LAUNCHING THE NEW NATIONLAUNCHING THE NEW NATION

George Washington becomes the first George Washington becomes the first president. President Thomas Jefferson doubles president. President Thomas Jefferson doubles U.S. territory with the Louisiana Purchase. The U.S. territory with the Louisiana Purchase. The U.S. fights the British in the War of 1812.U.S. fights the British in the War of 1812.

Forming the new GovernmentForming the new Government Secretary of State – handled Secretary of State – handled

relations with other countries relations with other countries (Thomas Jefferson)(Thomas Jefferson)

Secretary of War – Military Secretary of War – Military (Henry Knox)(Henry Knox)

Secretary of Treasury – raised Secretary of Treasury – raised money and handled government money and handled government finances (finances (Alexander Hamilton)Alexander Hamilton)

Washington added attorney Washington added attorney general these general these – Attorney General – advised the Attorney General – advised the

government on legal matters government on legal matters (Edmund Randolph) (Edmund Randolph)

Department heads became Department heads became President’s President’s CabinetCabinet

Hamilton and Hamilton and Jefferson in ConflictJefferson in Conflict

ALEXANDER HAMILTONALEXANDER HAMILTON Hamilton- strong central Hamilton- strong central

government led by government led by wealthy, educatedwealthy, educated

Hamilton had Northern Hamilton had Northern support; support;

Support new taxes and Support new taxes and tariffs..tariffs..

Support strong army and Support strong army and navynavy

THOMAS JEFFERSONTHOMAS JEFFERSON Jefferson - strong state, Jefferson - strong state,

local government; local government; people’s participation people’s participation

Jefferson had Southern, Jefferson had Southern, WesternWestern

Oppose new taxes and Oppose new taxes and tariffstariffs

Opposed strong central Opposed strong central governmentgovernment

Hamilton’s financial planHamilton’s financial plan Influenced by Influenced by Adam SmithAdam Smith Capital – money for investment Capital – money for investment Capitalism – Economic system that calls for privately owned businesses Capitalism – Economic system that calls for privately owned businesses

allowing allowing competition and free market to determine production and pricecompetition and free market to determine production and price Plan had 3 main proposalsPlan had 3 main proposals National Government would pay both all of the country’s debtsNational Government would pay both all of the country’s debts

- Creditors wouldn’t want the government to collapse- Creditors wouldn’t want the government to collapse TariffsTariffs would be used to raise government revenue would be used to raise government revenue

- Encourage people to buy American goods- Encourage people to buy American goods Creation of a Creation of a Bank of the United StatesBank of the United States

- Funded by government, private investors- Funded by government, private investors

- Issue paper money, handle taxes- Issue paper money, handle taxes

- Would provide the national government with a safe place to keep and borrow - Would provide the national government with a safe place to keep and borrow money money

Disagreement over Congressional authority to establish bankDisagreement over Congressional authority to establish bank Debate began over strict and loose interpretation of ConstitutionDebate began over strict and loose interpretation of Constitution

OPPOSITION>>>>>OPPOSITION>>>>>

Southern states opposed the national Southern states opposed the national government paying off all the debtsgovernment paying off all the debts- They had already paid off their debts- They had already paid off their debts

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison Thomas Jefferson and James Madison opposed the National Bank opposed the National Bank - Believed in land wealth- Believed in land wealth

Constitutional InterpretationConstitutional Interpretation

Strict construction –Strict construction –government has only the government has only the

power that the power that the constitution clearly says it constitution clearly says it hashas

Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton (Federalist)(Federalist)- Believed in money - Believed in money wealth wealth

Loose construction Loose construction government can do government can do

anything the constitution anything the constitution doesn’t specifically says it doesn’t specifically says it cannot do.cannot do.

Political Parties Political Parties Differences between Hamilton and Jefferson led to Differences between Hamilton and Jefferson led to

the creation of partiesthe creation of parties

Democrat-Republican partyDemocrat-Republican party

Formed by Thomas Formed by Thomas Jefferson., James Jefferson., James Madison, James MonroeMadison, James Monroe2. Wanted the states to 2. Wanted the states to have more powerhave more power3. 3. Strict constructionStrict construction

John Adams, Alexander John Adams, Alexander Hamilton Hamilton 2. Wanted a strong 2. Wanted a strong national; governmentnational; government3. 3. Loose constructionLoose construction

Two-party systemTwo-party system major major parties compete for parties compete for powerpower

The FederalistThe Federalist

Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion

1794 – government put tax on whiskey 1794 – government put tax on whiskey Excise taxExcise tax charged on product’s manufacture, sale, or charged on product’s manufacture, sale, or

distributiondistribution Most farmers made their grain into whiskey (easier to Most farmers made their grain into whiskey (easier to

transport to market transport to market - Used it like money to buy other goods - Used it like money to buy other goods

Farmers felt the tax was unfair Farmers felt the tax was unfair 1794 - Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay excise tax on 1794 - Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay excise tax on

whiskeywhiskey- Beat up federal marshals, threaten secession- Beat up federal marshals, threaten secession

Government sent troops and put down the rebellionGovernment sent troops and put down the rebellion Showed that the national government had the power and Showed that the national government had the power and

will to enforce its lawswill to enforce its laws

Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion

French Revolution causes an French Revolution causes an uproar in the U.S.uproar in the U.S.

Reactions to the French RevolutionReactions to the French Revolution- 1793 – Revolution turned bloody (based on ideas of - 1793 – Revolution turned bloody (based on ideas of American Revolution )American Revolution )- European monarchs joined together to stop revolution - European monarchs joined together to stop revolution Divided Americans Divided Americans

Federalists pro-BritishFederalists pro-British- - Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton - Believed that America needed to - Believed that America needed to stay on good terms with Great Britain stay on good terms with Great Britain

Democratic-Republicans pro-FrenchDemocratic-Republicans pro-French- - Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson – Believed the move to crush the – Believed the move to crush the revolution was an attack on liberty everywhererevolution was an attack on liberty everywhere

1793 – Washington declared 1793 – Washington declared neutralityneutrality,, would not would not support either sidesupport either side

Politics…… Who do we side Politics…… Who do we side with…with…

Reactions to the French RevolutionReactions to the French Revolution- 1793 – Revolution turned bloody - 1793 – Revolution turned bloody - European monarchs joined together to stop revolution - European monarchs joined together to stop revolution Divided Americans Divided Americans

Federalists pro-BritishFederalists pro-British- - Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton - Believed that America needed to - Believed that America needed to stay on good terms with Great Britain stay on good terms with Great Britain

Democratic-Republicans pro-FrenchDemocratic-Republicans pro-French- - Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson – Believed the move to crush the – Believed the move to crush the revolution was an attack on liberty everywhererevolution was an attack on liberty everywhere

Jay’s treaty – a mistake, called this and angered manyJay’s treaty – a mistake, called this and angered many

Washington Retires…Washington Retires…

Retired after 2nd term Retired after 2nd term (set precedent)(set precedent)

Farewell addressFarewell address– Warned the country not to Warned the country not to

form political parties form political parties – Advised the county to stay Advised the county to stay

neutral in foreign affairsneutral in foreign affairs

- Warned about sectionalism..- Warned about sectionalism..

WASHINGTON’s SPEECHWASHINGTON’s SPEECH

Washington’s written Washington’s written farewellfarewell

Washington on Washington on Political parties.Political parties.

Election of 1796Election of 1796

First Party-Based First Party-Based ElectionsElections

John Adams became the John Adams became the 2nd president (Federalist)2nd president (Federalist)

Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson became V.P. (Democratic became V.P. (Democratic Republican)Republican)

- Finished 2nd - Finished 2nd Result of Result of sectionalismsectionalism, ,

placing regional interests placing regional interests above nationabove nation

XYZ AFFAIRXYZ AFFAIR A diplomatic incident that almost led to war between the United States and France. The scandal A diplomatic incident that almost led to war between the United States and France. The scandal

inflamed U.S. public opinion and led to the passage of the inflamed U.S. public opinion and led to the passage of the ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS ACTS The affair took place during one of the Napoleonic wars between France and Great Britain. The The affair took place during one of the Napoleonic wars between France and Great Britain. The

French regarded the United States as a hostile nation, particularly after the signing of Jay's Treaty in French regarded the United States as a hostile nation, particularly after the signing of Jay's Treaty in 1794. This treaty settled some of the problems that continued to cause friction between the United 1794. This treaty settled some of the problems that continued to cause friction between the United States and Great Britain after the peace treaty of 1783 that granted the colonies independence. States and Great Britain after the peace treaty of 1783 that granted the colonies independence. Consequently, President Consequently, President JOHN ADAMSJOHN ADAMS appointed Charles Pinckney minister to France in 1796 in an appointed Charles Pinckney minister to France in 1796 in an attempt to ease French-U.S. relations.attempt to ease French-U.S. relations.

After, the French foreign minister, refused to recognize Pinckney, Adams appointed a commission to After, the French foreign minister, refused to recognize Pinckney, Adams appointed a commission to France, consisting of Pinckney, France, consisting of Pinckney, JOHN MARSHALLJOHN MARSHALL, and Elbridge Gerry. Before official negotiations , and Elbridge Gerry. Before official negotiations on a treaty to establish peaceful relations and normalize trade could occur, they sent three French on a treaty to establish peaceful relations and normalize trade could occur, they sent three French agents to meet with the commission members. The agents suggested that would agree to the treaty if agents to meet with the commission members. The agents suggested that would agree to the treaty if he received from the United States a $250,000 bribe and France received a $10 million loan. The he received from the United States a $250,000 bribe and France received a $10 million loan. The commission refused, with Pinckney quoted as saying, "No! No! Not a sixpence!"commission refused, with Pinckney quoted as saying, "No! No! Not a sixpence!"

Outraged, the commission sent a report to Adams, who inserted the letters X, Y, and Z in place of the Outraged, the commission sent a report to Adams, who inserted the letters X, Y, and Z in place of the agents' names and forwarded the report to Congress. Congress and the public were angered at the agents' names and forwarded the report to Congress. Congress and the public were angered at the attempted blackmail. An undeclared naval war took place between the two nations between 1798 and attempted blackmail. An undeclared naval war took place between the two nations between 1798 and 1800. Anticipating a declared war with France, Congress enacted the Alien and Sedition Acts. These 1800. Anticipating a declared war with France, Congress enacted the Alien and Sedition Acts. These internal security laws were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were thought to be supportive internal security laws were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were thought to be supportive of France. The acts lengthened the period of naturalization for of France. The acts lengthened the period of naturalization for ALIENS, authorized the president to , authorized the president to expel any alien considered dangerous, permitted the detention of subjects of an enemy nation, and expel any alien considered dangerous, permitted the detention of subjects of an enemy nation, and limited limited FREEDOM OF THE PRESS..

Alien & Sedition ActsAlien & Sedition Acts

Alien & Sedition acts..Alien & Sedition acts.. Many Federalists feared French plot to overthrow U.S. governmentMany Federalists feared French plot to overthrow U.S. government Federalists suspicious of immigrants Federalists suspicious of immigrants

- Many were active Democratic-Republicans - Many were active Democratic-Republicans - Some were critical of Adams- Some were critical of Adams

Federalists push Federalists push Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts of 1798 through Congress of 1798 through Congress Alien Acts raise residence requirements for citizenshipAlien Acts raise residence requirements for citizenship

- New citizens had to be in the U.S. 14 years before they could become - New citizens had to be in the U.S. 14 years before they could become citizen (Changed from 5 years)citizen (Changed from 5 years)- Permit deportation, jail- Permit deportation, jail

Also outlawed criticism of the governmentAlso outlawed criticism of the government- Sedition Act set fines& jail terms for hindering or lying about government- Sedition Act set fines& jail terms for hindering or lying about government- Some Democratic-Republican editors, publishers, politicians were jailed- Some Democratic-Republican editors, publishers, politicians were jailed

Federalist were trying to maintain power Federalist were trying to maintain power - Most new immigrants were Republicans- Most new immigrants were Republicans

Virginia & Kentucky Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions…Resolutions…

Democratic Republicans challenged the Alien and Sedition Democratic Republicans challenged the Alien and Sedition Acts with Acts with State’s Rights Theory State’s Rights Theory - Said states had the right to judge whether or not a law - Said states had the right to judge whether or not a law passed Congress was unconstitutionalpassed Congress was unconstitutional

Jefferson, Madison saw Jefferson, Madison saw Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts as as misuse of powermisuse of power

Organized opposition in Virginia, Kentucky legislaturesOrganized opposition in Virginia, Kentucky legislatures Kentucky and Virginia ResolutionsKentucky and Virginia Resolutions called called Sedition actsSedition acts

a violation of First Amendment rightsa violation of First Amendment rights NullificationNullification—states have right to void laws deemed —states have right to void laws deemed

unconstitutionalunconstitutional Congress let the Alien and Sedition Acts expire Congress let the Alien and Sedition Acts expire

Election of 1800……Election of 1800……

11stst bitter campaign wild charges hurled bitter campaign wild charges hurled- Adams was too rich who wanted - Adams was too rich who wanted

monarchymonarchy- Jefferson was dangerous supporter of - Jefferson was dangerous supporter of

French Revolution French Revolution Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson beat beat John AdamsJohn Adams to to become the 3rd Presidentbecome the 3rd PresidentThomas Jefferson and Thomas Jefferson and Aaron BurrAaron Burr tied tiedHouse of Reps had to decideHouse of Reps had to decide

- - Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton convinced the convinced the House to elect Jefferson PresidentHouse to elect Jefferson President

- 1804 Burr challenged Hamilton to a - 1804 Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel and killed himduel and killed himElection of 1800 revealed flaw in electoral Election of 1800 revealed flaw in electoral process process

- 1804 - - 1804 - 12th Amendment12th Amendment called for called for separate ballots for the President and Vice separate ballots for the President and Vice President President

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson Simplified the PresidencySimplified the Presidency

- Did not like ceremony and show - Did not like ceremony and show JeffersonJefferson replaced some Federalists with replaced some Federalists with

Democratic-RepublicansDemocratic-Republicans Believed in small governmentBelieved in small government

- Cut government spending by reducing size of - Cut government spending by reducing size of military military

Undid several of the Federalist programs Undid several of the Federalist programs -Eliminated internal taxes-Eliminated internal taxes (Whiskey)(Whiskey)- Reduced influence of Bank of the U.S.- Reduced influence of Bank of the U.S.

Favored free trade over government-controlled Favored free trade over government-controlled trade (tariffs)trade (tariffs)

Jefferson first to take office in new Washington, Jefferson first to take office in new Washington, D.C.D.C.

South dominated politics South dominated politics - Northern & Federalist influence declined- Northern & Federalist influence declined

Louisiana Purchase..Louisiana Purchase..

U.S. became worried U.S. became worried about the Mississippi about the Mississippi RiverRiver

1800 – Napoleon 1800 – Napoleon forced Spain to return forced Spain to return its North America its North America territory of Louisiana to territory of Louisiana to France in a secret France in a secret treaty treaty

U.S. became worried U.S. became worried about the Mississippi about the Mississippi RiverRiver

JeffersonJefferson offered to buy offered to buy New Orleans from France New Orleans from France (Avoid war) (Avoid war)

NapoleonNapoleon offered to sell all offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million of Louisiana for $15 million (Jefferson agreed)(Jefferson agreed)- Jefferson wasn’t sure it - Jefferson wasn’t sure it was constitutional was constitutional

Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of U.S.doubled the size of U.S.- Gave U.S. land between - Gave U.S. land between Mississippi and Rocky Mississippi and Rocky MountainsMountains

Jefferson’sJefferson’s most important most important act as President act as President

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

Lewis & Clark ExpeditionLewis & Clark Expedition Meriwether LewisMeriwether Lewis and and

William ClarkWilliam Clark led Corps of led Corps of Discovery Discovery - expedition to explore the - expedition to explore the Missouri River and its Missouri River and its tributaries (Northern half of tributaries (Northern half of Louisiana Territory)Louisiana Territory)

1803 - Left St. Louis 1803 - Left St. Louis 1st American scientific 1st American scientific

expeditionexpedition- Explorers described the land, - Explorers described the land, plants, and animalsplants, and animals

Wanted to find an all water Wanted to find an all water across the continent across the continent

SacajaweaSacajawea – served as an – served as an interpreter interpreter

1805 – Reached the mouth of 1805 – Reached the mouth of the Colombia River the Colombia River

WAR OF 1812WAR OF 1812

1804 - Hard feelings 1804 - Hard feelings began when England and began when England and France started capturing France started capturing American ships American ships - They were at war.- They were at war.

Britain practiced Britain practiced impressmentimpressment – Drafting – Drafting by force (American sailors by force (American sailors into navy)into navy)

1804 – Jefferson re-1804 – Jefferson re-electedelected- Couldn’t ignore the - Couldn’t ignore the attacks attacks

The beginning of the War of 1812The beginning of the War of 1812

ChesapeakeChesapeake incident incident further angers Americansfurther angers Americans- - Britain opened fire on the Britain opened fire on the American frigate after it American frigate after it refused to allow the British refused to allow the British commander to search it for commander to search it for deserters deserters

1807 – Jefferson banned 1807 – Jefferson banned trade with foreign nations trade with foreign nations until they respected until they respected American Ships American Ships (Embargo)(Embargo)- Disaster for the U.S.A.- Disaster for the U.S.A.

1808 – 1808 – James James MadisonMadison (Republican) (Republican) elected presidentelected president

- Changed law where - Changed law where America could trade America could trade with everybody except with everybody except France and England France and England

War of 1812 – begins…..War of 1812 – begins….. 1812 – War begins – 1812 – War begins –

England was still fighting England was still fighting France (blockaded France (blockaded American ports) American ports)

Madison chose war Madison chose war because he thought Britain because he thought Britain was crippling U.S. trade & was crippling U.S. trade & economyeconomy

U.S. army unpreparedU.S. army unprepared British won early victories in British won early victories in

Detroit, Montreal Detroit, Montreal Oliver Hazard Perry Oliver Hazard Perry

defeated British on Lake defeated British on Lake Erie; U.S. Erie; U.S.

Native Americans fight on Native Americans fight on both sides; Tecumseh killed both sides; Tecumseh killed in battlein battle

The War at SeaThe War at Sea– U.S. navy only had 16 ships; U.S. navy only had 16 ships;

3 frigates 3 frigates – sailed alone & scored sailed alone & scored

victoriesvictories British blockaded U.S. ports British blockaded U.S. ports

along east coastalong east coast 1814 – England’s war with 1814 – England’s war with

France ends France ends - Turns its full attention to the - Turns its full attention to the U.S.U.S.

1814- British raided and burn 1814- British raided and burn towns along Atlantic coasttowns along Atlantic coast

British burned Washington D.C. British burned Washington D.C. in retaliation for York, Canadain retaliation for York, Canada

Attacked Fort McHenry – Attacked Fort McHenry – Francis Scott KeyFrancis Scott Key wrote wrote “The “The Star Spangled Banner”Star Spangled Banner”

TREATY OF GHENTTREATY OF GHENT Treaty of GhentTreaty of Ghent, ,

peace agreement peace agreement signed Christmas 1814signed Christmas 1814- Declares - Declares armisticearmistice or end to fighting; does or end to fighting; does not resolve all issuesnot resolve all issues- Ended the War of - Ended the War of 18121812- No territory changed - No territory changed hands (called it a tie)hands (called it a tie)

1815- Commercial treaty reopened trade between Britain and U.S.1817 - Rush-Bagot agreement limited war ships on Great Lakes1818 - Northern boundary of Louisiana Territory set at 49th parallelBoth countries agreed to jointly occupy Oregon Territory for 10 years

Battle of New OrleansBattle of New Orleans

General General Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson fought Native Americans, fought Native Americans, gains national famegains national fame

Jackson defeated Native Americans at Battle of Jackson defeated Native Americans at Battle of Horseshoe BendHorseshoe Bend- Destroyed military power of Native Americans in - Destroyed military power of Native Americans in SouthSouth

1815- Defeated superior British force at Battle of 1815- Defeated superior British force at Battle of New OrleansNew Orleans- Battle took place two weeks after the war ended- Battle took place two weeks after the war ended- - Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson becomes a hero by defeating the becomes a hero by defeating the BritishBritish

Effects of the War of 1812Effects of the War of 1812

War helped American and English relationsWar helped American and English relations Americans gained self respect at the Battle Americans gained self respect at the Battle

of New Orleansof New Orleans England got revenge for the Revolutionary England got revenge for the Revolutionary

WarWar

Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

It was a policy that was created James It was a policy that was created James Monroe . The policy was to keep Monroe . The policy was to keep Europeans and Asians from colonizing in Europeans and Asians from colonizing in America.America.

Served as the background for many Served as the background for many future laws and political statements..future laws and political statements..

Adams/Onis TreatyAdams/Onis Treaty

It confirmed the acquisition of Florida by the It confirmed the acquisition of Florida by the US (for $5 million) and fixed a boundary line US (for $5 million) and fixed a boundary line between the US and the Spanish between the US and the Spanish Viceroyalty of New Spain, which would Viceroyalty of New Spain, which would shortly become Mexico.shortly become Mexico.

This along with the Monroe Doctrine – would This along with the Monroe Doctrine – would settle many disputes in the futuresettle many disputes in the future