Laura Gallaugher, DVM, DACLAM Clinical Laboratory Animal ...

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Laura Gallaugher, DVM, DACLAM Clinical Laboratory Animal Veterinarian ULAR ULAR [email protected]

Transcript of Laura Gallaugher, DVM, DACLAM Clinical Laboratory Animal ...

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Laura Gallaugher, DVM, DACLAMClinical Laboratory Animal Veterinarian

[email protected]

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Vertebrates ScalelessAmphibios “double life”p

Aquatic larvae & terrestrial adultsClosely associated with aquatic or very moist environments 

ALAT, 30, 2009 Introduction

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**Ectotherms: Cold‐bloodedBody temperature is regulated by the Body temperature is regulated by the external environment

ALAT, 30, 2009 Introduction

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h l h dPhylum:  ChordataClass:  Amphibia (4300 species)Order(s):  Gymnophiona, Caudata & Anura

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Developmental research **pRegenerate body parts

Ease of breeding

**g

• Large embyrosFull development visible

Near extinction in the wild

ALAT, 2009 Introduction

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Tiger Salamander g(Ambystoma tigrinum)Ophthalmology Limb regeneration

Red Spotted Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) Leg and lens Leg and lens regenerationALAT,30, 2009 Introduction

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3800 Species3 pRanidae (True Frogs)Bufonidae (True Toads)Bufonidae (True Toads)Pipidae (Clawed Frogs)

Anatomy for jumpingAnatomy for jumpingNo tail (Order Anura)

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**Bullfrog (Rana f g (catesbeiana)Physiology and acousticsMotion sickness in space travel

Leopard frog (Rana pipiens)H   diHormone studies

ALAT, 30, 2009 Introduction

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XenopusXenopus tropicalistropicalis

XenopuspAfrican clawed frogEntirely AquaticEntirely AquaticOriginally used in pregnancy assaysp g y y

Urine → dorsal lymph sac → eggs

XenopusXenopus laevislaevispp

ALAT, 30, 2009 Introduction

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**Cell and molecular biologyCell and molecular biology

Foreign DNA or mRNA is expressed in oocytes 

ALAT, 30, 2009 Introduction

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Metamorphosis:  2 monthspSexual maturity:  8 monthsOptimum egg production:  2‐3 yearsp gg p 3 yBreeding females:  max. 1/month ideally 1/4months

•Mature oocytes are darkly pigmented in the animal hemisphere & light pigmented in vegetal hemisphere

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Nonsurgical:  manual expressiong pSurgical:  MS‐222

Paramedian incision in lower abdominal quadrantFrogs should be rested for 1 month between surgery

Maximum of 6 surgeries

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Developmental researchpDevelopmental toxicologyFETAX (Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay:  X )Xenopus)

Test material added to a solution containing Xenopus embryosp yEmbryos checked for developmental abnormalitiesM t litMortalityMalformationGrowth inhibition

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**Mucous Glands

Slimy protective layerGranular Glands

Head & shouldersCompounds & chemicals Poison dart frog

Defense compounds (neurotoxins, hallucinogenics)

( h b h f h )Magainins (inhibit growth of pathogens)Pheromones

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Skin sheddinggPermeable abdominal skin for absorption of waterwater

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Skin = primary respiratory surfacep y p yPlethodontids (lungless salamanders)

Larvae use gillsgLungs:

No diaphragm (single cavity)p g g y

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Lymphatic Heartsy pDorsal lymph sacs in frogs

SQ over hindendQInjected substances go directly to venous circulation

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L t l li   tLateral line systemLarval & aquatic

High vs. low frequency detection

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Mouthl k ll d l dXenopus lack a well developed tongue

Vocal sac in male frogsG  GI Tract

CarnivorousSh t GI t tShort GI tract

Vomiting as a defense mechanism

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****Like BirdsUrine, Feces and Reproductive substancespXenopus sexing

Female Male

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Salamanders & NewtsSalamanders & Newtsmostly cartilaginousLimb regenerationg

AnuransRibs absent/greatly reducedg yUrostyleTibiofibula

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F > MF > MColoration Anura:Anura:

Males: Tympanum > eyeFemales:  Tympanum = eyee a es: y pa u eyeMales large colorful vocal sacsMale nuptial padsp p

Amplexus grip

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****

Male Female

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****

Nuptial pads, bufonid Amplexus

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Simple → elaborateSimple  elaborateHula dancing, phermone trails & vocalizations

Salamanders:  Internal fertilizationFrogs:  External fertilization

Midwife toad (Alytes obsetricans)Darwin’s frogGastric brooder (Rheobatrachus)

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Heart

LiverLungs

Spleen

Small IntestineP

Fat Bodies

Pancreas

Fat Bodies

Large Intestine

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http://www.biokids.umich.edu/critters/2744/Caudata/specimens/

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Stomach Liver

Oviduct Small Intestine

Ovary w/ Eggs

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**

ALAT, 2009 Introduction

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**Neotenic:  Retain Larval Neotenic:  Retain Larval Characteristics throughout life

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Northern climates > Southern latitudesLarger & aquatic > smaller & terrestrialXenopus laevis has been documented to live  15 yearsAge determined by counting layers in bone

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Photo of Brady Barr w/ giant salamander (National Geographic Channel)

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**Moist, powder‐free gloves

Skin toxinsFine‐meshed nets, jarsNo tails!Eye protectionNever restrain larval forms or caudate w/ gills around the 

kneck

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**Salamanders & frogs:g

Pectoral girdle & pelvic girdle/legs

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Mycobacterium fortuitum, M. marinum, M. Mycobacterium fortuitum, M. marinum, M. xenopiSalmonellosisChlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia pneumoniaeRare allergies to skin secretionsRa e a e g es to s sec et o s

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**Unique markings (Photographs)

l d dToe‐clipping discouragedFreezingSki   l iSkin transplantationBeadsP i  i t t d t d  (PIT)Passive integrated transponders (PIT)

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Usually from the ventral tail vein (salamanders) y ( )or abdominal vein (frogs)

26‐27ga needle, midway between pelvis & sternum

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FecalImpression smears, skin scrapingAbdominocentesisRadiology

No restraint neededExtremity settingBarium sulfate

R bb   hRubber catheter10‐15ml/kg PO

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SubcutaneousSkin overlying shoulder/pelvis

IntramuscularF li b  l  i  fForelimb muscles in frogsBack muscles in salamanders

IntracoelomicIntracoelomicOff midline, lower abdomen

Oral GavageOral GavageBall‐tipped needles or soft catheters

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**2007 AVMA Guidelines on EuthanasiaAcceptable:

Overdose of inhalant anestheticCO  COCO2, CO

Barbiturate overdose (IC or DLS)MS‐222 overdose (3g/L)MS‐222 overdose (3g/L)Double Pithing

Pithing does not work well for Xenopus d/t g pthe difficulty in bending the head forward to expose the atlanto‐occipital space

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http://www.treknature.com/gallery/photo128926.htm

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**The health of the captive amphibian is p pdirectly proportional to the “health” of their environment

TerrestrialTerrestrialSemiaquaticAquaticAquatic

ALAT, 2009 Anatomy & Physiology

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Impermeable, easily sanitizedp , yHeight to allow for climbing & jumpingFitted  nonabrasive lidsFitted, nonabrasive lids

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Pharmacal Research

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Terrestrial Species:pMoist substrate

moistened sphagnum 

Eastern mud salamander

mossheat‐treated soil w/ leaves ( H) (pH) moistened filter paper/paper towelspaper/paper towels

MistingShallow dishesShallow dishes

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**Semiaquatic species:Semiaquatic species:

Sloping floor

Hiding placesBark

http://www.amphibiancare.com

BarkPVC pipesDarkly colored cagingDarkly colored caging

http://www.xenopus.com/husbandry.htm

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**Chlorine

Age 24‐48hrsAerationSodium thiosulfateActivated carbon filters

ChloraminesActivated charcoal filter (unused)( )Sodium thiosulfate

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CopperCopperOxygenAmmoniaAmmonia

Sodium thiosulfate + choramines = ammoniaZeoliteseo tes

Test kitspHp

6.8‐7.0

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**Static

Frequent cleaningFrequent cleaningLower humidity

RecirulatingRecirulatingFilters remove debris & nitrogenous waste

Flow‐throughFlow throughDeclorination built‐in

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**Pheromones!Terrestrial:  q2wksAquatic:  prevent water foulingq p g

i.e. Xenopus, cleaned after feeding (3x week)Avoid cleaning solutionsg

Dilute bleach (1:32 ratio w/ water)Rinse thoroughly

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**lTNZ tropical vs. temperate

Tropical species – 21‐29 ° C (70‐85°F)T t   8 °C (6 °F)Temperate – 18‐22°C (65‐72°F)Not too hot!

Hi h h idit  8 %High humidity: 80%Lighting

f ll  l th  tfull wavelength spectrumShelterBreeders & species differencesBreeders & species differences

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Generalists!Wide species varietyVariety depending of life stage

Sight feedersMoving food is preferred over stationary

TimingNocturnal

Ca/Phosphorus balance1:1 or 2:1

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**Adults:  Carnivores

Vertebrate & invertebratesCrickets & mealworms

Vitamin/mineral mix dusting or “gut load” insectsVitamin/mineral mix dusting or  gut load  insectsDaily‐twice weekly

Larval salamanders:  CarnivoresLarval salamanders:  CarnivoresTadpoles:  HerbivoresLarval amphibians are feed more frequently than p q yadults

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Amphibian DiseasesAmphibian Diseases

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Postural changesgDecreased avoidance responsesDecreased righting reflexg gChanges in skin colorAbdominal Distentionbdo a ste t o

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Physical Exam:Physical Exam:Observe animal & primary enclosureExamine skin, eyes, nares & oral cavityAbdominal palpation is difficultWeigh and assess BCS

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Aeromonas hydrophiliay pTransmission: water & can be normal GI floraStress & immunosuppression predispose to colonizationpredispose to colonization

Clinical Signs:Ulceration of skin (legs & abdomen)  Ulceration of skin (legs & abdomen), lethargy

LATG 15, 2007, Frogs

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Treatment: Culture & SensitivityyTetracycline (50mg/kg PO BID) Aminoglycosides (5mg/kg IM q48hr) Aminoglycosides (5mg/kg IM q48hr) Chloramphenicol (50mg/kg IM, IC q 24 hr)hr)Gentamicin (2.5‐3mg/kg IM q72hr)

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Pseudocapillaroides xenopip p

Transmission: eggs are ingested w/ l h d  ki  sloughed skin Clinical Signs: rough, thickened skin w/ pittingpittingopportunistic infections

LATG 15, 2007, Frogs

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Colonizes pre‐existing skin lesionsCottony Cottony 

http://clawedfrogs.tripod.com/id31.html

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Intestinal impactionpIngestion of gravel/sandClinical Signs:Clinical Signs:

Lack of fecal outputBloatinggLethargy +/‐ writhingg

May require surgical intervention

http://clawedfrogs.tripod.com/id31.html

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DehydrationDehydrationClinical Signs: dull, dark skin w/ dry sticky mucusTreatment:eat e t:

immersion if mild  dexamethasone & fluids if in shock

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Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisP i     f  id d   l b l Primary cause of widespread, global amphibian decline

http://clawedfrogs.tripod.com/id31.html

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Environmental SensitivityyDouble jeopardy

Research TractabilityResearch TractabilityLab, outdoors and mesocosms

I di  E ti tiImpending ExtinctionOver the past 30 years, Amphibian deaths 

 “ h       i i   f represent “the greatest mass extinction of land vertebrates since the dinosaurs”

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Small wetland vs. larger wetlandsgSmall are critical breeding habitatsLarge are valued by the general public

E i l  iEnvironmental contaminantsFreshwater is a scarce resource

Disease and Global ChangeDisease and Global ChangeDisease outbreaks at high‐altitudesDue to atmospheric pollutants?p p

ILAR 48(3), pp. 270‐277.

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Upon receipt of amphibians transfer to clean p p pcage with shipping H20House separately  do lastHouse separately, do last2‐4 week minimumT t f   it  f l & b t i l Test for: parasites, fungal & bacterial infections  

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Which of the following statements is gFALSE?

A All amphibians have a cloacaA. All amphibians have a cloacaB. All adult amphibians are carnivorous.C All  hibi  h     li  l  C. All amphibians have a slime layer. D. All amphibians require some moisture in 

htheir environment.

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Which drug is appropriate for euthanasia of g pp pamphibians?

A. LidocaineB. Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS‐222)C. GentimicinD. Isoflurane

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What is the scientific name of the African clawed frog?

A Xenopus laevisA. Xenopus laevisB. Rana catesbeianaC X t i liC. Xenopus tropicalisD. Ambystoma tigrinum

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What are two noninvasive methods for identification of amphibians?

A Photographs  toe clipping A. Photographs, toe clipping B. Toe clipping, cage cardsC T tt i     d  C. Tattooing, cage cards D. Cage cards, photographs 

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Regarding their diet, larval amphibians g g , pare:

A HerbivorousA. HerbivorousB. FrugivorousC O iC. OmnivorousD. Carnivorous 

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With a flow‐through water caging g g gsystem, what must be removed from the incoming water?g

A. Nitrogen B Chlorine B. Chlorine C. Sodium D. Oxygen 

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In general, what is thought to be good g , g genvironmental enrichment for amphibians?p

A. Hiding places B Resting boards B. Resting boards C. Balls  

hD. Chew Toys 

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What is the process of transforming p gfrom an aquatic animal with gills into a terrestrial animal with lungs called?g

A. TerreformingB Gill depletionB. Gill depletionC. Pneumotransition

hD. Metamorphosis 

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What is neoteny?yA. The process of a tadpole losing its gills 

developing lungs  and moving to the land developing lungs, and moving to the land B. A deformed (mutant) salamander C Wh     l d   h   t it  C. When a salamander reaches maturity 

without undergoing metamorphosis b l dD. A newborn salamander 

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