuteni A2 Mărgineni Ro Bln-1535 5485 60 wheat Mantu 1998, 247; László 1997, 262

3384 Cucuteni A2 Ruseştii Noi Md Bln? 5470 100 Mantu 1998, 247

3178 Cucuteni A2-A3 Malnaş-Băi Ro Gd-5858 5940 60 Sector D, level I/II, under the platform of H2

A. Pazdur; László 2006, table 1

3179 Cucuteni A2-A3 Malnaş-Băi Ro Gd-5861 5880 80 Level I/II, charcoal under the platform of H2

László 2006, table 1

2596 Cucuteni A2-A3 Malnaş-Băi Ro Hd-14118 5663 42 S 1, Sector C, level I-II, charcoal from the level, under the platform of H2

Maxim 1999, 133 Mantu 1998, 247; László 1997, 263

2597 Cucuteni A2-A3 Malnaş-Băi Ro Hd-14109 5497 100 S1, Sector C, level II, charcoal from a posthole of H2, m. 10-11

Maxim 1999, 133 Mantu 1998, 247; László 1997, 263

3180 Cucuteni A2-A3 Malnaş-Băi Ro Gd-5860 5490 80 Sector B, level I/II, under the platform of H2


2595 Cucuteni A2-A3 Malnaş-Băi Ro Hd-15082 5407 20 SII, level II, bone from fireplace 8 Maxim 1999, 133 Mantu 1998, 247; László 1997, 263

2598 Cucuteni A2-A3 Malnaş-Băi Ro Hd-15278 5349 40 S I, Sector C, level I, animal bone Ariuşd, after Maxim 1999, 133

Mantu 1998, 245; László 1997, 263

3181 Cucuteni A2-A3 Malnaş-Băi Ro Gd-4682 5420 150 Sector B, Cas. 1, level I, wood A. Pazdur; László 2006, table 1

3182 Cucuteni A2-A3 Malnaş-Băi Ro Gd-4690 4950 100 Sector B, under platform of H2, level I/II


Cucuteni A3 Leca-Ungureni Ro Bln-795 5345 100 wheat Mantu 1998, 248Cucuteni A3 Hăbăşeşti Ro GrN-1985 5340 80 charcoal Mantu 1998, 248Cucuten A3 Preuteşti -Haltă Ro Hd-14817 5423 26 1978, S 1, Pit 1, -1,60 m, bone Mantu 1998, 248Cucuteni A3 Scânteia Ro Hd-14701 5388 18 S VIII, Cassette 1, Grave 1, -0,82 m,

child boneMantu et al.1994, 94; Mantu 1998, 248

Cucuteni A3 Scânteia Ro Hd-14792 5370 26 S VIII, Cassette 1, Grave 1, -0,87 m, woman bone

Mantu et al.1994, 94; Mantu 1998, 248

3386 Cucuteni A3 Scânteia Ro Hd-16700 5345 51 1992, Section VIII, □13, Pit 62, -2,25 m, animal bones

B. Kromer

Cucuteni A3 Scânteia Ro Hd-16701 5205 63 1992, Section VIII, Cassette 1, □16B-17C, -0,73m under the platform of H8

B. Kromer

82ID Daten Culture Phase Settlement Region LABNR BP Error Description Observations Literature

Cucuteni A3 Scânteia Ro Gd-6387 6320 110 1989, Cassette 3, □3, H4, -0,60-0,70 m, animal bone

A. Pazdur

Cucuteni A3 Scânteia Ro Gd-4685 5750 110 1989, Section VI, □13, -0,62m, animal bones

A. Pazdur

Cucuteni A3 Scânteia Ro Gd-6388 5330 110 1989, Section VI, □14, -0,55m, animal bones

A. Pazdur

Cucuteni A3 Cuconeştii Vechi Md Bln-2428 5390 60Cucuteni A3 Dumeşti Ro Hd-19572 5280 27 S IX, m.37, Pit 7,-1,20 m, animal bone Excavation R. Alaiba B. KromerCucuteni A3 Drăguşeni Ro Bln-1060 5355 100 charcoal/wood Mantu 1998, 248

3389 Cucuteni A4 Drăguşeni Ro Bln-1194 5205 100 charcoal/wood Mantu 1998, 2482606 Cucuteni A4 Drăguşeni Ro Bln-1195 5430 100 charcoal/wood Mantu 1998, 248;

László 1997, 2632841 Cucuteni A4 Putineşti III Md Ki-613 5060 120 bone Mantu 1998, 248;

Telegin et al. 2003, 4622848 Cucuteni A4 Putineşti III Md Bln-2427 5595 80 bone Bln-2427 in László

2006, table 3Mantu 1998, 248; Telegin et al. 2003, 462

Cucuteni A4 Putineşti 3 Md Lv-2156 5520 70 H3, Cassette 3, -1,70-1,80 m, charcoal/wood

Mantu 1998, 248

Cucuteni A4 Putineşti III Md Hd-19441 5379 32 Pit house 4, -2 m; charcoal/wood B. Kromer

Cucuteni A-B1 Brânzeni VIII Md Bln-2439 5360 65 charcoal/wood Mantu 1998, 249Cucuteni A-B1 Cucuteni -

Dâmbul MoriiRo Hd-14761 5426 24 1963, □e-f, -1-1,10 m, animal bone Mantu 1998, 248

Cucuteni A-B1 Cucuteni -Dâmbul Morii

Ro Hd-14544 5188 18 1961, □6-10, animal bone Mantu 1998, 248

3394 Cucuteni A-B1 Cucuteni -Dâmbul Morii

Ro Hd-14831 4996 26 1961, Complex V, -0,20 m, animal bone Mantu 1998, 248

3390 Cucuteni A-B1 Iablona Md Le-1392 5990 60 wool Borziac 2009Cucuteni A-B1 Iablona Md Le-1393 4170 40 wool Borziac 2009Cucuteni A-B1 Iablona Md Le-4538 5250 75 Mantu 1998, 250

Cucuteni B1b Mihoveni-Cahla Morii

Ro Hd-14710 5162 37 1981, S 5, Pit 5, animal bone Mantu 1998, 250

Cucuteni B1b-B2a Sofia VIII Md Hd-19373 5163 36 Sounding II, Pit 1, -0,80-0,90 m, charcoal wood from beam of a platform

excavation V. Bicbaev B. Kromer

Cucuteni B2 Cucuteni-Cetăţuia Ro Hd-15075 5065 19 1961, LIV, CI, animal bone Mantu 1998, 250Cucuteni B2a Mihoveni-Cahla

MoriiRo Hd-14791 4890 29 1981, S 5, m. 80-81, H8, animal bone Mantu 1998, 251

Cucuteni B2 Valea Lupului Ro GrN-1982 4950 60 wheat Mantu 1998, 251Cucuteni B2 Sărata Monteoru Ro Hd-18826 4701 42 1952, Surface R, -1-1,45 m, animal bone Excavation I. Nestor, E.

ZahariaB. Kromer

Cucuteni B2 late Sărata Monteoru Ro Hd-19419 4481 33 1952, Surface T,-1,45 m, animal bones Excavation I. Nestor, E. Zaharia

B. Kromer

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Cucuteni B2 late Sărata Monteoru Ro Hd-19573 4440 25 1952, Surface R, Pit 1, -2 m, animal bones

Excavation I. Nestor, E. Zaharia

B. Kromer

2831 Cucuteni B Lacul Soroca Md BM-495 4940 105 Telegin et al. 2003, 461Cucuteni B Lacul Soroca Md BM-494 4792 116 Mantu 1998, 251

2833 Cucuteni B/ Tripolie CI

Vărvăreuca XV Md Bln-2480 4990 60 charcoal/wood Telegin et al. 2003, 461

Cucuteni B2/ Tripolie CI

Vărvăreuca XV Md Bln-3190 4940 60 Mantu 1998, 251

2839 Cucuteni B/ Tripolie CI

Brânzeni IV Md Bln-2430 5020 60 charcoal/wood Mantu 1998, 251; Telegin et al. 2003, 462

Cucuteni B Ţâpleşti 1 Md Bln-2431 5165 50 charcoal/wood Mantu 1998, 251Cucuteni B Druţa Md Bln- 5730 50 (Zbenovici 1996, 202:

IGAN-712, 5730±50 BP)

Mantu 1998, 251

Cucuteni B2b Hancăuţi I Md Hd-19426 5106 49 1985, inferior level, -0,90-1,16 m, charcoal wood

Excavation V. Bicbaev B. Kromer

Cucuteni B2b Hancăuţi I Md Hd-18678 5127 47 1986, H5, Pit 5, -1,30 m, charcoal wood Excavation V. Bicbaev B. KromerCucuteni B2b Hancăuţi I Md Hd-18936 4884 54 S IV, H 6, Pit 8, -1,45-1,58 m, charcoal

woodExcavation V. Bicbaev B. Kromer

Cucuteni B2b Hancăuţi Md Hd-17930 4938 42 1986, H5, Pit 4, -1,23-1,50 m, charcoal wood

Excavation V. Bicbaev B. Kromer

HORODIŞTEA – ERBICENI (GORDINEŞTI) = TRIPOLIE CII


2623 Horodiştea I Horodiştea Ro Hd-14785 4495 18 S. L., -1,50-1,70m, Pit 2, animal bone Mantu 1998, 252; László 1997, 264

2624 Horodiştea II Horodiştea Ro Hd-15024 4377 21 1969, S. L., H1, animal bone Mantu 1998, 252; László 1997, 264

2625 Horodiştea II Horodiştea Ro Hd-14898 4235 30 S. L., H1, animal bones Mantu 1998, 252; László 1997, 264

Horodiştea Grumezoaia Ro Hd-19528 4499 24 Inhumation grave, human bones B. Kromer2816 Horodiştea /Tripolie CII Dancu II Md Le-1054 4600 60 Inhumation grave, charcoal Mantu 1998, 253;

Videiko 1999, 59; Telegin et al. 2003, 461;

3441 Horodiştea Horodiştea-Erbiceni-Gordineşti

Hancăuţi I Md Hd-17959 4621 95 1986, Surface IV, complex of firing pots no.1, from the oven mouth, -1,06-1,23 m; charcoal wood

Excavations V. Bicbaev

B. Kromer

Monteoru I C2 Sărata Monteoru

Ro Bln-4619 3919 48 1952, Surface Y, animal bones Excavations I. Nestor, E. Zaharia

N. Boroffka

84Table 2. Radiocarbon data for Tripolie cultureTripolie A – CII = Precucuteni - Cucuteni – Horodiştea-Erbiceni/Gordineşti


3370 Tripolie A II1/ Precucuteni II

Bernaševka U 7400 65 Dnister Burdo 2005, 82

3368 Tripolie A II1/Precucuteni II




3369 Tripolie A II1/Precucuteni II/III



Bernaševka U Ki-11475 6520 90 pottery Dnister Burdo 2005, 80

3359 Tripolie A II1 / Precucuteni II

Bernaševka U Ki-11472 6445 90 pottery Dnister Burdo 2005, 80

Tripolie A II2/ Precucuteni II

Okopy U 7076 69 Dnister Burdo 2005, 82

3373 Tripolie A III1/ Precucuteni III

Voronovytsya Babšin

U 7076 76 Dnister Burdo 2005, 82

Tripolie A III1/ Precucuteni III

Voronovytsya Babšin


Tripolie A III1 / Precucuteni III

Grebenyukiv Jar U 7063 79 South Bug Burdo 2005, 82

3366 Tripolie A III1 / Precucuteni III

Grebenyukiv Jar U 7036 95 South Bug Burdo 2005, 82


Sabatinovka 2 U 7129 86 South Bug Burdo 2005, 82


Sabatinovka 2 U 6875 89 South Bug Burdo 2005, 82


Alexandrovka U Ki-11491 5930 80 animal bones Dnister Burdo 2005, 80


Alexandrovka U Ki-11492 5870 80 animal bones Dnister Burdo 2005, 80

3361 Tripolie A/ Precucuteni III Timkovo U Bln-3191 5700 70 charcoal Sorokin 1991, 213; Patakova et al. 1989, 28; Zbenovici 1996; Telegin et al. 2003, 462

3377 Tripolie A III3 / Cucuteni A1-2

Korman’ U 7106 83 Dnister Burdo 2005, 82

3380 Tripolie A III3/ Cucuteni A1-2

Korman’ U Ki-6675 6270 55 Dnister Burdo 2001, 6


Korman’ U Ki-6676 6225 60 Dnister Burdo 2001, 6

85


2859 Tripolie A III3/ Cucuteni A1-A2

Korman’ U Ki-6225 6225 60 Dniester Burdo 2001, 6; Telegin et al. 2003, 462


Luka-Vrubleveckaja

U Ki-6884 5905 60 Dnister Burdo 2001, 6; Telegin et al. 2003, 462


Luka-Vrubleveckaja

U Ki-6884 5845 55 Dnister Burdo 2001, 6 ; Telegin et al. 2003, 462

Tripolie A III3/ Cucuteni A1-A2

Luka-Vrubleveckaja


Tripolie A III3/ Cucuteni A1-A2

Luka-Vrubleveckaja



Luka Vrublivetska

U Ki-6684 5905 60 Dniester Burdo 2001, 6; Telegin et al. 2003, 462


Luka Vrublivetska

U Ki-6685 5845 50 Dniester Burdo 2001, 6; Telegin et al. 2003, 462; Kotova 2007, 103 (Videiko 2004)

3378 Tripolie A III3/Cucuteni A1-2

Grenovka U 6689 56 South Bug Burdo 2005, 82


Bernashovka U Ki-6681 6510 55 Dniester Burdo 2001, 6; Telegin et al. 2003, 462; Kotova 2007, 103 (Videiko 2004)


Bernashovka U Ki-6670 6440 60 Dniester Burdo 2001, 6; Telegin et al. 2003, 462; Kotova 2007, 103 (Videiko 2004)

2857 Tripolie Tripolie A Sabatinovka 2 U Ki-6737 6100 55 South Bug Telegin et al. 2003, 462; Kotova 2007, 103 (Videiko 2004)

2856 Tripolie Tripolie A Sabatinovka 2 U Ki-6680 6075 60 South Bug Telegin et al. 2003, 462; Kotova 2007, 103 (Videiko 2004)

3387 Tripolie BI/ Cucuteni A3 Berezovka GES U Ki-7204 5710 60 Burdo - Kovaliukh 1999, 75; Tsvek - Rassamakin 2005, 187

3388 Tripolie BI/ Cucuteni A3 Berezovka GES U Ki-7203 5760 55 Burdo - Kovaliukh 1999, 75; Tsvek - Rassamakin 2005, 187

Tripolie BI / Cucuteni A3 Sabatinovka 1 U Ki-7202 5805 65 Kotova 2007, 103 (Videiko 2004)

Tripolie BI / Cucuteni A3 Polivanov Jar U GrN-5134 5440 70 charcoal Mantu 1998, 2483190 Tripolie BI / Cucuteni A Krasnostavka U Ki-1204 4700 90 platform 1 Mantu 1998, 248;

László 2006, table 3Tripolie BI / Cucuteni A Nezvisko U Ki-11447 5620 100□11/4-11, pottery Kovalyukh et al. 2007, 75Tripolie BI / Cucuteni A Nezvisko U Ki-11446 5605 60 S I/3a/pottery

(kistska=?)Kovalyukh et al. 2007, 75

Tripolie BI / Cucuteni A Nezvisko U Ki-11449 5560 100 pottery Kovalyukh et al. 2007, 75Tripolie BI / Cucuteni A Nezvisko U Ki-11448 5505 100□10/D 22, pottery Kovalyukh et al. 2007, 75


Tripolie BI-BII / Cucuteni A-B

Bilshiwci U Ki-8086 5520 80 NW Ukraine Tkaczuk 2009, Cluj-Napoca

3191 Tripolie BI-BII / Cucuteni A-B

Veselyi Kut U Bln-2137 5180 65 Platform 2, charcoal Bug-Dnieper area Mantu 1998, 249; László 2006, table 3

3192 Tripolie BI-BII / Cucuteni A-B

Veselyi Kut U Ki-903 5100 100 charcoal Bug-Dnieper area Mantu 1998, 249; László 2006, table 3


Kliščev (Klishcev)

U Le-1060 5100 50 Mantu 1998, 249


Škarovka U Ki-520 5015 105 Mantu 1998, 249









Tripolie BII/Cucuteni A-B Grebeni (Vasylyšyn Yar)

U Ki-7207 5140 60 bone Middle Dnieper Tsvek - Rassamakin 2005, 188; Videiko 2005, 212

3396 Tripolie BII/Cucuteni A-B Grebeni (Vasylyšyn Yar)


3398 Tripolie BII/Cucuteni A-B Grebeni (Vasylyšyn Yar)


3397 Tripolie BII / Cucuteni A-B

Grebeni (Vasylyšyn Yar)



Grygorivka U Ki-9623 4840 90 Ravine Khatyšče, Dig 3, bone

Middle Dnieper Tsvek - Rassamakin 2005, 188; Videiko 2005, 212


Grygorivka U Ki-9749 4830 90 Ravine Khatyšče, Dig 2, pit, bone



Grygorivka U Ki-9622 4800 90 Ravine Khatyšče, Dig 3, floor with charcoal


3399 Tripolie BII/ Cucuteni A-B Grygorivka U Ki-9624 4740 90 Ravine Khatyšče, Dig 2, pit, bone


Tripolie BII/ Cucuteni A-B Miropol’e U Ki-874 5770 120 H4 Bug-Dnieper Mantu 1998, 250

3414 Tripolie CI/ Cucuteni B, group Shipenitz

Bilcze Zlote, Werteba Cave

PL Ki-8272 4940 80 level I Kadrow et al. 2003, 121

87


2828 Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Evminka-1 U UCLA-1671B

4890 60 Telegin et al. 2003, 461

Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Pekari II U Ki-11486 4850 70 Middle Dnieper Videiko 2005, 212Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Pekari II U Ki-11487 4805 70 Middle Dnieper Videiko 2005, 212

3415 Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Khutir Nezamožnyk

U Ki-11490 4780 70 Middle Dnieper Videiko 2005, 212

Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Ripnica VI (Ripnitzia)

U Ki-11455 4760 90 2000, S 2, Pit 1, pottery

Middle Dnieper Videiko 2005, 212; Kovalyukh et al. 2007, 75

3425 Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Ripnica VI U Ki-11457 4670 90 2000, S 2, Pit 1, zrakok (=?) 3, pottery


Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Ripnica VI U Ki-9745 4665 80 2000, S 2, Pit 1, zrakok (=?) 2, pottery




3424 Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Ripnica VI U Ki-9743 4605 80 Middle Dnieper Videiko 2005, 212Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Ripnica VI U Ki-9744 4590 80 Middle Dnieper Videiko 2005, 212Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Ripnica VI U Ki-11456 4580 90 2000, S 2, Pit 1,

zrakok (=?) 2, pottery




Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Talianki U Ki-6867 4810 55 animal bones Klochko - Kruts 1999, 79, note 23413 Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Talianki U Ki-6868 4780 60 animal bones Klochko - Kruts 1999, 79, note 2

Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Talianki U Ki-6865 4755 50 animal bones Klochko - Kruts 1999, 79, note 2Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Talianki U Ki-6866 4720 60 animal bones Klochko - Kruts 1999, 79, note 2Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Ignatenkova

GoraU Ki-9616 4650 90 Kitski (=?)...,pottery Middle Dnieper Videiko 2005, 212; Kovalyukh et al. 2007, 76

Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Ignatenkova Gora

U Ki-11468 4630 90 Pit 16, zr.(=?) 2, pottery



U Ki-9614 4590 80 Kitski (=?)...,pottery Middle Dnieper Videiko 2005, 212; Kovalyukh et al. 2007, 76






U Ki-9613 4520 80 Kitski tvarin (=?)...,pottery



U Ki-11469 4520 90 Pit 16, zr. 3, pottery Middle Dnieper Videiko 2005, 212; Kovalyukh et al. 2007, 76



U Ki-10857 4515 90 R1,□3, zr. 2,-0,56m, fragm.pottery 3



U Ki-9618 4500 80 Kitski (=?), pottery Middle Dnieper Videiko 2005, 212; Kovalyukh et al. 2007, 76


U Ki-10856 4490 80 R1,□3, zr. 2,-0,56m, fragm.pottery 3






Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Khomyne U Ki-9741 4490 90 Middle Dnieper Videiko 2005, 212Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Khomyne U Ki-9740 4470 80 Middle Dnieper Videiko 2005, 212Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Khomyne U Ki-9742 4390 90 Middle Dnieper Videiko 2005, 212Tripolie CI? / Cucuteni B Vilšana U Ki-11489 4910 70 Middle Dnieper Videiko 2005, 212Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Zelena Dibrova U Ki-11488 4720 60 Middle Dnieper Videiko 2005, 212Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Čapaevka U Bln-631 4870 100 charcoal Mantu 1998, 251Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Čapaevka U Ki-880 4810 140 H1 Mantu 1998, 251Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Maidaneckoe U Ki-1212 4600 80 Mantu 1998, 252Tripolie CI / Cucuteni B Maidaneckoe U Bln-2087 4890 50 Mantu 1998, 252Tripolie CI -CII/ Cucuteni

B/ HorodişteaEvminka U UCLA-

1466B4790 100 Mantu 1998, 252

Tripolie CI -CII/ Cucuteni B/ Horodiştea

Evminka U UCLA-1671B

4890 60 Mantu 1998, 252

Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Maiaki U Ki-870 4670 100 charcoal, defensive ditch

(Mantu 1998, 252: 4670±110)

Videiko 1999, 56-57

Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Maiaki U Ki-9751 4600 90□8;-1,07-1,24 m, pottery

Kovalyukh et al. 2007, 77

2814 Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Maiaki U Ki-282 4580 120 charcoal, defensive ditch

Pottery: Kovalyukh et al. 2007, 77

Patakova et al. 1989; Videiko 1999, 56-57; Telegin et al. 2003, 461;

Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Maiaki U Ki-11464 4530 90 1970, Zrazok (=?) 2, pottery


Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Maiaki U Ki-9752 4490 90□9;-1,36-1,61m; No. 8370, pottery; kistka(=?)


2812 Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Maiaki U Ki-281 4475 130 charcoal, defensive ditch


Patakova et al. 1989;Videiko 1999, 56-57; Telegin et al. 2003, 461



2811 Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Maiaki U Bln-629 4400 100 charcoal wood, defensive ditch


Mantu 1998, 252; Videiko 1999, 56; Telegin et al. 2003, 461;

89


2809 Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Maiaki U UCLA-1642G

4375 60 charcoal, defensive ditch


Mantu 1998, 252; Videiko 1999, 56-57;Telegin et al. 2003, 461

Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Maiaki U UCLA-1642B

4375 60 charcoal, defensive ditch


Videiko 1999, 56-57; Telegin et al. 2003, 461

Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Maiaki U Ki-11463 4370 100 Zrazok (=?) 1, pottery




2807 Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Maiaki U Le-645 4340 60 charcoal, defensive ditch

Mantu 1998,252: 4340±65

Videiko 1999, 56-57; Telegin et al. 2003, 461

Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Maiaki U Ki-9753 4180 90 S.4-5, Kistka(=?), pottery


Tripolie CII late / Horodiştea

Maiaki U GrN-5126 3490 35 charcoal Mantu 1998, 252

Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Gorodsk U GrN-5099 4615 35 Mantu 1998, 253Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Gorodsk U GrN-5090 4551 35 Bones Videiko 1999, 48

3442 Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Gorodsk U Ki-6752 4495 45 Shells Videiko 1999, 48Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Usatovo U Ki-11462 4540 90 Room (=?) 5, pottery Kovalyukh et al. 2007, 77Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Usatovo U Ki-11459 4520 90 Room (=?) 2, pottery Kovalyukh et al. 2007, 77Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Usatovo U Ki-11460 4410 90 Room (=?) 3, pottery Kovalyukh et al. 2007, 77Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Usatovo U Ki-11461 4350 100 Room (=?) 4, pottery Kovalyukh et al. 2007, 77Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Usatovo U UCLA-

1642A4330 60 Inhumation grave Mantu 1998, 253;

Videiko 1999, 58Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Usatovo U Ki-11458 4270 100 Room (=?) 2, pottery Kovalyukh et al. 2007, 77Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Gorodnitsa-

GorodisceU GrN-5088 4615 35 Mantu 1998, 253

3457 Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Zhvaniets Schchovb

U Ki-6745 4530 50 Pit house 1, animal bones

Videiko 1999, 40


U Ki-6743 4480 40 House 2, animal bones

Videiko 1999, 40


U Ki-6754 4380 60 charcoal Videiko 1999, 40


U Ki-6744 4355 60 Pit house 6, bones Videiko 1999, 40


U Ki-6753 4290 55 enbankment, charcoal

Videiko 1999, 40

3444 Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Sandraki U Ki-6747 4210 45□ 3-7, bones, cavity Videiko 1999, 363443 Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Sandraki U Ki-6746 4175 50 Bones on fireplace,

□ 3-7Videiko 1999, 36

Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Vilkhovets U Ki-11450 4300 90 1993, Pit 1, sherds, zrazok(=?)



Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Vilkhovets U Ki-11452 4250 90 1993, Pit1, sherds, zrazok (=?)3


Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Vilkhovets U Ki-10859 4240 90 1993, H1, sherds, room 2




3448 Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Vilkhovets U Ki-6925 4225 55 bones Kovalyukh et al 2007, 76: Pit 1, pottery

Videiko 1999, 50; Kovalyukh et al. 2007, 76

3447 Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Vilkhovets U Ki-6924 4205 50 bones Kovalyukj et al 2007, 76: Pit 1, pottery








Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Vilkhovets U Ki-11451 4170 90 1993, Pit1, sherds, zrazok (=?)






Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Vilkhovets U Ki-9625 4110 80 1993, H1, kistka (=?) sherds, room 1


3452 Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Troyaniv U Ki-6750 4430 45 S III, □ LV-B-7, House 25, bones

Videiko 1999, 41

3451 Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Troyaniv U Ki-6749 4410 50 house, bones, □ XIII-19

Videiko 1999, 41

3450 Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Troyaniv U Ki-6748 4360 55 House 28, bones, □ LXXII-2, S18

Videiko 1999, 41

3460 Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Bilcze Zlote-Werteba Cave

PL Ki-8271 4800 100 level II (Kosilovtzi group, imports of Prut-Dniester)

Kadrow et alii 2003, 121

3461 Tripolie end of CII?/Horodiştea

Bilcze Zlote-Werteba Cave

PL Ki-8270 4280 90 Kadrow et alii 2003, 121

Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Sofievka U Ki-5012 4320 70 Grave 1, burned bones

Middle Dnieper, cemetery

Videiko 1999, 54; Videiko 2005, 212

Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Sofievka U Ki-5029 4300 45 bones Middle Dnieper, cemetery


Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Sofievka U Ki-5013 4270 90 Grave 11, burned bones

Middle Dnieper , cemetery


Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Zavalivka (Zavalovka)

U Ki-5015 4290 90 Grave 6, burned bones

Middle Dnieper , cemetery


91


Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Zavalivka (Zavalovka)




Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Krasny Khutir (Khutor)









U Ki-5016 4140 110 Grave 6, organic deposit



3449 Tripolie CII / Horodiştea Tsviklovtsy U Ki-6751 3960 50 Burned bones, grave? Videiko 1999, 43

Unclear, or without a specified phase


2858 Tripolie ? Voronovitsy U Ki-6677 6180 60 Telegin et al. 2003, 4622860 Tripolie ? Okopi U Ki-6671 6330 65 Telegin et al. 2003, 462

2865 Tripolie ? Grebenyukuv yar U Ki-6673 6120 50 Telegin et al. 2003, 4622866 Tripolie ? Grebenyukuv yar U Ki-6165 6165 55 Telegin et al. 2003, 4622863 Tripolie ? Babshin U Ki-6656? 6200 55 Telegin et al. 2003, 462

2864 Tripolie ? Grebenyukuv yar U Ki-6672 6040 65 Telegin et al. 2003, 4622854 Tripolie ? Grenovka U Ki-6683 5860 45 Telegin et al. 2003, 462

92

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Dr. Cornelia-Magda LazaroviciInstitutul de Arheologie, Str. Lascăr Catargi nr.18, Iaşi 700107, [email protected]

Lazarovici M Chronology Precucuteni Cucuteni Horodistea

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