Layout Strategies
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Transcript of Layout Strategies
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 9 - 1
99 Layout StrategiesLayout Strategies
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OutlineOutline
Global Company Profile: McDonald’s
The Strategic Importance of Layout Decisions
Types of Layout
Office Layout
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Outline – ContinuedOutline – Continued
Retail Layout Servicescapes
Warehousing and Storage Layouts Cross-Docking
Random Docking
Customizing
Fixed-Position Layout
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Outline – ContinuedOutline – Continued
Process-Oriented Layout Computer Software for Process-
Oriented Layouts
Work Cells
Requirements of Work Cells
Staffing and Balancing Work Cells
The Focused Work Center and the Focused Factory
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Outline – ContinuedOutline – Continued
Repetitive and Product-Oriented Layout Assembly-Line Balancing
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
When you complete this chapter, you When you complete this chapter, you should be able to:should be able to:
1. Discuss important issues in office layout
2. Define the objectives of retail layout
3. Discuss modern warehouse management and terms such as ASRS, cross-docking, and random stocking
4. Identify when fixed-position layouts are appropriate
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
When you complete this chapter, you When you complete this chapter, you should be able to:should be able to:
5. Explain how to achieve a good process-oriented facility layout
6. Define work cell and the requirements of a work cell
7. Define product-oriented layout
8. Explain how to balance production flow in a repetitive or product-oriented facility
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Innovations at McDonald’sInnovations at McDonald’s Indoor seating (1950s)
Drive-through window (1970s)
Adding breakfast to the menu (1980s)
Adding play areas (late 1980s)
Redesign of the kitchens (1990s)
Self-service kiosk (2004)
Now three separate dining sections
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Innovations at McDonald’sInnovations at McDonald’s Indoor seating (1950s)
Drive-through window (1970s)
Adding breakfast to the menu (1980s)
Adding play areas (late 1980s)
Redesign of the kitchens (1990s)
Self-service kiosk (2004)
Now three separate dining sections
Six out of the seven are
layout decisions!
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McDonald’s New LayoutMcDonald’s New Layout Seventh major innovation
Redesigning all 30,000 outlets around the world
Three separate dining areas Linger zone with comfortable chairs and
Wi-Fi connections
Grab and go zone with tall counters
Flexible zone for kids and families
Facility layout is a source of competitive advantage
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Strategic Importance of Strategic Importance of Layout DecisionsLayout Decisions
The objective of layout strategy The objective of layout strategy is to develop an effective and is to develop an effective and
efficient layout that will meet the efficient layout that will meet the firm’s competitive requirementsfirm’s competitive requirements
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Layout Design Layout Design ConsiderationsConsiderations
Higher utilization of space, equipment, and people
Improved flow of information, materials, or people
Improved employee morale and safer working conditions
Improved customer/client interaction
Flexibility
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Types of LayoutTypes of Layout
1. Office layout
2. Retail layout
3. Warehouse layout
4. Fixed-position layout
5. Process-oriented layout
6. Work-cell layout
7. Product-oriented layout
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Types of LayoutTypes of Layout
1. Office layout: Positions workers, their equipment, and spaces/offices to provide for movement of information
2. Retail layout: Allocates shelf space and responds to customer behavior
3. Warehouse layout: Addresses trade-offs between space and material handling
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Types of LayoutTypes of Layout
4. Fixed-position layout: Addresses the layout requirements of large, bulky projects such as ships and buildings
5. Process-oriented layout: Deals with low-volume, high-variety production (also called job shop or intermittent production)
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Types of LayoutTypes of Layout
6. Work cell layout: Arranges machinery and equipment to focus on production of a single product or group of related products
7. Product-oriented layout: Seeks the best personnel and machine utilizations in repetitive or continuous production
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Layout StrategiesLayout StrategiesObjectives Examples
Office Locate workers requiring frequent contact close to one another
Allstate Insurance
Microsoft Corp.
Retail Expose customer to high-margin items
Kroger’s Supermarket
Walgreen’s
Bloomingdale’s
Warehouse (storage)
Balance low cost storage with low-cost material handling
Federal-Mogul’s warehouse
The Gap’s distribution center
Project (fixed position)
Move material to the limited storage areas around the site
Ingall Ship Building Corp.
Trump Plaza
Pittsburgh Airport
Table 9.1
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Layout StrategiesLayout StrategiesObjectives Examples
Job Shop (process oriented)
Manage varied material flow for each product
Arnold Palmer Hospital
Hard Rock Cafe
Olive Garden
Work Cell (product families)
Identify a product family, build teams, cross train team members
Hallmark Cards
Wheeled Coach
Standard Aero
Repetitive/ Continuous (product oriented)
Equalize the task time at each workstation
Sony’s TV assembly line
Toyota Scion
Table 9.1
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Good Layouts ConsiderGood Layouts Consider
Material handling equipment
Capacity and space requirements
Environment and aesthetics
Flows of information
Cost of moving between various work areas
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Office LayoutOffice Layout
Grouping of workers, their equipment, and spaces to provide comfort, safety, and movement of information
Movement of information is main distinction
Typically in state of flux due to frequent technological changes
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Relationship ChartRelationship Chart
Figure 9.1
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Supermarket Retail LayoutSupermarket Retail Layout
Objective is to maximize profitability per square foot of floor space
Sales and profitability vary directly with customer exposure
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Five Helpful Ideas for Five Helpful Ideas for Supermarket LayoutSupermarket Layout
1. Locate high-draw items around the periphery of the store
2. Use prominent locations for high-impulse and high-margin items
3. Distribute power items to both sides of an aisle and disperse them to increase viewing of other items
4. Use end-aisle locations
5. Convey mission of store through careful positioning of lead-off department
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Store LayoutStore Layout
Figure 9.2
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Retail SlottingRetail Slotting Manufacturers pay fees to retailers
to get the retailers to display (slot) their product
Contributing factors Limited shelf space
An increasing number of new products
Better information about sales through POS data collection
Closer control of inventory
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Retail Store Shelf Space Retail Store Shelf Space PlanogramPlanogram
Computerized tool for shelf-space management
Generated from store’s scanner data on sales
Often supplied by manufacturer
5 facings
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ServicescapesServicescapes1.1. Ambient conditionsAmbient conditions - background
characteristics such as lighting, sound, smell, and temperature
2.2. Spatial layout and functionalitySpatial layout and functionality - which involve customer circulation path planning, aisle characteristics, and product grouping
3.3. Signs, symbols, and Signs, symbols, and artifactsartifacts - characteristics of building design that carry social significance
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Warehousing and Storage Warehousing and Storage LayoutsLayouts
Objective is to optimize trade-offs between handling costs and costs associated with warehouse space
Maximize the total “cube” of the warehouse – utilize its full volume while maintaining low material handling costs
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Warehousing and Storage Warehousing and Storage LayoutsLayouts
All costs associated with the transaction Incoming transport
Storage
Finding and moving material
Outgoing transport
Equipment, people, material, supervision, insurance, depreciation
Minimize damage and spoilage
Material Handling CostsMaterial Handling Costs
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Warehousing and Storage Warehousing and Storage LayoutsLayouts
Warehouse density tends to vary inversely with the number of different items stored
Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (ASRSs) can significantly improve warehouse productivity by an estimated 500%
Dock location is a key design element
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Cross-DockingCross-Docking Materials are moved directly from
receiving to shipping and are not placed in storage in the warehouse
Requires tight scheduling and accurate shipments, bar code or RFIDidentification used foradvanced shipmentnotification as materialsare unloaded
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Random StockingRandom Stocking Typically requires automatic identification
systems (AISs) and effective information systems
Random assignment of stocking locations allows more efficient use of space
Key tasks
1. Maintain list of open locations
2. Maintain accurate records
3. Sequence items to minimize travel, pick time
4. Combine picking orders
5. Assign classes of items to particular areas
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CustomizingCustomizing Value-added activities performed at
the warehouse
Enable low cost and rapid response strategies Assembly of components
Loading software
Repairs
Customized labeling and packaging
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Shipping and receiving docks
Office
Cu
sto
miz
atio
n
Conveyor
Storage racks
Staging
Warehouse LayoutWarehouse LayoutTraditional Layout
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Warehouse LayoutWarehouse LayoutCross-Docking Layout
Shipping and receiving docks
Off
ice
Shipping and receiving docks
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Fixed-Position LayoutFixed-Position Layout Product remains in one place
Workers and equipment come to site
Complicating factors Limited space at site
Different materials required at different stages of the project
Volume of materials needed is dynamic
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Alternative StrategyAlternative Strategy As much of the project as possible
is completed off-site in a product-oriented facility
This can significantly improve efficiency but is only possible when multiple similar units need to be created
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Process-Oriented LayoutProcess-Oriented Layout
Like machines and equipment are grouped together
Flexible and capable of handling a wide variety of products or services
Scheduling can be difficult and setup, material handling, and labor costs can be high
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Surgery
Radiology
ER triage room
ER Beds Pharmacy
Emergency room admissions
Billing/exit
Laboratories
Process-Oriented LayoutProcess-Oriented Layout
Patient A - broken legPatient A - broken leg
Patient B -Patient B - erratic heart erratic heart pacemakerpacemaker
Figure 9.3
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Layout at Arnold Palmer HospitalLayout at Arnold Palmer Hospital
Central break and medical
supply rooms
Local linen supply
Local nursing pod
Pie-shaped rooms
Central nurses station
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Process-Oriented LayoutProcess-Oriented Layout
Arrange work centers so as to minimize the costs of material handling
Basic cost elements are Number of loads (or people)
moving between centers
Distance loads (or people) move between centers
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Process-Oriented LayoutProcess-Oriented Layout
Minimize cost = ∑ ∑ Xij Cij
n
i = 1
n
j = 1
where n = total number of work centers or departments
i, j = individual departments
Xij = number of loads moved from department i to department j
Cij = cost to move a load between department i and department j
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Process Layout ExampleProcess Layout Example
1. Construct a “from-to matrix”
2. Determine the space requirements
3. Develop an initial schematic diagram
4. Determine the cost of this layout
5. Try to improve the layout
6. Prepare a detailed plan
Arrange six departments in a factory to minimize the material handling costs. Each department is 20 x 20 feet and the building is 60 feet long and 40 feet wide.
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Department Assembly Painting Machine Receiving Shipping Testing(1) (2) Shop (3) (4) (5) (6)
Assembly (1)
Painting (2)
Machine Shop (3)
Receiving (4)
Shipping (5)
Testing (6)
Number of loads per week
50 100 0 0 20
30 50 10 0
20 0 100
50 0
0
Process Layout ExampleProcess Layout Example
Figure 9.4
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Area 1 Area 2 Area 3
Area 4 Area 5 Area 660’
40’
Process Layout ExampleProcess Layout Example
Receiving Shipping TestingDepartment Department Department
(4) (5) (6)
Figure 9.5
Assembly Painting Machine ShopDepartment Department Department
(1) (2) (3)
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Process Layout ExampleProcess Layout Example
Interdepartmental Flow Graph
Figure 9.6
100
50
20
50
50
2010
100
30 Machine Shop (3)
Testing (6)
Shipping (5)
Receiving (4)
Assembly(1)
Painting (2)
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Process Layout ExampleProcess Layout Example
Cost = $50 + $200 + $40(1 and 2) (1 and 3) (1 and 6)
+ $30 + $50 + $10(2 and 3) (2 and 4) (2 and 5)
+ $40 + $100 + $50(3 and 4) (3 and 6) (4 and 5)
= $570
Cost = ∑ ∑ Xij Cij
n
i = 1
n
j = 1
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Process Layout ExampleProcess Layout Example
Revised Interdepartmental Flow Graph
Figure 9.7
30
50
20
50
10 2050 100
100 Machine Shop (3)
Testing (6)
Shipping (5)
Receiving (4)
Painting(2)
Assembly (1)
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Process Layout ExampleProcess Layout Example
Cost = $50 + $100 + $20(1 and 2) (1 and 3) (1 and 6)
+ $60 + $50 + $10(2 and 3) (2 and 4) (2 and 5)
+ $40 + $100 + $50(3 and 4) (3 and 6) (4 and 5)
= $480
Cost = ∑ ∑ Xij Cij
n
i = 1
n
j = 1
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Area 1 Area 2 Area 3
Area 4 Area 5 Area 660’
40’
Process Layout ExampleProcess Layout Example
Receiving Shipping TestingDepartment Department Department
(4) (5) (6)
Figure 9.8
Painting Assembly Machine ShopDepartment Department Department
(2) (1) (3)
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Computer SoftwareComputer Software
Graphical approach only works for small problems
Computer programs are available to solve bigger problems CRAFT
ALDEP
CORELAP
Factory Flow
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CRAFT ExampleCRAFT Example
Figure 9.9
TOTAL COST 20,100EST. COST REDUCTION .00ITERATION 0
(a)
A A A A B B
A A A A B B
D D D D D D
C C D D D D
F F F F F D
E E E E E D
TOTAL COST 14,390EST. COST REDUCTION 70ITERATION 3
(b)
D D D D B B
D D D D B B
D D D E E E
C C D E E F
A A A A A F
A A A F F F
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Computer SoftwareComputer Software Three dimensional visualization
software allows managers to view possible layouts and assess process, material handling, efficiency, and safety issues
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Work CellsWork Cells Reorganizes people and machines
into groups to focus on single products or product groups
Group technology identifies products that have similar characteristics for particular cells
Volume must justify cells
Cells can be reconfigured as designs or volume changes
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Advantages of Work CellsAdvantages of Work Cells1. Reduced work-in-process inventory
2. Less floor space required
3. Reduced raw material and finished goods inventory
4. Reduced direct labor
5. Heightened sense of employee participation
6. Increased use of equipment and machinery
7. Reduced investment in machinery and equipment
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Requirements of Work CellsRequirements of Work Cells
1. Identification of families of products
2. A high level of training, flexibility and empowerment of employees
3. Being self-contained, with its own equipment and resources
4. Test (poka-yoke) at each station in the cell
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Improving Layouts Using Improving Layouts Using Work CellsWork Cells
Current layout - workers in small closed areas.
Improved layout - cross-trained workers can assist each other. May be able to add a third worker as additional output is needed.
Figure 9.10 (a)
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Improving Layouts Using Improving Layouts Using Work CellsWork Cells
Current layout - straight lines make it hard to balance tasks because work may not be divided evenly
Improved layout - in U shape, workers have better access. Four cross-trained workers were reduced.
Figure 9.10 (b)
U-shaped line may reduce employee movement and space requirements while enhancing communication, reducing the number of workers, and facilitating inspection
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Staffing and Balancing Staffing and Balancing Work CellsWork Cells
Determine the takt timeDetermine the takt time
Takt time =Total work time available
Units required
Determine the number Determine the number of operators requiredof operators required
Workers required =Total operation time required
Takt time
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Staffing Work Cells ExampleStaffing Work Cells Example600 Mirrors per day requiredMirror production scheduled for 8 hours per dayFrom a work balance
chart total operation time = 140 seconds
Sta
nd
ard
tim
e re
qu
ired
Operations
Assemble Paint Test Label Pack forshipment
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
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Staffing Work Cells ExampleStaffing Work Cells Example600 Mirrors per day requiredMirror production scheduled for 8 hours per dayFrom a work balance
chart total operation time = 140 seconds
Takt time = (8 hrs x 60 mins) / 600 units = .8 mins = 48 seconds
Workers required =Total operation time required
Takt time
= 140 / 48 = 2.91
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Work Balance ChartsWork Balance Charts
Used for evaluating operation times in work cells
Can help identify bottleneck operations
Flexible, cross-trained employees can help address labor bottlenecks
Machine bottlenecks may require other approaches
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Focused Work Center and Focused Work Center and Focused FactoryFocused Factory
Focused Work Center Identify a large family of similar products
that have a large and stable demand
Moves production from a general-purpose, process-oriented facility to a large work cell
Focused Factory A focused work cell in a separate facility
May be focused by product line, layout, quality, new product introduction, flexibility, or other requirements
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Focused Work Center and Focused Work Center and Focused FactoryFocused Factory
Table 9.2
Work Cell Focused Work Center Focused Factory
Description: Work cell is a temporary product-oriented arrangement of machines and personnel in what is ordinarily a process-oriented facility
A focused work center is a permanent product-oriented arrangement of machines and personnel in what is ordinarily a process-oriented facility
A focused factory is a permanent facility to produce a product or component in a product-oriented facility. Many focused factories currently being built were originally part of a process-oriented facility
Example: A job shop with machinery and personnel rearranged to produce 300 unique control panels
Example: Pipe bracket manufacturing at a shipyard
Example: A plant to produce window mechanism for automobiles
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Repetitive and Product-Repetitive and Product-Oriented LayoutOriented Layout
1. Volume is adequate for high equipment utilization
2. Product demand is stable enough to justify high investment in specialized equipment
3. Product is standardized or approaching a phase of life cycle that justifies investment
4. Supplies of raw materials and components are adequate and of uniform quality
Organized around products or families of Organized around products or families of similar high-volume, low-variety productssimilar high-volume, low-variety products
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Product-Oriented LayoutsProduct-Oriented Layouts Fabrication line
Builds components on a series of machines
Machine-paced
Require mechanical or engineering changes to balance
Assembly line
Puts fabricated parts together at a series of workstations
Paced by work tasks
Balanced by moving tasksBoth types of lines must be balanced so that the time to perform the work at each station is the same
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Product-Oriented LayoutsProduct-Oriented Layouts
1. Low variable cost per unit
2. Low material handling costs
3. Reduced work-in-process inventories
4. Easier training and supervision
5. Rapid throughput
AdvantagesAdvantages
1. High volume is required
2. Work stoppage at any point ties up the whole operation
3. Lack of flexibility in product or production rates
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
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McDonald’s Assembly LineMcDonald’s Assembly Line
Figure 9.12
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Disassembly LinesDisassembly Lines
Disassembly is being considered in new product designs
“Green” issues and recycling standards are important consideration
Automotive disassembly is the 16th largest industry in the US
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Assembly-Line BalancingAssembly-Line Balancing Objective is to minimize the imbalance
between machines or personnel while meeting required output
Starts with the precedence relationships Determine cycle time
Calculate theoretical minimum number of workstations
Balance the line by assigning specific tasks to workstations
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Wing Component ExampleWing Component Example
This means that tasks B and E cannot be done until task A has been completed
Performance Task Must FollowTime Task Listed
Task (minutes) Below
A 10 —B 11 AC 5 BD 4 BE 12 AF 3 C, DG 7 FH 11 EI 3 G, H
Total time 66
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Wing Component ExampleWing Component Example
Performance Task Must FollowTime Task Listed
Task (minutes) Below
A 10 —B 11 AC 5 BD 4 BE 12 AF 3 C, DG 7 FH 11 EI 3 G, H
Total time 66 I
GF
C
D
H
B
E
A
10
1112
5
4 3
711 3
Figure 9.13
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I
GF
C
D
H
B
E
A
10
1112
5
4 3
711 3
Figure 9.13
Performance Task Must FollowTime Task Listed
Task (minutes) Below
A 10 —B 11 AC 5 BD 4 BE 12 AF 3 C, DG 7 FH 11 EI 3 G, H
Total time 66
Wing Component ExampleWing Component Example480 available
mins per day40 units required
Cycle time =
Production time available per day
Units required per day
= 480 / 40= 12 minutes per unit
Minimum number of
workstations=
∑ Time for task i
Cycle time
n
i = 1
= 66 / 12= 5.5 or 6 stations
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Wing Component ExampleWing Component Example
I
GF
C
D
H
B
E
A
10
1112
5
4 3
711 3
Figure 9.13
Performance Task Must FollowTime Task Listed
Task (minutes) Below
A 10 —B 11 AC 5 BD 4 BE 12 AF 3 C, DG 7 FH 11 EI 3 G, H
Total time 66
480 available mins per day
40 units required
Cycle time = 12 mins
Minimum workstations = 5.5 or 6
Line-Balancing Heuristics
1. Longest task time Choose the available task with the longest task time
2. Most following tasks Choose the available task with the largest number of following tasks
3. Ranked positional weight
Choose the available task for which the sum of following task times is the longest
4. Shortest task time Choose the available task with the shortest task time
5. Least number of following tasks
Choose the available task with the least number of following tasks
Table 9.4
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480 available mins per day
40 units required
Cycle time = 12 mins
Minimum workstations = 5.5 or 6
Performance Task Must FollowTime Task Listed
Task (minutes) Below
A 10 —B 11 AC 5 BD 4 BE 12 AF 3 C, DG 7 FH 11 EI 3 G, H
Total time 66Station 1
Wing Component ExampleWing Component Example
Station 2
Station 3Station 3
Station 4
Station 5
Station 6Station 6
I
GF
H
C
D
B
E
A
10 11
12
5
4
3 7
11
3
Figure 9.14
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Performance Task Must FollowTime Task Listed
Task (minutes) Below
A 10 —B 11 AC 5 BD 4 BE 12 AF 3 C, DG 7 FH 11 EI 3 G, H
Total time 66
Wing Component ExampleWing Component Example480 available
mins per day40 units required
Cycle time = 12 mins
Minimum workstations = 5.5 or 6
Efficiency =∑ Task times
(Actual number of workstations) x (Largest cycle time)
= 66 minutes / (6 stations) x (12 minutes)
= 91.7%
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