Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808,...

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Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344 Direct Numerical Simulation of Fluid Driven Fracturing Events with Application to Carbon Sequestration Joseph Morris and Scott Johnson LLNL-PRES-404894

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Page 1: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 This work performed under the auspices.

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551

This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344

Direct Numerical Simulation of Fluid Driven Fracturing Eventswith Application to Carbon Sequestration

Joseph Morris and Scott Johnson

LLNL-PRES-404894

Page 2: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 This work performed under the auspices.

2Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Geomechanical response represents a primary source of risk to successful CO2 storage

Low permeability caprockE.g: Shale

Injection of enormous volumes of CO2 will cause• Increased pore pressures• Large scale reservoir

deformation

These mechanisms alter stresses in• Caprocks• Pre-existing fractures and

faults High porosity/permeability reservoirE.g: Saline aquifer

Page 3: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 This work performed under the auspices.

3Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Need to establish what CO2 pressures will lead to risk of caprock failure under reservoir conditions

Caprock seal failure mechanisms

Create new open fractures?

PressurizedsupercriticalCO2

Water

Activate existing tight fractures?

Activate existing fault?

Create new open fractures?

PressurizedsupercriticalCO2

Water

Activate existing tight fractures?

Activate existing fault?

We are investigating three sources of risk:• Creation of new fractures• Activation of faults• Activation of fracture networks

Page 4: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 This work performed under the auspices.

4Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Livermore Distinct Element Code (LDEC):Key Features and Capabilities

Fully 3-D fully coupled fluid-solid solver

Distinct Element Method (DEM) Module• Rock mass represented by arbitrarily shaped polyhedral blocks

Can accommodate realistic joint-sets• Empirical joint models – slip, hysteresis, dilation• Block representations:

Rigid / Uniform deformation (“Cosserat blocks”) / Finite elements• All block types support:

Dynamic contact detection Dynamic fracture/fragmentation

Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) Module• Fully coupled fluid dynamics

Flow network solver• Fully coupled fluid dynamics confined within fractures

Fully parallelized: Demonstrated on up to 8000 CPUs

Will be available under license from LLNL shortly

Page 5: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 This work performed under the auspices.

5Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Need to establish what CO2 pressures will lead to risk of caprock failure under reservoir conditions

Caprock seal failure mechanisms

Create new open fractures?

PressurizedsupercriticalCO2

Water

Activate existing tight fractures?

Activate existing fault?

Create new open fractures?

PressurizedsupercriticalCO2

Water

Activate existing tight fractures?

Activate existing fault?

We are investigating three sources of risk:• Creation of new fractures• Activation of faults• Activation of fracture networks

Page 6: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 This work performed under the auspices.

6Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Dynamic Fracture:Experiment with a notched plate

It is observed that as loading rate is increased, crack velocity is limited and falls short of the Rayleigh wavespeed

[From Zhou, F., Molinari, J.-F., and T. Shioya, 2005]

Page 7: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 This work performed under the auspices.

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Dynamic Fracture: Cohesive Elements

Nodes split when specified fracture criteria are met• Tensile• Shear

Introduce cohesive element between new nodes:• Ensures correct energy is

dissipated (proportional to surface created)

• Reduces mesh size dependence

Currently fracture must follow existing element boundaries

Page 8: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 This work performed under the auspices.

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Dynamic Fracture: LDEC Cohesive Elements

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0Experiment LDEC

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.00.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

(/

c)2

v/vR

Block, Rubin, Morris and Berryman (2008)

Page 9: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 This work performed under the auspices.

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We have recently added a network flow capability to support simulation of hydraulic fracture

LDEC: Add coupling with matrix

geomechanical response

Triangular finite volumes with element-centered pressure

Fully coupled with solid elements to model hydrofracture

Koudina et. al. (1998): Flow through fractures on an unstructured mesh Lacks coupled geomechanics

Triangular finite volumes with node-centered pressure

Page 10: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 This work performed under the auspices.

10Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

LDEC Demonstration of hydraulic fracture

Pressurized crack propagates into the rock

Prediction of caprock and reservoir rock integrity Characterization of seismic sources for far-field

detection and interpretation

y: 4 cm

x: 6 cm

z: 6 cm

Initial fracture

Page 11: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 This work performed under the auspices.

11Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Need to establish what CO2 pressures will lead to risk of caprock failure under reservoir conditions

Caprock seal failure mechanisms

Create new open fractures?

PressurizedsupercriticalCO2

Water

Activate existing tight fractures?

Activate existing fault?

Create new open fractures?

PressurizedsupercriticalCO2

Water

Activate existing tight fractures?

Activate existing fault?

We are investigating three sources of risk:• Creation of new fractures• Activation of faults• Activation of fracture networks

Page 12: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 This work performed under the auspices.

12Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Simulation of fault activation due to fluid injection:Application to Teapot Dome

0.E+00

1.E+05

2.E+05

3.E+05

4.E+05

5.E+05

6.E+05

7.E+05

8.E+05

9.E+05

1.E+06

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Peak change in Pp on fault (MPa)

Fau

lt A

rea

Act

ivat

ed (

sq.

m)

Change in pore pressure that will result in activation of given location on S1 fault (similar to Chiaramonte et al, 2007). Plot of fault area activated as a

function of increase in pore pressure on fault surface

Facets of fault considered in isolationFull geomechanics with LDEC

Page 13: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 This work performed under the auspices.

13Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Need to establish what CO2 pressures will lead to risk of caprock failure under reservoir conditions

Caprock seal failure mechanisms

Create new open fractures?

PressurizedsupercriticalCO2

Water

Activate existing tight fractures?

Activate existing fault?

Create new open fractures?

PressurizedsupercriticalCO2

Water

Activate existing tight fractures?

Activate existing fault?

We are investigating three sources of risk:• Creation of new fractures• Activation of faults• Activation of fracture networks Caprock/reservoir

Page 14: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 This work performed under the auspices.

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Simulation of injection into a heavily fractured reservoir

Fracture network Delta-Pore pressure field

Small test problem:• 13 thousand, variably oriented fractures

Anisotropic stress field: east = overburden, north = 0.6 overburden

Distinct element model with explicit fracture elements modeled between arbitrary polyhedral blocks

Page 15: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 This work performed under the auspices.

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Simulation of injection into a heavily fractured reservoir

The proportion of joints of each orientation relative to North that have failed during fluid injection

Joints of all orientations fail due to redistribution of stress• Predominantly those initially experiencing shear stress

Provide predictions of permeability change Predict energy release from fractures during injection

Joint orientations activated during injection

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Joint normal orientation from North

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f jo

ints

th

at s

lipp

ped

Page 16: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 This work performed under the auspices.

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Conclusions

Caprock integrity represents a significant potential source of risk to successful geologic storage of CO2

LDEC has demonstrated capabilities for predicting:• Fluid driven fracturing events• Activation of existing faults• Activation of existing networks of fractures

Moving forward:

• Parameter studies to evaluate risk to CO2 containment

• Funded to participate in large scale field projects

Other applications:• Unconventional gas/oil recovery

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Extras…

Extras…

Page 18: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 This work performed under the auspices.

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We are developing interfaces between LDEC and FRAC-HMC to span the scales of interest

O(1 km)

O(1

m)

O(1

0 m

)Local fracture network scale:Simulation of consequent fracture network permeability and local stress change FRAC-HMC/LDEC

Individual Fracture scale:Simulation of activation and creation of caprock fractures

LDEC

Reservoir Scale:Simulation/Measurement of insitu conditions during operation NUFT, partners in industry

Page 19: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 This work performed under the auspices.

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Simulation of fault activation due to fluid injection

5 km2 km

reservoirFault plane

5 km

well

Finite element model with fault modeled by material with shear strength dictated by prescribed coefficient of friction

Page 20: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 This work performed under the auspices.

20Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Simulation of fault activation due to fluid injection

Mounding due to injection

Slip on fault results in discontinuity in surface expression

Slip on fault results inreduced displacement on other side of fault Injection source at

1500m depth


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