Latvija 1939 – 1991: no okupâcijas lîdz...

Latvijas Okupâcijas muzejs 1940– 1991

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Latvija 1939 – 1991:no okupâcijas lîdz brîvîbai

Latvia 1939 1991:from occupation to freedom

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Ëàòâèÿ 1939 1991:îò îêêóïàöèè äî ñâîáîäû

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Latvija un kaimiòvalstis 20. gadsimtâ


Austrumeiropas tautâm 20. gadsimts atnesa ne tikai ilgi lolotu brîvîbu un neatkarîbu, bet arî nepieredzçtu postu un apspieðanu. Kad cariskâs Krievijas, íeizariskâs Vâcijas un Austroungârijasimpçrijas pçc Pirmâ pasaules kara sabruka, Latvija, Igaunija, Lietuva, Somija, Polija, Èehoslovâkija un Ungârija kïuva neatkarîgasvalstis. Divdesmit gadus vçlâk komunistiskâs Padomju Savienîbas un nacionâlsociâlistiskâs Vâcijas savstarpçjie lîgumi noveda pie Otrâ pasaules kara, Austrumeiropas tautu apspieðanas un Baltijasvalstu okupâcijas. Izstâde îsumâ ataino Latvijas vçsturi ðajâ laikâ, sâkot ar neatkarîbas izcînîðanu un beidzot ar tâs atgûðanu pçc piecdesmit totalitâro okupâcijas varu pakïautîbâ pavadîtiem gadiem.

Latvia and Its Neighbouring States in the Twentieth CenturyThe twentieth century brought for the people of Eastern Europe not only cherished freedom and independence but also unprecedented ruin and oppression. When the empires of Russia, Germany, and Austro-Hungary collapsed in the wake of World War I, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary became independent states. Twenty years later, the mutual treaties of National Socialist Germany and Communist Soviet Union led to World War II, the subjugation of East European nations and the occupation of the Baltic states. The exhibit shows the history of Latvia during this time. It begins with the fight for independence and ends with independence regained after fifty years spent under the rule of totalitarian occupation powers.

Ëàòâèÿ è ñîñåäíèå ãîñóäàðñòâà â ÕÕ âåêåÕÕ âåê íàðîäàì Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû ïðèíåñ íå òîëüêîäîëãîæäàííóþ ñâîáîäó è íåçàâèñèìîñòü, íî è íåâèäàííîå óãíåòåíèå è ðàçðóõó. Ïîñëå êðóøåíèÿ öàðñêîé Ðîññèè,èìïåðèàëèñòè÷åñêîé Ãåðìàíèè è Àâñòðî-Âåíãåðñêîé èìïåðèè è îêîí÷àíèÿ Ïåðâîé ìèðîâîé âîéíû, Ëàòâèÿ, Ýñòîíèÿ, Ëèòâà,Ôèíëÿíäèÿ, Ïîëüøà, ×åõîñëîâàêèÿ è Âåíãðèÿ ñòàëèíåçàâèñèìûìè ãîñóäàðñòâàìè. Äâàäöàòü ëåò ñïóñòÿ âçàèìíûåñîãëàøåíèÿ êîììóíèñòè÷åñêîãî Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà è íàöèîíàë-ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîé Ãåðìàíèè ïðèâåëè êî Âòîðîé ìèðîâîé âîéíå,ê î ê ê ó ï à ö è è ã î ñ ó ä à ð ñ ò â Á à ë ò è è è ó ã í å ò å í è þâîñòî÷íîåâðîïåéñêèõ íàðîäîâ.Âûñòàâêà âêðàòöå îòîáðàæàåò èñòîðèþ Ëàòâèè ýòîãî ïåðèîäàâðåìåíè, íà÷èíàÿ ñ çàâîåâàíèÿ íåçàâèñèìîñòè â 1918 ãîäó è çàêàí÷èâàÿ åå âîññòàíîâëåíèåì ÷åðåç ïÿòüäåñÿò ëåò,ïðîâåäåííûõ ïîä ãíåòîì òîòàëèòàðíûõ îêêóïàöèîííûõâëàñòåé.

Rîga.RîgaÐèãà

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Latvijas neatkarîba


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1918. gada 18. novembrî deklarçto Latvijas neatkarîbu apdraudçja boïðeviku armija un íeizariskâs Vâcijas armijas daïas. Pçc 1919. gada 11. novembra izðíiroðâs uzvaras Rîgâ pâr ìenerâïa Golca un avantûrista Pâvela Bermonta - Avâlova vadîtajiem vâcu un krievu spçkiem visa Latvijas teritorija 1920. gada februârî bija atbrîvota no sveðâm varâm. 1920. gada 11. augusta Miera lîgumâ Padomju Krievija atzina Latvijasneatkarîbu “uz mûþîgiem laikiem”. 1921. gada 26. janvârî sabiedroto Augstâkâ padome atzina Latviju de iure, un tâ paða gada 22. septembrî Latviju uzòçma Tautu Savienîbâ. Sekoja gandrîz divdesmit neatkarîbasgadu.

The Independence of LatviaLatvia declared its independence on 18 November 1918. It was immediately threatened by Bolshevik troops and the remnants of the imperial German army. On 11 November 1919 the Latvian army defeated German and Russian forces under General von der Goltz and Paul Bermondt - Avalov, and by February 1920, when the last Bolshevik troopswere beaten back, Latvian territory was completely free from foreign troops. In the 11 August 1920 Peace Treaty, Soviet Russia recognised the independence of Latvia “for all time”. On 26 January 1921, the WesternAllies recognised Latvia de iure, and on 22 September 1921 Latviabecame a member of the League of Nations. Twenty years of independence followed.

Íåçàâèñèìîñòü ËàòâèèÍåçàâèñèìîñòè Ëàòâèè, ïðîâîçãëàøåííîé 18 íîÿáðÿ 1918 ãîäà,óãðîæàëà êàê áîëüøåâèñòñêàÿ àðìèÿ, òàê è îñòàòêè àðìèè èìïåðèàëèñòè÷åñêîé Ãåðìàíèè. Ïîñëå ðåøàþùåé ïîáåäûËàòâèéñêîé àðìèè 11 íîÿáðÿ 1919 ãîäà íàä ãåðìàíñêèìè èáåëîãâàðäåéñêèìè ñèëàìè, ðóêîâîäèìûìè ãåíåðàëàìè ôîí äåð Ãîëüöåì è Áåðìîíòîì, â ôåâðàëå 1920 ãîäà âñÿ òåððèòîðèÿ Ëàòâèèáûëà îñâîáîæäåíà îò ÷óæîé âëàñòè. Â ìèðíîì äîãîâîðå îò 11 àâãóñòà1920 ãîäà Ñîâåòñêàÿ Ðîññèÿ ïðèçíàëà «íàâåêè è íàâñåãäà»íåçàâèñèìîñòü Ëàòâèè. 26 ÿíâàðÿ 1921 ãîäà Âåðõîâíûé ñîâåòñîþçíèêîâ ïðèçíàë ãîñóäàðñòâî Ëàòâèþ de iure, è 22 ñåíòÿáðÿ òîãî æå ãîäà Ëàòâèÿ áûëà ïðèíÿòà â Ëèãó Íàöèé. Ïîñëåäîâàëè ïî÷òèäâàäöàòü ëåò íåçàâèñèìîñòè.

Latvijas neatkarîbas pasludinâðana1918. gada 18. novembrî.

Proclamation of Latvia's independence,18 November 1918.

Ïðîâîçãëàøåíèåíåçàâèñèìîñòè Ëàòâèè18 íîÿáðÿ 1918 ãîäà.

1920. gada Latvijas un Padomju Krievijas miera lîgums.

The 1920 Peace Treaty between Latvia and Soviet Russia

Ìèðíûé äîãîâîð 1920 ãîäà ìåæäóËàòâèåé è Ðîññèåé.

Latvieðu karavîri ierakumos Rîgas pievârtç 1919. gada novembrî.

Latvian soldiers in trenches on the outskirts of Rîga, November.

1919.Ëàòûøñêèå âîèíû â îêîïàõïîä Ðèãîé íîÿáðÿ 1919 ãîäà.

Baltijas valstu konference Bulduros 1920. gada 6. Augustâ.

The Baltic State Conference in Bulduri,6 August 1920.

Êîíôåðåíöèÿ Áàëòèéñêèõ ãîñóäàðñòâ 6 àâãóñòà 1920 ãîäà â Áóëäóðè.

Zviedrijas karalis Gustavs V viesojas Rîgâ 1929. gadâ.

King of Sweden Gustavus V visits Rîga in 1929.

Êîðîëü Øâåöèè Ãóñòàâ V ãîñòèòâ Ðèãå â 1929 ãîäó.

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Nacistiskâ Vâcija unPadomju Savienîbasadala Austrumeiropu


Latvijas, Igaunijas un Lietuvas likteni no 1939. lîdz 1991. gadam apzîmogoja nacistiskâs Vâcijas un komunistiskâs Padomju Savienîbas 1939. gada 23. augusta lîgums, pazîstams kâ Molotova-Ribentropa pakts. Tas noveda pie Otrâ pasaules kara un trîs Baltijas valstu Latvijas, Igaunijas un Lietuvas okupâcijas 1940. gadâ. Lîgumam pievienotajâ slepenajâ “papildu protokolâ” abas lielvalstis vienojâs sadalît Poliju un iekïaut Latviju, Igauniju un Somiju, kâ arî daïu Rumânijas, PSRS “ietekmes sfçrâ”. Lietuvu iekïâva mçnesi vçlâk. Citâ papildu protokolâ Padomju Savienîba piekrita Vâcijas valdîbas organizçtai vâcbaltieðu pârcelðanai uz Vâciju. No Latvijas izceïoja ap 60 000 vâcbaltieðu.

Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union Divide Eastern EuropeFrom 1939 to 1991 the fate of Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania, was sealed by the23

August 1939 treaty between Nazi Germany and Communist Soviet Union, known

as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. It led to World War II and the occupation of the

three Baltic States Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania in 1940. In a secret “amended

protocol”, both signatories agreed to divide Poland and include Latvia, Estonia,

Finland and a part of Rumania, in the Soviet “sphere of influence”. Lithuania was

included a month later. In another amendment the Soviet Union agreed to a

transfer of ethnic Germans from the Baltic to Germany. Altogether some 60,000

ethnic Germans left Latvia.

Íàöèñòñêàÿ Ãåðìàíèÿ è Ñîâåòñêèé Ñîþçîñóùåñòâèëè ïåðåäåë Âîñòî÷íîé ÅâðîïûÑóäüáó Ëàòâèè è ñóäüáû îñòàëüíûõ äâóõ äðóãèõ Áàëòèéñêèõ ãîñóäàðñòâÝñòîíèè è Ëèòâû íà ñëåäóþùèå 50 ëåò îïðåäåëèë äîãîâîð íàöèñòñêîéÃåðìàíèè è êîììóíèñòè÷åñêîãî Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà îò 23 àâãóñòà 1939 ãîäà,èçâåñòíûé êàê ïàêò Ìîëîòîâà-Ðèááåíòðîïà. Ýòîò ïàêò ïðèâåë êî Âòîðîéìèðîâîé âîéíå è îêêóïàöèè òðåõ Áàëòèéñêèõ ãîñóäàðñòâ: Ëàòâèè, Ëèòâû è Ýñòîíèè â 1940 ãîäó. Â ïðèëîæåííîì ê äîãîâîðó ñåêðåòíîì «äîïîëíèòåëüíîìïðîòîêîëå» îáå äåðæàâû äîãîâîðèëèñü ïîäåëèòü Ïîëüøó, à òàêæå âêëþ÷èòüËàòâèþ, Ýñòîíèþ, Ôèíëÿíäèþ è ÷àñòü Ðóìûíèè â «ñôåðó âëèÿíèÿ» ÑÑÑÐ.Ëèòâà â ýòó «ñôåðó» áûëà âêëþ÷åíà ÷åðåç ìåñÿö. Äðóãîé äîïîëíèòåëüíûéïðîòîêîë ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î òîì, ÷òî Ñîâåòñêèé Ñîþç ñîãëàñèëñÿ ñ ïðàâèòåëüñòâîì Ãåðìàíèè î ïåðåñåëåíèè ïðèáàëòèéñêèõ íåìöåâ â

Staïins un Ribentrops VâcijasPadomju Savienîbas sarunâs

Maskavâ 1939. gadâ.

Stalin and Ribbentrop during German-Soviet talks in Moscow,

1939.

Ñòàëèí è Ðèááåíòðîï íà ïåðåãîâîðàõ Ãåðìàíèè è Ðîññèè

â Ìîñêâå â 1939 ãîäó.

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1939. gada 23. augusta slepenais protokols (vâciski).

The secret protocol of 23 August1939 (in German).

Ñåêðåòíûé ïðîòîêîë îò23 àâãóñòà 1939 ãîäà (íà íåìåöêîì ÿçûêå).

Slepenâ protokola teksts parvâcbaltieðu izceïoðanu.

Text of the secret protocol on the repatriation of Baltic Germans.

Òåêñò êîíôèäåíöèàëüíîãîïðîòîêîëà î ïåðåñåëåíèèïðèáàëòèéñêèõ íåìöåâ.

Vâcbaltieðuizceïoðanas kuìis

Rîgas ostâ1939. gadâ.

Baltic Germans boarding a ship in

Rîga harbour, 1939.

Êîðàáëü äëÿ ïåðåñåëåíöåâ â

Ðèæñêîì ïîðòó â 1939 ãîäó.

Polijas sadalîðana ar Staïina un

Ribentropaparakstiem.

Partition of Poland, with the signatures

of Stalin and Ribbentrop.

Êàðòà ïåðåäåëàÏîëüøè ñ

ïîäïèñÿìèÑòàëèíà è

Ðèááåíòðîïà.

Molotova-Ribentropa pakta grozîjumu parakstîðana Maskavâ

1939. gada 28. septembrî.

The signing of amendments to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in

Moscow, 28 September 1939.

Ïîäïèñàíèå èçìåíåíèé â ïàêòå Ìîëîòîâà-Ðèááåíòðîïà â Ìîñêâå

28 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1939 ãîäà.

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Padomju ultimâti


Pçc Polijas sakâves un sadalîðanas Staïins piespieda trîs Baltijas valstis parakstît “savstarpçjâs palîdzîbas” lîgumus ar Padomju Savienîbu. 1939. gada 5. oktobra lîgums Latvijai noteica garantçt bâzes PSRS gaisa un jûras karaspçkiem un atïaut uzturçties Latvijâ 25 000 vîru lielam Sarkanarmijas garnizonam. 1940. gada 16. jûnijâ Padomju Savienîba iesniedza ultimâtu Latvijasvaldîbai, to apsûdzot “savstarpçjâs palîdzîbas” lîguma pârkâpumos. PSRS pieprasîja nekavçjoties sastâdît Padomju Savienîbai labvçlîgu valdîbu un nodroðinât padomju karaspçka brîvu ielaiðanu Latvijas teritorijâ. Latvijas valdîba, bûdama bezizejâ un baidîdamâs no lieliem cilvçku upuriem, pieòçma padomju ultimâtu un ïâva Sarkanajai armijai brîvi ienâkt valstî.

Soviet UltimatumsAfter the defeat and partition of Poland, Stalin forced the Baltic Statesto sign “mutual assistance” treaties with the Soviet Union. The treatyof 5 October 1939 obliged Latvia to guarantee establishment of military bases for Soviet naval and air forces and to allow the garrisoning of 25,000 Red army soldiers.On 16 June 1940, the Soviet Union handed the Government of Latvia an ultimatum, accusing it of transgressions against the “mutual assistance” treaty. The USSR demanded that a pro-Soviet government be installed and Soviet troops be allowed unimpeded entry into Latvia. The Government of Latvia, faced with a hopeless situation and fearing a great loss of life in case of resistance, consented to the ultimatum and allowed the Red Army to enter Latvia.

Ñîâåòñêèå óëüòèìàòóìûÏîñëå ðàçãðîìà è ïåðåäåëà Ïîëüøè, Ñòàëèí ïðèíóäèë òðè ãîñóäàðñòâà Áàëòèè ïîäïèñàòü ñ Ñîâåòñêèì Ñîþçîì äîãîâîðûî «âçàèìîïîìîùè». Äîãîâîðîì îò 5 îêòÿáðÿ 1939 ãîäà Ëàòâèÿâçÿëà íà ñåáÿ îáÿçàòåëüñòâî ãàðàíòèðîâàòü ðàçìåùåíèå íà ñâîåé òåððèòîðèè áàç âîåííî-âîçäóøíûõ è âîåííî-ìîðñêèõñèë Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà è ñîâåòñêîãî ãàðíèçîíà ÷èñëåííîñòüþ 25 000 ÷åëîâåê.16 èþíÿ 1940 ãîäà Ñîâåòñêèé Ñîþç âðó÷èë ïðàâèòåëüñòâóËàòâèè óëüòèìàòóì, îáâèíèâ åãî â íàðóøåíèè äîãîâîðà î«âçàèìîïîìîùè». ÑÑÑÐ ïîòðåáîâàë íåìåäëåííîñôîðìèðîâàòü äðóæåñêîå ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê Ñîâåòñêîìó Ñîþçóïðàâèòåëüñòâî è îáåñïå÷èòü áåñïðåïÿòñòâåííûé ïðîïóñêñîâåòñêèõ âîéñê íà òåððèòîðèþ Ëàòâèè. Ïðàâèòåëüñòâî Ëàòâèè,ïîñòàâëåííîå â áåçâûõîäíîå ïîëîæåíèå è îïàñàÿñü áîëüøèõ÷åëîâå÷åñêèõ æåðòâ â ñëó÷àå ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ, ïðèíÿëîñîâåòñêèé óëüòèìàòóì è ðàçðåøèëî Êðàñíîé Àðìèè áåñïðåïÿòñòâåííî âîéòè â ñòðàíó.

Latvijas un Padomju Savienîbas “savstarpçjâs palîdzîbas” lîguma parakstîðana Maskavâ 1939. gada 5. oktobrî.

The signing of the “mutual assistance” pact between Latvia and and the Soviet Union in Moscow,5 October 1939.

Ïîäïèñàíèå äîãîâîðà î «âçàèìîïîìîùè» ìåæäó Ëàòâèåé è Ñîâåòñêèì Ñîþçîì â Ìîñêâå5 îêòÿáðÿ 1939 ãîäà.

Tautas apjukums Rîgâ pçc Latvijas un Padomju

Savienîbas lîguma parakstîðanas 1939. gadâ.

Public expressions of dismay in Rîga following the signing of the Latvian-Soviet agreement,

October 1939.

Âûðàæåíèå íàðîäíîãîâîçìóùåíèÿ â Ðèãå ïîñëå

ïîäïèñàíèÿ äîãîâîðàËàòâèè ñ ÑîâåòñêèìÑîþçîì â 1939 ãîäó.

Padomju karabâzes Latvijâ ( ). Tajâs atradâs vairâk karavîru nekâ visâ Latvijas armijâ.

Soviet military bases in Latvia ( ), with more soldiers than the entire Latvian army.

Ñîâåòñêèå âîåííûå áàçû ( ) â Ëàòâèè. Íà íèõ ðàçìåùåíî áîëüøå âîåííîñëóæàùèõ, ÷åì âî âñåéàðìèè Ëàòâèè.

Latvijas robeþposteòa drupas Masïenkos pçc padomju uzbrukuma 1940. gada 15. jûnijâ.

Ruins of the Latvian border post at Masïenki following a Soviet attack on 15 June 1940.

Ðàçâàëèíû ëàòâèéñêîãî ïîãðàíè÷íîãî ïîñòà â Ìàñëåíêàõ ïîñëå ñîâåòñêîãî íàïàäåíèÿ 15 èþíÿ 1940 ãîäà.

Masïenkos nogalinâta Latvijas robeþsarga sieva.

Wife of a Latvian border guard killed at Masïenki.

Æåíà ëàòâèéñêîãîïîãðàíè÷íèêà, óáèòàÿ â

Ìàñëåíêàõ.

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Padomju okupâcija 1940. gadâ


1940. gada 17. jûnijâ, gandrîz vienlaikus ar Vâcijas karaspçka ieieðanu Parîzç 16. jûnijâ, Rîgâ iesoïoja Sarkanâ armija.

The Soviet Occupationof 1940On 17 June 1940, the Red Armymarched into Riga, almost simultaneously with the German army'sentrance into Paris on 16 June.

Ñîâåòñêàÿ îêêóïàöèÿâ 1940 ãîäó17 èþíÿ 1940 ãîäà â Ðèãó âîøëàÊðàñíàÿ Àðìèÿ, ïî÷òè îäíîâðåìåííî ñ âòîðæåíèåì íåìåöêèõ âîéñê â Ïàðèæ (16 èþíÿ).

Padomju kara kuì is “Marat” ceïâ uz Rîgu.

The Soviet warship “Marat” bound for Rîga.

Ñîâåòñêèé âîåííûéêîðàáëü „Ìàðàò“ íà ïóòè â Ðèãó.

Padomju lidmaðînas virs Rîgas 1940. gada 17. jûnijâ.

Soviet planes over Rîga on 17 June 1940.

Ñîâåòñêèå ñàìîëåòû íàä Ðèãîé 17 èþíÿ 1940 ãîäà.

Padomju okupâcijas karaspçks Rîgâ 1940. gada 17. jûnijâ.

Soviet occupation army in Rîga, 17 June 1940.

Ñîâåòñêèå âîéñêà â Ðèãå 17 èþíÿ 1940 ãîäà.

1940. gada 17. jûnijâ “The New York Times” ziòo par Baltijas okupâciju.

On 17 June 1940 “The New York Times” reports the occupation of the Baltic States.

17 èþíÿ 1940 ãîäà «The New York Times» ñîîáùàåò îá îêêóïàöèè Ïðèáàëòèéñêèõ ãîñóäàðñòâ.

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Padomju Savienîba anektç Latviju


Latvijas valsts sagrâvi vadîja Staïina pârstâvisAndrejs Viðinskis, kurð izveidoja Maskavai paklausîgu valdîbu ar Augustu Kirchenðteinu vadîbâ. Padomju propagandas stilâ izkârtotasdemonstrâcijas ievadîja Saeimas vçlçðanas, kurâsbija pârstâvçta tikai viena partija - Latvijas Darba tautas bloks. “Jaunievçlçtâ” Saeima 1940. gada 21. jûlijâ pieòçma rezolûciju lûgt Maskavu “uzòemt” Latviju PSRS sastâvâ. Pçc Latvijas Satversmesðâdu lçmumu var pieòemt tikai ar tautas nobalsoðanu, kas nenotika.

The Soviet Union AnnexesLatviaThe destruction of the Latvian State was directed by Stalin's emissary Andrey Vyshinsky. He set up a government compliant to Moscow's wishes led byAugusts Kirchenðteins. Soviet propaganda-styledemonstrations prepared the elections of theSaeima (parliament) in which only one party was represented, the "Block of the Working People of Latvia". The newly "elected" Saeima met on 21 July 1940 and adopted a resolution asking Moscow to "admit" Latvia to the Soviet Union. According to the Constitution of Latvia such a decision can be reached only through a plebiscite, which did not take place.

Ñîâåòñêèé Ñîþçàííåêòèðóåò ËàòâèþÐàçãðîì Ëàòâèéñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà âîçãëàâèëýìèññàð Ñòàëèíà Àíäðåé Âûøèíñêèé, êîòîðûé ñôîðìèðîâàë ïîñëóøíîå Ìîñêâåïðàâèòåëüñòâî âî ãëàâå ñ ÀóãóñòîìÊèðõåíøòåéíñîì. Èíñöåíèðîâàííûìè â ñòèëå ñîâåòñêîé ïðîïàãàíäû äåìîíñòðàöèÿìèíà÷àëàñü êàìïàíèÿ âûáîðîâ â Ñàýéì. Íà âûáîðàõ áûëà ïðåäñòàâëåíà ëèøü îäíà ïàðòèÿ «Áëîê òðóäîâîãî íàðîäà Ëàòâèè».Èçáðàííûé â íîâîì ñîñòàâå Ñàýéì 21 èþëÿ1940 ãîäà ïðèíÿë ðåçîëþöèþ «ïðîñèòü»Ìîñêâó «ïðèíÿòü» Ëàòâèþ â ñîñòàâ ÑÑÑÐ.Ñîãëàñíî Êîíñòèòóöèè Ëàòâèè, òàêîåðåøåíèå ìîæíî áûëî ïðèíÿòü òîëüêî ïîñëå âñåíàðîäíîãî ðåôåðåíäóìà, êîòîðûé íå

Viðinskis uz PSRS vçstniecîbas balkona Rîgâ 1940. gada 21. jûnijâ.

Vyshinsky on the balcony of the USSR Embassy in Rîga 21 June 1940.

Âûøèíñêèé íà áàëêîíåïîñîëüñòâà ÑÑÑÐ â Ðèãå21 èþíÿ 1940 ãîäà.

Padomju “izrotâjums“ Nacionâlajam teâtrim, kur 1918. gada 18. novembrî tika pasludinâta Latvijas neatkarîba.

Soviet “adornment” of the National Theatre, where Latvia's independence had been declared on 18 November 1918.

Ñîâåòñêîå «óêðàøåíèå» Íàöèîíàëüíîãî òåàòðà, ãäå 18 íîÿáðÿ1918 ãîäà áûëà ïðîâîçãëàøåíà íåçàâèñèìîñòü Ëàòâèè.

1940. gada 21. jûlijâ plkst. 12.00 prezidents Kârlis Ulmanis nodod

savas pilnvaras jaunajam ministru prezidentam

Dr. Augustam Kirchenðteinam.

On 21 July 1940 at 12:00 noon President Kârlis Ulmanis

transfers his powers to Prime Minister Dr. Augusts

Kirchenðteins.

Ïðåçèäåíò Êàðëèñ Óëìàíèñ21 èþíÿ 1940 ãîäà â 12.00

ïåðåäàåò ñâîè ïîëíîìî÷èÿíîâîìó ãëàâå ïðàâèòåëüñòâà

Àóãóñòó Êèðõåíøòåéíñó.

Padomju okupâcijas varas organizçta demonstrâcija Rîgâ 1940. gada jûlijâ, kura

atbalstîja Latvijas “uzòemðanu” PSRS.

Soviet-orchestrated demonstration in favour of the incorporation of Latvia into the USSR,

Rîga, July 1940.

Îðãàíèçîâàííàÿ ñîâåòñêèìè âëàñòÿìèäåìîíñòðàöèÿ â ïîääåðæêó «ïðèíÿòèÿ»

Ëàòâèè â ñîñòàâ ÑÑÑÐ â Ðèãå, â èþëå 1940

“Pravda” 1940. gada 6. augustâ ziòoja par Latvijas uzòemðanu PSRS.

On 6 August 1940 “Pravda” reports on the annexation of Latvia into the USSR.

«Ïðàâäà» 6 àâãóñòà 1940 ãîäà ñîîáùàåòî ïðèíÿòèè Ëàòâèè â ñîñòàâ ÑÑÑÐ.

Amerikâòu karikatûrista vçrtçjums par Baltijas valstu aneksiju.

An American cartoonist's view ofannexation of the Baltic States.

Îöåíêà àííåêñèè Áàëòèéñêèõ ãîñóäàðñòâ àìåðèêàíñêèì

êàðèêàòóðèñòîì.

Kârlis Ulmanis ceïâ uz izsûtîjuma vietu 1940. gada 23. jûlijâ (?). Ðo fotogrâfiju 1998. gada janvârî Latvijas Valsts prezidentam Guntim Ulmanim nodeva Krievijas ministru prezidents Viktors Èernomirdins.

The President of Latvia, Kârlis Ulmanis (left), en route to his exile 23 July (?) 1940. This photograph was presented to the President of Latvia, Guntis Ulmanis, in January 1998 by Viktor Chernomirdin, Prime Minister of Russia.

Êàðëèñ Óëìàíèñ â ïóòè ê ìåñòóññûëêè. Ýòó ôîòîãðàôèþ â ÿíâàðå 1998 ãîäà ïðåçèäåíòóËàòâèè Ãóíòèñó Óëìàíèñóïåðåäàë òîãäàøíèé ïðåìüåð-ìèíèñòð Ðîññèè Â.×åðíîìûðäèí.

8

Aneksijas nosodîðana un neatzîðana

ASVUSAÑØÀ

DânijaDenmarkÄàíèÿ

LielbritânijaGreat BritainÂåëèêîáðèòàíèÿ

ÎrijaIrelandÈðëàíäèÿ

BeïìijaBelgiumÁåëüãèÿ

GrieíijaGreeceÃðåöèÿ

KanâdaCanadaÊàíàäà

SpânijaSpainÈñïàíèÿ

NorvçìijaNorwayÍîðâåãèÿ

AustrâlijaAustraliaÀâñòðàëèÿ

PortugâlePortugalÏîðòóãàëèÿ

SomijaFinlandÔèíëàíäèÿ

FrancijaFranceÔðàíöèÿ

VatikânsVaticanÂàòèêàí

PolijaPolandÏîëüøà


Daudzas pasaules valstis, neskatoties uz ietekmîgu politiíu un diplomâtu simpâtijâm pret Padomju Savienîbu, Latvijas aneksiju nosodîja un to neatzina. Neatkarîgâs Latvijas diplomâti un pârstâvniecîbas Francijâ, Kanâdâ, Austrâlijâ, Vatikânâ un citâs valstîs turpinâja darboties, ASV un Lielbritânijâ - visu okupâcijas laiku. Ziòas par aneksijas neatzîðanu tautâ uzturçja cerîbas uz sabiedroto palîdzîbu un deva pamatu nacionâlajai pretestîbas kustîbai okupçtajâ Latvijâ. Pçckara trimdas latvieðu organizâcijas Rietumos aktîvi iestâjâs par neatzîðanas politikas turpinâðanu un Latvijas atbrîvoðanu.

The Denunciation and Non-Recognition of the AnnexationMany countries denounced and did not recognise the annexation, despite pro-Soviet attitudes by some influential politicians and diplomats. The diplomats and the legations of independent Latvia in France, Canada, Australia, the Vatican and other countries continued their activities, Great Britain and the United States continued working during the entire period of occupation until 1991. News about the non-recognition of the annexation kept up hopes for help from the West and provided a basis for national resistance movements in Latvia. Post-war exile Latvian organisations in the West actively lobbied for a continued non-recognition policy and for the liberation of Latvia.

Îñóæäåíèå è íåïðèçíàíèå àííåêñèèÌíîãèå ñòðàíà ìèðà îñóäèëè è íå ïðèçíàëè àííåêñèþ Ëàòâèè, íå ñìîòðÿ íà âíóøèòåëüíóþ ðîëèòèêó è äèïëîìàòè÷åñêèåñèìïàòèè ê Ñîâåòñêîìó Ñîþçó. Äèïëîìàòû è ïðåäñòàâèòåëüñòâàíåçàâèñèìîé Ëàòâèè â Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè, ÑØÀ, Ôðàíöèè, Êàíàäå,Àâñòðàëèè, Âàòèêàíå è äðóãèõ ñòðàíàõ ïðîäîëæàëè äåéñòâîâàòüâñå âðåìÿ îêêóïàöèè äî 1991 ãîäà. Ñâåäåíèå î íåïðèçíàíèèàííåêñèè ïîääåðæèâàëè â íàðîäå íàäåæäà íà ïîìîùüñîþçíèêîâ è äàâàëè îñíîâàíèå äëÿ íàöèîíàëüíîãî äâèæåíèåñîïðîòèâëåíèå â îêêóïèðîâàííîé Ëàòâèè. Ïîñëåâîåííèåëàòûøñêèå îðãàíèçàöèè â èçãíàíèè íà çàïàäå àêòèâíî âûñòóïèëè çà ïðîäàëæåíèå ïîëèòèêè íåïðèçíàíèÿ è îñâîáîæäåíèå ëàòâèè.

Fragments no ASV valdîbas paziòojuma, nosodot padomju okupâcijas “viltîgos procesus”, kuros Baltijas valstu neatkarîba tiktu “apzinâti iznîcinâta”.

Part of US note condemning the Soviet occupation.

Ôðàãìåíò òåêñòà ÇàÿâëåíèÿÏðàâèòåëüñòâà ÑØÀ ñ îñóæäåíèåì «êîâàðíûõïðîöåññîâ» ñîâåòñêîé îêêóïàöèè,â ðåçóëüòàòå êîòîðûõíåçàâèñèìîñòü Áàëòèéñêèõ ãîñóäàðñòâ áóäåò «ïðåäíàìåðåííîëèêâèäèðîâàíà».

Latvijas sûtniecîba Vaðingtonâ 1940. gada jûlijâ ar pusmastâ nolaistu karogu pçc padomju varas pasludinâðanas Latvijâ.

The Latvian Legation in Washington in July 1940, with its flag at half-mast after the Soviet take-over in Latvia.

Ïîñîëüñòâî Ëàòâèè â Âàøèíãòîíå â èþëå 1940 ãîäà ñ ïðèñïóùåííûì ôëàãîì ïîñëå ïðîâîçãëàøåíèÿ ñîâåòñêîé

âëàñòè â Ëàòâèè.

Alfrçds Bîlmanis, Latvijas sûtnis

Vaðingtonâ.

Alfrçds Bîlmanis, Latvian Envoy in

Washington.

Ïîñîë Ëàòâèè è Âàøèíãòîíå

ÀëôðåäñÁèëìàíèñ.

Daþas no valstîm, kas neatzina Latvijas

aneksiju:(karogi pçc 1940. gada

parauga)

Some of the states that did not recognize the

annexation:(flags as used in 1940

Ãîñóäàðñòâà, íå ïðèçíàâøèå àííåêñèþ

Ëàòâèè.(ôëàãè îáðàçöà 1940

ãîäà).

ASV prezidents Ronalds Reigans Baltajâ namâ paraksta Baltieðu Brîvîbas dienas rezolûciju 1982. gadâ.

US President Ronald Reagan signs the Baltic Freedom Day Resolution at the White House, 1982.

Ïðåçèäåíò ÑØÀ Ðåéãàí â Áåëîì äîìå ïîäïèñûâàåòðåçîëþöèþ Äíÿ Ñâîáîäû Áàëòèè â 1982 ãîäó.

Pasaules Baltieðu Apvienîbas organizçtais “Baltijas tribunâls” Kopenhâgenâ 1985. gadâ, kur pasaules ievçrîbu guva liecîbas par Padomju Savienîbas

pârkâpumiem pret Baltijas valstîm.

The World Baltic Association organised the “Baltic Tribunal” in Copenhagen in 1985, where world attention was focused on evidence about

Soviet human rights violations against the Baltic States.

Îðãàíèçîâàííûé Âñåìèðíûì Îáúåäèíåíèåì íàðîäîâ Áàëòèè «Áàëòèéñêèé òðèáóíàë» â Êîïåíãàãåíå â 1985 ãîäó, êîòîðûé ïðèâëåêâíèìàíèå ìèðà ê íàðóøåíèÿì, ñîâåðøåííûì Ñîâåòñêèì Ñîþçîì â

îòíîøåíèè ðåñïóáëèê Áàëòèè.

Kârlis Zariòð, Latvijas sûtnis Londonâ.Bîstoties visïaunâkâ, Latvijas valdîba jau 1940. gada 18. maijâ pieðíîra ârkârtas pilnvaras Latvijas sûtnim Londonâ Kârlim Zariòam, kurð varçtu pâròemt Latvijas intereðu aizstâvçðanu, ja Latvijas Republikas valdîba to vairs nespçtu.

Kârlis Zariòð, Latvian Envoy in London.Fearing the worst, the Latvian government on 18 May 1940 granted emergency powers to Kârlis Zariòð, Latvian Envoy in London, to represent Latvia's interests abroad if the government were not able to carry out its duties.

Ïîñîë Ëàòâèè â Ëîíäîíå Êàðëèñ Çàðèíüø.Îïàñàÿñü ñàìîãî õóäøåãî, ïðàâèòåëüñòâî Ëàòâèè óæå 18 ìàÿ 1940 ãîäà ïðåäîñòàâèëî ÷ðåçâû÷àéíûåïîëíîìî÷èÿ ïîñëó Ëàòâèè â Ëîíäîíå Êàðëèñó Çàðèíüøó, ÷òîáû îí ìîã ïåðåíÿòü çàùèòó èíòåðåñîâ Ëàòâèèñëó÷àå, åñëè ïðàâèòåëüñòâî Ëàòâèéñêîé ðåñïóáëèêè áóäåò íå â ñîñòàÿíèè ýòî oñùåñòâèòü.

9

Padomju terors


Padomju slepenpolicija jeb Èeka varçja izrîkoties pçc sava prâtaar Latvijas politiskajiem, militârajiem, reliìiskajiem un saimnieciskajiem darbiniekiem, kâ arî ar visiem citiem Latvijas iedzîvotâjiem. Totalitârâ padomju vara apspieda katru pretestîbas izpausmi, ieviesa absolûtu cenzûru. Tûkstoðiemcilvçku tika apcietinâti, mocîti un nogalinâti. Padomju okupâcijas viena gada laikâ Latvija zaudçja aptuveni 34 000 cilvçku jeb 1,5% tâs iedzîvotâju. Tikai vienâ naktî no 13. uz 14. jûniju 1941. gadâ ap 15 500 cilvçku tika arestçti un nosûtîti uz PSRS tâlajiem apgabaliem. Vîrus, atðíirtus no ìimençm, ieslodzîja stingra reþîma laboðanas darbu (GULAGa) nometnçs, kur vairâkums aizgâja bojâ vai tika noðauti pirmajos ieslodzîjumagados. S iev ie tes un bçrn i nonâca tâ saukta jos “specnometinâjumos”.

Soviet TerrorThe Soviet secret police, Cheka, was given free rein to deal with Latvia's political, military, religious, and economic elite and other inhabitants. The totalitarian Soviet powers suppressed any show of resistance and imposed absolute censorship. Thousands of people were arrested, tortured and executed. In one year of Soviet occupation, Latvia lost approximately 34,000 people, 1.5% of its population. On a single night, from 13 to 14 June 1941, about 15,500 people were arrested and sent to distant regions of the USSR. The men were separated from their families and imprisoned in hard labour camps in the GULAG where most of them perished or were executed in the first few years. Women and children were deported to so-called “special settlements”.

Ñîâåòñêèé òåððîðÑîâåòñêàÿ òàéíàÿ ïîëèöèÿ, èëè ×Ê, áûëà íàäåëåíà ïîëíîéñâîáîäîé ðàñïðàâëÿòüñÿ ñ ïîëèòè÷åñêèìè, âîåííûìè,ðåëèãèîçíûìè, õîçÿéñòâåííûìè ðóêîâîäèòåëÿìèãîñóäàðñòâà, à òàê æå ñî âñåìè îñòàëüíûìè æèòåëÿìèËàòâèè. Òîòàëèòàðíàÿ ñîâåòñêàÿ âëàñòü ïîäàâëÿëà ëþáîå âûðàæåíèå ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ èëè íåñîãëàñèÿ ñ âëàñòÿìè,âíåäðèëà àáñîëþòíóþ öåíçóðó. Òûñÿ÷è ëþäåé áûëè àðåñòîâàíû, ïîäâåðãíóòû ïûòêàì, ðàññòðåëÿíû. Â òå÷åíèåîäíîãî ãîäà ñîâåòñêîé îêêóïàöèè Ëàòâèÿ ïîòåðÿëà îêîëî34 000 ÷åëîâåê èëè 1,5% íàñåëåíèÿ. Òîëüêî â òå÷åíèåîäíîé íî÷è ñ 13 íà 14 èþíÿ 1941 ãîäà 15500 ÷åëîâåêàáûëè àðåñòîâàíû è ñîñëàíû â îòäàëåííûå ðàéîíû ÑÑÑÐ.Ìóæ÷èí ðàçëó÷èëè ñ ñåìüÿìè è ñîñëàëè â èñïðàâèòåëüíî-òðóäîâûå ëàãåðÿ ÃÓËÀÃà, â êîòîðûõ áîëüøèíñòâîçàêëþ÷åííûõ ïîãèáëè îò íåïîñèëüíîãî òðóäà, ãîëîäà èëè áûëè ðàññòðåëÿíû â ïåðâûå æå ãîäû. Æåíùèíû è äåòèïîïàëè â òàê íàçûâàåìûå «ñïåöïîñåëåíèÿ».

Èekas nams Rîgâ.

The Cheka (NKVD) building in Rîga.

Çäàíèå ×Ê â Ðèãå.

Èekas nama atslçgas.

Keys to the Cheka building.

Êëþ÷è îò çäàíèÿ ×Ê.

Èekas pagraba gaitenis ar ieslodzîto kamerâm Rîgâ.

Corridor with prison cells in the basement of the Cheka building in Rîga.

Êîðèäîð ïîäâàëà ×Ê ñ êàìåðàìèçàêëþ÷åííûõ â Ðèãå.

Nacistu uzraudzîbâ atrakto lîíu identificçðana Rîgas Centrâlcietumâ 1941. gada jûlijâ.

Identification of bodies exhumed under Nazi supervision in the Rîga Central Prison, July 1941.

Èäåíòèôèêàöèÿ òðóïîâ â Öåíòðàëüíîé òþðüìå â Ðèãåïîä íàäçîðîì íàöèñòîâ â èþëå 1941 ãîäà.

Preèu vagoni gatavi deportçto aizveðanai 1941. gada jûnijâ.

Railroad boxcars ready for the deportees, June 1941.

Òîâàðíûå âàãîíû ãîòîâû ê âûâîçóäåïîðòèðóåìûõ â èþíå 1941ãîäà.

No deportçto vagona izmesta grâmata, kurâ ierakstîtas daudzu ieslodzîto vçstules saviem tuviniekiem.

A book thrown from a deportation train containing messages on its pages written by the arrested to their family members.

Êíèãà, âûáðîøåííàÿ èç âàãîíà äåïîðòèðóåìûõ, â êîòîðîé íåñêîëüêî çàêëþ÷åííûõ íàïèñàëè ïèñüìà ñâîèì áëèçêèì.

Pa vagona logiem izsviestas zîmîtes ar lûgumu informçt un sveicinât piederîgos.

Notes thrown from train windows asking that their relatives be informed and sent greetings.

Âûáðîøåííûå ÷åðåç îêíà âàãîíîâ çàïèñêè ñ ïðîñüáàìè èíôîðìèðîâàòü ðîäñòâåííèêîâ è ïåðåäàòü èì ïðèâåòû.

Savu deportâciju marðrutu kartç iezîmçjis Mârtiòð Bisters. Seðpadsmitgadîgo Bisteru no Centrâlcietuma aizsûtîja uz Astrahaòu.

Deportation routes of political prisoners drawn by Mârtiòð Bisters. Sixteen-year old Bisters was deported from Rîga Central Prison to Astrakhan.

Ìàðøðóòû äåïîðòàöèé ïîëèòçàêëþ÷åííûõ íà êàðòó íàíåñ Ìàðòèíüø Áèñòåðñ.Øåñòíàäöàòèëåòíåãî Áèñòåðñà èç Öåíòðàëüíîé òþðüìû âûñëàëè â Àñòðàõàíü.

10

Nacistu terors nomaina padomju teroru

Nacistu plâns Ostlandes kolonizâcijai.

Nazi plan for the colonisation of Ostland.

Íàöèñòêèé ïëàí êîëîíèçàöèè Îñòëàíäà


1941. gada 22. jûnijâ, nedçïu pçc deportâcijâm Latvijâ, nacistiskâVâcija uzbruka Padomju Savienîbai. Sarkanajai armijai atkâpjoties, atklâjâs Èekas upuru masu kapu vietas. Bet padomju terora vietâ nâca nacistiskais terors. Turpinâjâs cenzûra, joprojâm bija aizliegti neatkarîgâs Latvijas valsts simboli. Sâkâs sistemâtiska 70 000 Latvijas ebreju un no Viduseiropas ievestu 12 000 ebreju iznîcinâðana vâcu droðîbas policijas vadîbâ. Latvijas pilsoòi izglâba vairâk nekâ 350 ebreju. Daþus glâbçjus par ebreju slçpðanu sodîja. Nacistu rasistiskâ politika paredzçja deportçt lielâko daïu latvieðu un kolonizçt Latviju.

Nazi Terror Replaces Soviet TerrorOn 22 June 1941, a week after the mass deportation, Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union. As the Red Army retreated, mass graves of the victims of Cheka were discovered. But Soviet terror was replaced by Nazi terror. Censorship continued; the symbols of independent Latvia were forbidden. The systematic murder of 70,000 Latvian Jews and 12,000 Jews who were brought from Central Europe was carried out under the supervision of German security police. Citizens of Latvia saved more than 350 Jews. Some of them were punished for giving Jews shelter. The racist Nazi German policy foresaw the deportation of most Latvians and the colonisation of Latvia.

Ñìåíà ñîâåòñêîãî òåððîðà íàöèñòñêèì òåððîðîì22 èþíÿ 1941 ãîäà, ñïóñòÿ íåäåëþ ïîñëå äåïîðòàöèé èç Ëàòâèè, íàöèñòñêàÿ Ãåðìàíèÿ íàïàëà íà Ñîâåòñêèé Ñîþç. Ïðè áåñïîðÿäî÷íîì îòñòóïëåíèè Êðàñíîé Àðìèè, îòêðûâàëèñü ìåñòà ìàññîâûõ çàõîðîíåíèé æåðòâ ×Ê. Ñîâåòñêèé òåððîð ñìåíèë íàöèñòñêèé òåððîð. Ñîõðàíèëàñüöåíçóðà, îñòàëèñü çàïðåùåííûìè ñèìâîëû íåçàâèñèìîãîËàòâèéñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà. Ïîä ðóêîâîäñòâîì íåìåöêîéïîëèöèè áåçîïàñíîñòè íà÷àëîñü ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêîåèñòðåáëåíèå 70 000 ëàòâèéñêèõ åâðååâ è åùå 30 000 åâðååâ, ïðèâåçåííûõ èç Öåíòðàëüíîé Åâðîïû. Æèòåëè Ëàòâèè ñïàñëè áîëåå 350 åâðååâ. Íåñêîëüêî ñïàñàòåëåé áûëè îñóæäåíû çà óêðûâàíèå åâðååâ. Íàöèñòñêàÿ ðàñèñòñêàÿ ïîëèòèêàïðåäóñìàòðèâàëà äåïîðòàöèþ áîëüøåé ÷àñòè ëàòûøåé è êîëîíèçàöèþ Ëàòâèè.

Vâcu karaspçka sagaidîðana Rîgâ 1941. gada 1. jûlijâ.

The German army marches into Rîga, 1 July 1941.

Âñòðå÷à íåìåöêèõ âîéñê â Ðèãå 1 èþëÿ 1941 ãîäà.

Vâcu armija ceïas pâri Gaujai Valmierâ 1941. gadâ.

German troops crossing the river Gauja in Valmiera, 1941.

Íåìåöêèå âîéñêà íà ïåðåïðàâå÷åðåç Ãàóþ â Âàëìèåðå.

Ostlandes reihskomisârsHinrihs Loze un “Valstsvadonis” Âdolfs Hitlers.

Ostland Reichcommissar Hinrich Lohse and “State Leader” Adolf Hitler.

ÐåéõñêîìèññàðÎñòëàíäèè Õèíðèõ Ëîçåè «âîæäü ðåéõà» ÀäîëüôÃèòëåð. Nacionâlsociâlistiskâs vâcu strâdnieku partijas

Ostlandes darbîbas novada svinîga atklâðana Latvijas Universitâtes Lielajâ aulâ.

Ceremonial opening of the Ostland Region National Socialist German Worker's Party in the Great Hall of

the University of Latvia.

Òîðæåñòâåííîå îòêðûòèå â Ëàòâèéñêîìóíèâåðñèòåòå äåÿòåëüíîñòè íàöèîíàë-

ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîé íåìåöêîé ðàáî÷åé ïàðòèèÂîñòî÷íîãî ðåãèîíà.

E b r e j u i z n î c i n â ð a n a Ð í ç d e s k â p â s p i e L i e p â j a s 1941. Gada decembrî.

Extermination of Jews at the Ðíçde Dunes near Liepâja in December 1941.

Ðàññòðåë åâðååâ â Øêåäñêèõ äþíàõ ïîä Ëèåïàåé äåêàáðÿ1941.

Iela nacistu iekârtotajâ ebreju geto Rîgâ.

Street in the Jewish ghetto in Rîga, set up by the Nazi regime.

Óëèöà â åâðåéñêîì ãåòòî, ñîçäàííîì íàöèñòàìè â Ðèãå.

Ebreju koncentrâcijas nometne Meþaparkâ: “Kas ienâks neitrâlajâ zonâ, tiks bez brîdinâjuma noðauts.”

Concentration camp for Jews in Meþaparks: “Whoever enters the neutral zone shall be shot without warning.”

Êîíöëàãåðü äëÿ åâðååâ â Ìåæàïàðêå: «»Âîøåäøèé â íåéòðàëüíóþ çîíó áóäåò ðàññòðåëÿí áåç ïðåäóïðåæäåíèÿ».

Þanis Lipke latvietis, kas strâdâja Rîgas ostâ. Viòð izglâba 53 nâvei nolemtus ebreju gûstekòus, paslçpjot tos savâs mâjâs izraktâ bunkurâ.

Þanis Lipke, a Latvian who worked in Rîga Harbour, saved 53 Jews sentenced to die by hiding them in a specially built bunker in his house.

Æàíèñ Ëèïêå, ëàòûø, ðàáîòàâøèé â Ðèæñêîì ïîðòó, ñïàñ 53 îáðå÷åííûõ íà ñìåðòü åâðåéñêèõ ïëåííèêîâ, ñêðûâàÿ èõ â ñïåöèàëüíî âûðûòîì áóíêåðå â ñâîåì äîìå.

11

Tautas dilemma Otrâ pasaules karâ

Otrâ pasaules kara 2. posms (1944 – 1945)

Second phase of WorldWar II (1944 – 1945).

Êàðòà: Âòîðîé ýòàïâòîðîé ìèðîâîé âîéíû (1944 - 1945).


Latvijas iedzîvotâji bija spiesti cînîties abu naidîgo varu armijâs frontes abâs pusçs. 1941. gadâ atkâpjoties Sarkanajâ armija aizrâva sev lîdzi vairâkus tûkstoðus jauniesaukto. 1944. gadâ atgrieþoties Padomju karaspçks mobilizçja ap 57 000 vîru 130. latvieðu strçlnieku korpusâ. Kopîgo latvieðu skaitu padomju armijâ vçrtç apmçram 100 000. 1943. gadâ Hitlers pavçlçja organizçt t. s. “brîvprâtîgo” Latvieðu leìionu. Vâcu militârajâ dienestâ kalpoja ap 115 000 Latvijas pilsoòu. 1944. gadâ latvieðiem padomju armijâ nâcâs cînîties pret latvieðiem vâcu karaspçkâ. Jaunâkie aprçíini liecina, ka kopâ abâs pusçs kalpoja vairâk nekâ 200 000, t. i., pâri par 10% Latvijas iedzîvotâju. Krituðo skaitu vçrtç apmçram 100 000.

The Nation's Dilemma in World War IIThe inhabitants of Latvia were forced to fight in both of the enemy armies on both sides of the front. As the Red Army retreated in 1941, it took along several thousand new recruits. When the Soviet army returned in 1944, more than 57,000

thmen were conscripted into its 130 Latvian Corps. The total number of Latviansserving in the Soviet army is estimated at around 100,000. In 1943 Hitler issued an order to set up the so-called “volunteer” Latvian Legion. Some 115,000 Latvian citizens served in German military forces. In 1944, Latvians in the Soviet army attimes had to fight Latvians in the German army. Recent calculations show that over 200,000, i.e. more than 10% of the population of Latvia, served on one side or the other. Losses are estimated at 100,000.

Äèëåììà äëÿ íàðîäà âî Âòîðîéìèðîâîé âîéíåÆèòåëè Ëàòâèè áûëè âûíóæäåíû ñðàæàòüñÿ ïî îáå ñòîðîíû ôðîíòà ìåæäóîáåèìè âðàæäåáíûìè âëàñòÿìè. Îòñòóïàÿ â 1941 ãîäó èç Ëàòâèè, Êðàñíàÿ Àðìèÿ óâëåêëà ñ ñîáîþ íåñêîëüêî òûñÿ÷ ïðèçûâíèêîâ. Ïðè âîçâðàùåíèèàðìèè Ñîâåòñêîãî ñîþçà â 1944 ãîäó áûëî ìîáèëèçîâàíî è çà÷èñëåíî â 130-é ëàòûøñêèé ñòðåëêîâûé êîðïóñ 57 000 ÷åëîâåê. Îáùåå êîëè÷åñòâî ëàòûøåéâ Ñîâåòñêîé àðìèè îöåíèâàåòñÿ îêîëî 100 000 ÷åëîâåê. Â 1943 ãîäó Ãèòëåðïðèêàçàë îðãàíèçîâàòü Ëàòûøñêèé «äîáðîâîëü÷åñêèé» ëåãèîí ÑÑ. Â öåëîìâ íåìåöêèõ âîåííûõ ÷àñòÿõ ñëóæèëè îêîëî 115 000 æèòåëåé Ëàòâèè.Áîëüøèíñòâî èç íèõ áûëè ìîáèëèçîâàíû â íàðóøåíèå ìåæäóíàðîäíûõêîíâåíöèé. Â 1944 ãîäó ëàòûøàì, íàõîäÿùèìñÿ â ðÿäàõ Ñîâåòñêîé àðìèè ïðèõîäèëîñü ñðàæàòüñÿ ñ ëàòûøàìè, íàõîäÿùèìèñÿ íà íåìåöêîé ñòîðîíå.Ïîñëåäíèå ïîäñ÷åòû ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò, ÷òî âñåãî íà îáåèõ ñòîðîíàõ ñëóæèëîáîëåå 200 000, ò.å. áîëåå 10% âñåõ æèòåëåé Ëàòâèè. Ïî îöåíêàì, ÷èñëîóáèòûõ èç íèõ ñîñòàâÿëî îêîëî 100 000 ÷åëîâåê.

PSRS armijas Latvieðu gvardes vienîbas ienâk Latvijas teritorijâ 1944. gadâ 18. jûlijâ.

Latvian units conscripted into the Soviet army enter Latvia on 18 July 1944.

Ëàòûøñêèå ãâàðäåéñêèå ÷àñòè Ñîâåòñêîé Àðìèè âñòóïàþò íà òåððèòîðèþ Ëàòâèè 18 èþëÿ1944 ãîäà.

Iesaukðanas pavçle “Latvieðu SS-brîvprâtîgo leìionâ”.

Order to report for duty in the “Volunteer Latvian SS Legion”.

Ïðèêàç î ïðèçûâå â «Ëàòûøñêèé äîáðîâîëü÷åñêèéëåãèîí ÑÑ».

“Paðpârvaldes” rîkojums iesaukt 17 gadus vecos latvieðu jaunekïus Latvijas ìenerâlapgabalâ

novietoto “gaisa spçku palîgdienestâ”.

Order of the “self-government” to conscript 17-year old youths as “air force aides” to be stationed in the

General District of Latvia.

Ðàñïîðÿæåíèå «Ñàìîóïðàâëåíèÿ» ïðèçâàòü 17-ëåòíèõ ëàòûøñêèõ þíîøåé íà «âñïîìîãàòåëüíóþ

ñëóæáó â âîåííî-âîçäóøíûõ ñèëàõ, ðàçìåùåííûõ â ãåíåðàëüíîé îáëàñòè Ëàòâèè».

Jauniesauktie Latvieðu leìionâ 1944. gadâ.

New recruits in the Latvian Legion, 1944.

Íîâîáðàíöû Ëàòûøñêîãî ëåãèîíà â 1944 ãîäó.

Sarkanâs armijas uzbrukums 1945. gada martâ Kurzemç. Lîdz Vâcijas kapitulâcijai 1945. gada 8. maijâ neieòemtais “Kurzemes cietoksnis” izturçja seðus lielus padomju armijas

uzbrukumus.

Soviet attack in Kurzeme, March 1945. Until the capitulation of Germany on 8 May 1945, the uncaptured “Kurzeme Fortress” survived six major Soviet army assaults.

Âòîðæåíèå ñîâåòñêèõ âîéñê â Êóðçåìå â ìàðòå 1945 ãîäà. Äî êàïèòóëÿöèè Ãåðìàíèè 8 ìàÿ 1945 ãîäà òàê è íå âçÿòûé «Êóðëÿíäñêèé êîòåë» îòðàçèë øåñòü áîëüøèõ àòàê

Ñîâåòñêîé àðìèè.

12

Latvija zaudç treðo daïu iedzîvotâju

Latvijas iedzîvotâju zaudçjumi lîdz kara beigâm 1945. gadâ


Otrâ pasaules kara laikâ Latvija zaudçja aptuveni 600 000 cilvçku jeb 30% iedzîvotâju, kuri kïuva par upuriem gan nacistu îstenotajai vâcieðu repatriâcijas politikai, padomju organizçtajâm eksekûcijâm, deportâcijâm un evakuâcijâm,gan padomju un nacistu mobilizâcijâm, nacistu organizçtajâm eksekûcijâm un deportâcijâm, gan karadarbîbai. Te pieskaitâmi arî tie, kuri, baidoties no otrâs padomju okupâcijas un terora, atstâja Latviju. Apmçram175 000 cilvçku vâcu transporta kuìos devâs uz Vâciju un gandrîz 5 000 - laivâs pâri Baltijas jûrai uz Zviedriju. Ðie zaudçjumi samazinâja Latvijas iedzîvotâju skaitu no aptuveni 2 000 000 1939. gadâ lîdz 1 400 000 1945. gadâ.

Latvia Loses a Third of Its PopulationIn the course of World War II, Latvia lost about 600,000 people, 1/3 of its population. They became victims of the Nazi German repatriation policy; Soviet executions, deportations and evacuations; mobilization by both Nazis and the Soviets; Nazi executions and deportations; war action. To these must be added those who, fearing another Soviet occupation and terror, fled from Latvia: about 175,000 in German transport ships to Germany and 5000 in fishing boats across the Baltic Sea to Sweden. These losses decreased the population of Latvia from 2,000,000 in 1939 to 1,400,000 in 1945.

Ëàòâèÿ òåðÿåò òðåòü ñâîåãîíàñåëåíèÿÂî âðåìÿ Âòîðîé ìèðîâîé âîéíû Ëàòâèÿ ïîòåðÿëàïðèáëèçèòåëüíî 600 òûñ. ÷åëîâåê, ò.å. 30% æèòåëåé,ñòàâøèõ æåðòâàìè îñóùåñòâëÿåìîé íàöèñòàìèïîëèòèêè ðåïàòðèàöèè íåìöåâ èç Áàëòèè è îðãàíèçîâàííûõ Ñîâåòàìè è íàöèñòàìè ýêçåêóöèé,äåïîðòàöèé, ýâàêóàöèé, ìîáèëèçàöèé, à òàêæå âîåííûõäåéñòâèé. Ñþäà ñëåäóåò ïðè÷èñëèòü è òåõ, êòî, îïàñàÿñü òåððîðà è âòîðîé ñîâåòñêîé îêêóïàöèè, ïîêèíóëèËàòâèþ. Îêîëî 180 000 ÷åëîâåê íà íåìåöêèõ òðàíñïîðòíûõ êîðàáëÿõ îòïðàâèëèñü â Ãåðìàíèþ è îêîëî 5 000 íà ëîäêàõ ïåðåñåêëè Áàëòèéñêîå ìîðå, îòïðàâëÿÿñü â Øâåöèþ. Â ðåçóëüòàòå ýòèõ ïîòåðü÷èñëåííîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ Ëàòâèè, ñîñòàâëÿâøàÿ îêîëî2 000 000 ÷åëîâåê â 1939 ãîäó, ñîêðàòèëàñü ïî÷òè äî 1 400 000 ÷åëîâåê â 1945 ãîäó.

Karu un juku laikos ir gandrîz neiespçjami iegût precîzu statistiku. Dati nereti stipri atðíiras. Ðajâ tabulâ mçìinâts vadîties no jaunâkajiem pçtîjumiem, izvairoties no galçjîbâm.

In times of war and social chaos no one keeps precise statistics. Data oftentimes differ widely. This table uses the latest data where available, trying to avoid extremes.

Âî âðåìÿ âîéíû ïî÷òè íåâîçìîæíî âûÿñíèòü êîíêðåòíóþ ñòàòèñòèêó. Äàííûå èç ðàçíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâçà÷àñòóþ çíà÷èòåëüíî îòëè÷àþòñÿ. Ïðè ñîñòàâëåíèè ýòîé òàáëèöû èñïîëüçîâàíû íîâåéøèå èññëåäîâàíèÿè èñêëþ÷åíû êðàéíîñòè.

1930-41 Vâcbaltu izceïoðana 60 000Emigration of Baltic GermansÐåïàòðèàöèÿ áàëòèéñêèõ íåìöåâ

1940-41 Pirmajâ padomju okupâcijâ arestçti, deportçti, nogalinâti 35 000Arrested, deported, killed during the first Soviet occupationÂî âðåìÿ ïåðâîé Ñîâåòñêîé îêêóïàöèè àðåñòîâàíî, äåïîðòèðîâàíî, óáèòî

1941 Bçgïi un militârpersonas uz PSRS 50 000Refugees and military personnel to USSRÁåæåíöû è âîåííûå â ÑÑÑÐ

1941-42 Nacistu Holokausta upuri 70 000Victims of the Nazi HolocaustÆåðòâû Õîëîêîñòà

1941-45 Citi nacistu upuri un evakuçtie koncentrâcijas nometòu iemîtnieki 20 000Other victims of Nazis and evacuated inmates of concentration campsÄðóãèå æåðòâû íàöèñòîâ è ýâàêóèðîâàííûå èç êîíöëàãåðåé

1941-45 Piespiedu darbâ uz Vâciju nosûtîtie 20 000Forced labourers sent to GermanyÌîáèëèçîâàííûå íà ïðèíóäèòåëüíûå ðàáîòû â Ãåðìàíèþ

1944 Abrenes pievienoðana Krievijas PFSR 50 000Anexation of Abrene District to the Russian FederationÏðèñîåäèíåíèå Àáðåíå ê ÐÑÔÑÐ

1944-45 Bçgïi uz Vâciju un Zviedriju 180 000Refugees to Germany and SwedenÁåæåíöû â Ãåðìàíèþ è Øâåöèþ

1941-45 Kara darbîbâ bojâ gâjuðâs militârpersonas un civilisti 120 000Military personnel and civilians killed in war actionÏîãèáøèå âî âðåìÿ âîåííûõ äåéñòâèé âîåííûå è ìèðíûå æèòåëè

1944-45 Padomju arestçtie, deportçtie, uz “filtrâciju” nosûtîtie, nogalinâtie 20 000Arrested, deported, sent to “filtration” camps, killed by the SovietsÀðåñòîâàííûå, äåïîðòèðîâàííûå, ñîñëàííûå â ôèëüòðàöèîííûå ëàãåðÿ è óáèòûå

1945 Latvieðu militârpersonas rietumu Sabiedroto gûstâ 30 000Latvian military personnel captured by Western AlliesËàòâèéñêèå âîåííûå â ïëåíó ó çàïàäíûõ ñîþçíèêîâKOPÂ / TOTAL / ÂÑÅÃÎ 655 000

Zemnieku bçgïi no Latvijas vidienes ceïâ uz Kurzemi 1944. gada rudenî.

Farmers fleeing from Central Latvia to Kurzeme in late summer of 1944.

Áåæåíöû-êðåñòüÿíå èç ñðåäèííîé Ëàòâèè íà ïóòè â Êóðçåìå îñåíüþ 1944 ãîäà.

Latvieðu bçgïi slçpjas ðíûnî, gaidot laivu uz Gotlandes salu Zviedrijâ.

Latvian refugees hide in a barn while waiting for their boat to Gotland, Sweden.

Ëàòûøñêèå áåæåíöû óêðûâàþòñÿ â ñàðàå, äîæèäàÿñü ëîäêè íà Ãîòëàíä.

Latvijas Centrâlâs Padomes (LCP) laiva ar bçgïiem uz Gotlandi.

Latvian Central Council refugee boat bound for Gotland.

Ëîäêà ÖåíòðàëüíîãîÑîâåòà Ëàòâèè ñ áåæåíöàìè íà Ãîòëàíä

Vâcu preèu kuìis, viens no daudzajiem kuìiem, kas veda bçgïus no Latvijas uz Vâciju 1944. gada rudenî Ventspilî,1944. gada 8. novembrî.

A German freight transport, one of the many ships which carried refugees from Latvia to Germany in the autumn of 1944. Ventspils, 8 November 1944.

Îäèí èç ãðóçîâûõ ïàðîõîäîâ,êîòîðûé ïåðåâîçèë áåæåíöåâèç Ëàòâèè â Ãåðìàíèþ îñåíüþ 1944 ãîäà. Âåíòñïèëñ, 8 íîÿáðÿ 1944 ãîäà.

13

Otrâ padomju okupâcija


1945. gadâ Latvijai nebija lemts lîdz ar uzvaru pâr nacistisko Vâciju svinçt okupâcijas beigas. Ar Vâcijas kapitulâciju 8. maijâ Latvijâ atsâkâs PSRS okupâcija, kas ilga lîdz 1991. gadam. Padomju armija Latviju atstâja tikai 1994. gadâ.

The Second SovietOccupationIn 1945, Latvia could not celebrate the end of occupationtogether with victory over Nazi Germany. With the capitulation of German forces on 8 May 1945, Soviet occupation began anew. It lasted until 1991. The Soviet army did not leave Latvia until 1994.

Âòîðè÷íàÿ ñîâåòñêàÿîêêóïàöèÿËàòâèè â 1945 ãîäó íå áûëî ñóæäåíî âìåñòå ñ ïîáåäîéíàä íàöèñòñêîé Ãåðìàíèåé ïðàçäíîâàòü êîíåöîêêóïàöèè. Ñ êàïèòóëÿöèåé Ãåðìàíèè 8 ìàÿ 1945 ãîäàíà âñåé òåððèòîðèè Ëàòâèè âîçîáíîâèëàñü ñîâåòñêàÿîêêóïàöèÿ, ïðîäîëæàâøàÿñÿ äî 1991 ãîäà. Ñîâåòñêàÿàðìèÿ îñòàâèëà Ëàòâèþ òîëüêî â 1994 ãîäó.

1944. gada 6. oktobrî Latvijas PSR AugstâkâsPadomes deputâti pieòem Maskavâ ierosinâtu lçmumu pievienot Abrenes pilsçtu un seðus

2apkârtnes pagastus Krievijas PFSR (1 200 kmlielu teritoriju ar apmçram 50 000 Latvijas iedzîvotâjiem).

On 6 October 1944, the deputies of the Supreme Council of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic accept the motion by Moscow to annex the city of Abrene and six surrounding parishes to the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic, totalling

21,200 km with roughly 50,000 Latvian residents.

6 îêòÿáðÿ 1944 ãîäà äåïóòàòû ÂåðõîâíîãîÑîâåòà ËÑÑÐ ïî ïðåäëîæåíèþ Ìîñêâûïðèíèìàþò ðåøåíèå ïðèñîåäèíèòü ãîðîäÀáðåíå è øåñòü áëèæàéøèõ ê íåìó âîëîñòåé ê ÐÑÔÑÐ, ò. å. 1200 êâ. êì ñ íàñåëåíèåì îêîëî50 000 ÷åëîâåê.

Vâcu karavîri dodas gûstâ Tukumâ1945. gada 9. maijâ.

German troops taken as prisoners of war, Tukums 9 May 1945.

Íåìåöêèå âîèíû îòïðàâëÿþòñÿ â ïëåí. Òóêóìñ, ìàé 1945 ãîäà.

Padomju armija Latvijâ 1946. gadâ.

The Soviet army in Latvia in 1946.

Êðàñíàÿ Àðìèÿ â Ëàòâèè â 1946 ãîäó.

Uzvaras diena padomju okupçtajâ Rîgâ 1945. gada 9. maijâ.

V-E Day in Soviet occupied Rîga, 9 May 1945.

Äåíü ïîáåäû â îêêóïèðîâàííîéÑîâåòàìè Ðèãå 8 9 ìàÿ 1945 ãîäà.

Uzvaras svinçðana Londonâ 1945. gadâ 8. Maijâ.

Victory celebration in London, 8 May 1945.

Ïðàçäíîâàíèå ïîáåäû â Ëîíäîíå 8 ìàÿ 1945 ãîäà.

14

Latvijas iedzîvotâju pretoðanâs


Pretoðanâs okupâcijai turpinâjâs visu 51 gadu ilgo okupâcijas laiku. Par izaicinâjumu nacistiskajam reþîmam 1943. gadâ Latvijas Centrâlâ Padome (LCP) izstrâdâja neatkarîgâs un demokrâtiskâs Latvijas atjaunoðanas plânu, bet ar LCP saistîtais ìenerâlis Jânis Kurelis 1944. gadâ organizçja vairâku tûkstoðuvîru lielu militâru spçku cîòai ar padomju un vâcu armijâm. No 1944. lîdz 1956. gadam partizâni cînîjâs pret padomju reþîmu. Nevardarbîgâ pretoðanâs kâ, piemçram, patriotisku lapiòu izdalîðana un Latvijas karoga uzvilkðana turpinâjâs un îpaðiuzplauka tad, kad Austrumeiropâ izlauzâs atklâts protests pret PSRS: Austrumvâcijâ 1953. gadâ, Ungârijâ 1956. gadâ, Èehoslovâkijâ 1968. gadâ, Polijâ 1980. gadâ.

Resistance of the People of LatviaResistance to the occupation powers continued throughout the 51-year occupation period. In 1943, the Latvian NationalCouncil(LNC), an underground political organisation, challenged the Nazi regime by working out a plan for the renewal of a democratic Latvia. In 1944, General Kurelis, who co-operated with the LNC, organised a military unit numbering several thousand to battle both the Germans and the Soviets. From 1944 to 1956, national partisans fought against the Soviet regime. Non-violent resistance, such as distribution of illegal flyers and the hoisting of Latvian national flags, continued and escalated whenever open insurrection against the USSR broke out in Eastern Europe: 1953 in East Germany, 1956 in Hungary, 1968 in Czechoslovakia, 1980 in Poland.

Ñîïðîòèâëåíèå íàñåëåíèÿ ËàòâèèÑîïðîòèâëåíèå îêêóïàöèîííûì âëàñòÿì ïðîäîëæàëîñü âñåâðåìÿ îêêóïàöèè 51 ãîä. Êàê âûçîâ íàöèñòñêîìó ðåæèìóÖåíòðàëüíûé Ñîâåò Ëàòâèè (ÖÑË) âûðàáîòàë ïëàí âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ íåçàâèñèìîé è äåìîêðàòè÷åñêîé Ëàòâèè, à ñâÿçàííûé ñ ÖÑË ãåíåðàë ßíèñ Êóðåëèñ â 1944 ãîäóîðãàíèçîâàë âîéñêî èç íåñêîëüêî òûñÿ÷ ñîëäàò äëÿ áîðüáû ñ ñîâåòñêîé è íåìåöêîé àðìèÿìè. Ñ 1944 ïî 1956 ãîäíàöèîíàëüíûå ïàðòèçàíû áîðîëèñü ïðîòèâ ñîâåòñêîãîðåæèìà. Ïðîäîëæàâøååñÿ íåíàñèëüñòâåííîå ñîïðîòèâëåíèåâ âèäå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ïàòðèîòè÷åñêèõ ëèñòîâîê è âûâåøèâàíèÿ ôëàãà Ëàòâèè íàáèðàëî ñèëó âî âðåìÿ âñïûøåêîòêðûòûõ ïðîòåñòîâ â Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïå ïðîòèâ ÑÑÑÐ: â Âåíãðèè â 1956 ãîäó, â ×åõîñëîâàêèè â 1968 ãîäó, â Ïîëüøå â 1980 ãîäó.

Kureïa grupas svinîgais solîjums Kurzemç.

Solemn oath of allegiance by the Kurelis group in Kurzeme.

Òîðæåñòâåííàÿ êëÿòâàãðóïïû Êóðåëèñà.

Partizâni nakts pârgâjienâ.

Partisans on night patrol.

Ïàðòèçàíû â íî÷íîì ïåðåõîäå.

Ìenerâlis Jânis Kurelis.

General Jânis Kurelis.

Ãåíåðàë ßíèñ Êóðåëèñ.

LPSR Valsts Droðîbas ministrijas darbinieku nogalinâtie nacionâlo partizânu grupas dalîbnieki Cçsu rajonâ 1952. gada 16. aprîlî. Vajâðanas laikâ trîs grupas dalîbnieki izdarîja paðnâvîbu.

Members of a national partisan group killed by agents of Latvian SSR State Security Ministry forces in Cçsis District, 16 April 1952. Three partisans killed themselves to avoid being captured alive.

×ëåíû îòðÿäà íàöèîíàëüíûõ ïàðòèçàí, óáèòûå ðàáîòíèêàìèÌèíèñòåðñòâà ãîñáåçîïàñíîñòèËÑÑÐ â Öåñèññêîì ðàéîíå 16 àïðåëÿ 1952 ãîäà. Âî âðåìÿ ïðåñëåäîâàíèÿ òðè ó÷àñòíèêàãðóïïû ñîâåðøèëè ñàìîóáèéñòâî.

Nacionâlo partizânu grupu pârstâvju sanâksme netâlu no Usmas ezera 1946. gada 6. septembrî. Foto autors LPSR Valsts droðîbas ministrijas aìents Marìers Vîtoliòð.

Representatives of national partisan groups meet near Usma Lake, 6 September 1946. Photo taken by Latvian SSR State Security Ministry agent Marìers Vîtoliòð.

Ñõîäêà ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé ãðóïïíàöèîíàëüíûõ ïàðòèçàííåäàëåêî îò îçåðà Óñìàñ6 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1946 ãîäà. Àâòîðôîòî - àãåíò ÌÃÁ ËÑÑÐ Ìàðãåðèñ Âèòîëèíüø.

Alûksnes vidusskolas vecâko klaðu skolçnu veidotais þurnâls “Kokle”, kas nosodîja okupâcijas varu. Èeka grupu atklâja un

1946. gadâ 5 meitenes un 7 zçnus notiesâja uz 10 gadiem stingra reþîma laboðanas darbu nometnç.

The magazine “Kokle”, which condemns the Soviet occupation, written by members of Alûksne High School's senior class. In

1946, Cheka (NKVD) agents discovered the magazine and sentenced 5 girls and 7 boys to 10 years in a hard labour camp.

Îñóæäàþùèé îêêóïàöèîííûå âëàñòè æóðíàë «Êîêëå», ñîçäàííûéñòàðøåêëàññíèêàìè Àëóêñíåíñêîé ñðåäíåé øêîëû. Ãðóïïà áûëà ðàñêðûòà ×Ê è â 1946 ãîäó ïÿòü äåâóøåê è ñåìåðî þíîøåé áûëè

ïðèãîâîðåíû ê 10 ãîäàì â ëàãåðÿõ èñïðàâèòåëüíûõ ðàáîòñòðîãîãî ðåæèìà.

Viens no paðdarinâtiem karodziòiem, ko Valkas 1. vidusskolas nacionâlâs pretoðanâs grupa “Tâlavas sili” izkâra 1945. gada 17. novembrî. Èekas pratinâðanas laikâ savu “vainu” karodziòa darinâtâja Dzintra Purviòa apliecinâjusi ar vârdiem: “Izgatavoju es” un parakstu. 14 - 15 gadus vecos skolçnus sodîja ar 8 -10 gadiem katorgâ.

stOne of the handmade flags that the 1 Valka High School's national resistance group “Tâlavas sili” displayed on 17 November 1945. During the Cheka interrogation, Dzintra Purviòa admitted her “guilt” by writing “I made it” and her name on the flag. The 14 to15-year old students received 8 -10years in a hard labour camp.

Îäèí èç ñàìîäåëüíûõ ôëàæêîâ, êîòîðûå ãðóïïà ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿÂàëêñêîé 1-é ñðåäíåé øêîëû «Tâlavas spçki» âûâåñèëà 17 íîÿáðÿ 1945 ãîäà. Ñâîþ «âèíó» èçãîòîâèòåëü ôëàæêà Äçèíòðà Ïóðèíÿçàñâèäåòåëüñòâîâàëà ñëîâàìè «Èçãîòîâèëà ÿ» è ñîáñòâåííîé ïîäïèñüþâî âðåìÿ äîïðîñà â ×Ê. Ó÷èòåëüíèöó ïðèãîâîðèëè ê 20 ãîäàì, à 14 -15-ëåòíèõ ó÷åíèêîâ ê 8-10 ãîäàì êàòîðãè.

Latvijas Okupâcijas muzejs 1940–1991

15

Deportâcijas,sovjetizâcija, pârkrievoðana

Sekojot Komunistiskâs partijas ideoloìijai, padomju reþîms apspieda jebkâdu opozîciju savai politikai. Pçc kara beigâm, 1945. gadâ notika plaða mçroga latvieðu deportâcija uz Sibîriju. 1949. gada 25. martâ uz “specnometinâjumu” vietâm (galvenokârt Amûras, Omskas un Tomskas apgabalos) izsûtîja vairâk nekâ 43 000 cilvçku. Latvijâ iepludinâja citas Padomju Savienîbas tautas, kâ arî lietoja citas kultûras sovjetizâcijas un pârkrievoðanas metodes. 1959. gadâ apspieda t. s. “nacionâlkomunistu” centienus ierobeþot mehânisku iedzîvotâju skaita palielinâðanu uz imigrâcijas rçíina un bremzçt Latvijas pârkrievoðanu.Padomju reþîms centâs izolçt Latvijas iedzîvotâjus no kultûras saitçm ar Eiropu. Mâkslâ, literatûrâ un sabiedriskajâs zinâtnçs jebkura atsauksme uz Rietumu tradîcijâm un individuâlisma izpausme tika nosodîta kâ nodeva “formâlismam”. 1951. g. apcietinâja un notiesâja t. s. “franèu grupas” rakstniekus un mâksliniekus, kuri interesçjâs par franèu kultûru. Sakari ar ârzemçm bija stingri ierobeþoti vai pat neiespçjami.Daudzas latvieðu kultûras un tautiskâs tradîcijas aizliedza, ïaudis noðíîra no viòu kultûras mantojuma. Latvieðu valodu noniecinâja, un tâs oficiâlâ lietoðana gandrîz pilnîbâ tika izskausta.

Deportations, Sovietisation, RussificationIn accordance with the ideology of the Communist Party, the Soviet regime suppressed any opposition to

its politics. At the end of the war, in 1945, widespread deportations to distant areas of the USSR took place. On 25 March 1949, more than 43,000 people were sent to “special settlement” areas (mainly to the Amur,Omsk and Tomsk regions). Ethnic groups from the Soviet Union flooded into Latvia, and various methods of cultural Sovietisation and Russification were applied. In 1959, the efforts of the so-called “National Communists” to limit the mechanical increase of population and to cut back the Russification of Latvia were suppressed.

The Soviet regime made an effort to isolate the population of Latvia from cultural contacts with Europe. In art, literature, music, and social sciences, any reference to Western traditions or expression of individualismwas denounced as “formalism”. Writers and artists who belonged to the so-called “French Group” interested in French culture, were arrested and sentenced in 1951. Communication with foreign countries in the Westwas restricted or impossible.

Many Latvian cultural and ethnic traditions were forbidden. The nation was deprived of its culturalheritage. The Latvian language was held in low esteem, and its use in public life was almost eliminated.

Äåïîðòàöèè, ñîâåòèçàöèÿ, ðóñèôèêàöèÿÑëåäóÿ èäåîëîãèè êîììóíèñòè÷åñêîé ïàðòèè, ñîâåòñêèé ðåæèì ïîäàâëÿë ëþáóþ îïïîçèöèþ ñâîåéïîëèòèêå. Ïîñëå îêîí÷àíèÿ âîéíû â 1945 ãîäó áûëè ïðîâåäåíû øèðîêîìàñøòàáíûå äåïîðòàöèèëàòûøåé â Ñèáèðü. 25 ìàðòà 1949 ãîäà íà ìåñòà «ñïåöïîñåëåíèé» (â îñíîâíîì â Àìóðñêîé, Îìñêîé è Òîìñêîé îáëàñòÿõ) áûëî ñîñëàíî áîëåå 43 000 ÷åëîâåê. Ëàòâèþ íàâîäíèëè ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿìè äðóãèõíàðîäîâ ÑÑÑÐ. Ïðèìåíÿëè òàêæå è äðóãèå ìåòîäû ñîâåòèçàöèè è ðóñèôèêàöèè êóëüòóðû. Â 1959 ãîäóáûëà ïîäàâëåíà ïîïûòêà ò.í. «íàöèîíàë-êîììóíèñòîâ» - ðóêîâîäèòåëåé ðåñïóáëèêè - îãðàíè÷èòü ìåõàíè÷åñêîå óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè íàñåëåíèÿ çà ñ÷åò èììèãðàöèè è ïðèòîðìîçèòüðóñèôèêàöèþ Ëàòâèè.Ñîâåòñêèé ðåæèì ïûòàëñÿ èçîëèðîâàòü íàñåëåíèå Ëàòâèè îò êóëüòóðíûõ ñâÿçåé ñ Åâðîïîé. Â èñêóññòâå, ëèòåðàòóðå è îáùåñòâåííûõ íàóêàõ ëþáàÿ ññûëêà íà òðàäèöèè Çàïàäà èëè ïðîÿâëåíèÿèíäèâèäóàëèçìà áûëà îñóæäåíà êàê äàíü «ôîðìàëèçìó». Àðåñòîâàëè è ñóäèëè ïèñàòåëåé è õóäîæíèêîâ ò. í. ôðàíöóçñêîé ãðóïïû», èíòåðåñóþùèõñÿ ôðàíöóçñêîé êóëüòóðîé. Ñâÿçè ñ çàãðàíèöåéáûëè ñòðîãî îãðàíè÷åíû èëè âîîáùå íåâîçìîæíû.Ìíîãèå ëàòûøñêèå êóëüòóðíûå è íàðîäíûå òðàäèöèè çàïðåùàëèñü. Ëàòûøñêèé ÿçûê óìàëÿëè, åãîïî÷òè ïîëíîñòüþ èçúÿëè èç îôèöèàëüíîãî óïîòðåáëåíèÿ.

Kravas auto ar deportçtajiem ceïâ uz staciju 1949. gada 25. martâ.

A truck transporting deportees to the railroad station, 25 March 1949.

Ãðóçîâèê ñ äåïîðòèðóåìûìè â ïóòè íà æåëåçíîäîðîæíóþ ñòàíöèþ.

Preèu vagoni, kâdos deportçja latvieðus

1949. gadâ.

Boxcars of the type used in the 1949

deportations of Latvians.

Òîâàðíûå âàãîíû, â êîòîðûõ

äåïîðòèðîâàëèëàòûøåé â 1949

Deportçto eðelons.

Train deportees.

Ýøåëîíäåïîðòèðóåìûõ.

Katram pilngadîgam 1949. gada 25. martâ izsûtîtajam bija jâparaksta, ka izsûtîts “specnometinâjumâ uz mûþîgiem laikiem bez tiesîbâm atgriezties iepriekðçjâ dzîves vietâ”.

Each adult deported on 25 March 1949 had to sign a document that he or she was being sent to a “special settlement for all time without the right to return to the previous place of residence”.

Êàæäûé ñîâåðøåííîëåòíèé äåïîðòèðîâàííûé 25 ìàðòà 1949 ãîäàäîëæåí áûë ðàñïèñàòüñÿ, ÷òî îí ñîñëàí íà «ñïåöïîñåëåíèå íàâåêè áåçïðàâà âåðíóòüñÿ íà ïðåæíåå ìåñòî æèòåëüñòâà».

Izsûtîto latvieðu ìimene pie savas mâjas Omskas apgabala Sargatskas rajonâ 1950. gadâ.

Deported Latvian family in front of their house in the Sargatsk Region of Omsk District, 1950.

Âûñëàííàÿ ëàòèøñêàÿ ñåìÿ ó ñâîåãîäîìà â Ñàðãàòñêîì ðàéîíå Îìñêîéîáëàñòè â 1950 ãîäó.

Izsûtîto latvieðu grupa pçc atbrîvoðanas,uzsâkot atceïu uz Latviju. Omskas apgabala Gorkovskas sâdþâ, 1960. gada pavasarî.

A group of Latvian deportees after liberation,starting their journey back to Latvia. Gorkovsk village in Omsk District, spring 1960.

Ãðóïïà ññûëüíûõ ëàòûøåé ïîñëå îñâîáîæäåíèÿ íà÷èíàåò ïóòü âîçâðàùåíèÿâ Ëàòâèþ. Ñåëî Ãîðüêîâñêîå Îìñêîéîáëàñòè, âåñíîé 1960 ãîäà.


16

Sovjetizâcija,pârkrievoðana

1935

1989

LatvieðiLatviansËàòûøè

KrieviRussiansÐóññêèå

BaltkrieviBelorussiansÁåëîðóñû

UkraiòiUkraniansÓêðàèíöû

EbrejiJewsÅâðåè

VâcieðiGermansÍåìöû

CitiOthersÄðóãèå

76,99%

52,04%

8,83%

33,96%

1,41%

4,49%

0,10%

3,45%4,90%

0,86%3,26%

0,14%

4,49%5,06%

Latvijas 1935. gada tautas skaitîðanas dati salîdzinâjumâ ar 1989. gada PSRS tautas skaitîðanas datiem par Latviju.

Latvia's Census Data, 1935, compared to USSR Census Data for Latvia, 1989.

Äàííûå ïåðåïèñè íàñåëåíèÿ Ëàòâèè 1935 ãîäà â ñðàâíåíèè ñ äàííûìè ïåðåïèñè íàñåëåíèÿ ÑÑÑÐ 1989 ãîäà ïî Ëàòâèè.

Ielu pârdçvçðana: Komjaunatnes iela Tukumâ.

Renaming of the streets: Komsomol Street in Tukums.

Ïåðåèìåíîâàíèå óëèö: óëèöàÊîìüÿóíàòíåñ (êîìñîìîëà) â Òóêóìñå.

Seminârs Augstskolâ.

A seminar at the University.

Ñåìèíàð â ÂÓÇå.

Latvijas PSR gadadienas svinîbas: “Slava Ïeòina-Staïina partijai” 1949. gadâ.

Festival marking the anniversary of the Latvian SSR: “Praise to the party of Lenin-Stalin”, 1949.

Òîðæåñòâà ïî ïîâîäó 9-é ãîäîâùèíûÑîâåòñêîé Ëàòâèè: «Ñëàâà ïàðòèè Ëåíèíà-Ñòàëèíà».

Padomju propagandas plakâts, slavinot tautu draudzîbu.

A Soviet propaganda poster,extolling the friendship of nations.

Ñîâåòñêèé ïðîïàãàíäèñòñêèéïëàêàò, ïðîñëàâëÿþùèé äðóæáóíàðîäîâ.

Kolhozi un sovhozi nomainîja lauku saimniecîbas.

Collective and state-owned farms have replace private farms.

Êîëõîçû è ñîâõîçû ñìåíèëè õóòîðà.

Eduards Berklavs, Latvijas “nacionâlkomunistu” galvenais uzskatu paudçjs, kas centâs apturçt pârkrievoðanu.

Eduards Berklavs, leading voice of the Latvian “national communists” who tried to stem the tide of Russification.

Ýäóàðä Áåðêëàâñ, ãëàâíûé ãëàøàòàé âçãëÿäîâ«íàöèîíàë- êîììóíèñòîâ», êîòîðûé ïûòàëñÿ îñòàíîâèòüðóñèôèêàöèþ.

Rîgas ainava ar toròiem (aizmugurç) ârzemju radio raidîjumu traucçðanai.

A view of Riga with towers (in the distance) for jamming foreign radio broadcasts.

Âèä íà Ðèãó ñ áàøíÿìè (íà çàäíåì ïëàíå), ãäå áûëè óñòàíîâëåíû «ãëóøèòåëè» çàãðàíè÷íûõ ðàäèîïåðåäà÷.

Altâra telpa luterâòu baznîcâ Dubultos,pârveidota propagandas nolûkos.

Altar area in the Lutheran church in Dubulti, converted for propaganda uses.

Àëòàðíàÿ ÷àñòü ëþòåðàíñêîé öåðêâè â Äóáóëòû ïåðåäåëàíà â öåëÿõ ïðîïàãàíäû.

Padomju laikâ bûvçts mikrorajons Rîgâ.

Soviet-built urban development in Rîga.

Ìèêðîðàéîí â Ðèãå,ïîñòðîåííûé â ñîâåòñêîå

âðåìÿ.

Padomju mûzikas piemçri: “Traktorista valsis”, “Slaists kolhozâ”, “Ïeòins”, “Latvieði gavilç Staïinam”.

Examples of Soviet music: “Waltz of the Tractor Driver”, “Lazybones at the Kolkhoz”, “Lenin”, “Latvians Cheer Stalin”.

Îáðàçöû ñîâåòñêîé ìóçûêè: «Âàëüñ òðàêòîðèñòà», «Òóíåÿäåö â êîëõîçå», «Ëåíèí», «Ëàòûøè ñëàâÿò Ñòàëèíà».

Meþotnes luterâòu baznîcakalpoja kâ kolhoza noliktava.

Lutheran Church, used as a collective farm storage facility.

Ëþóòåðàíñêèé õðàì â Ìåæîòíåñëóæèë êîëõîçíûì ñêëàäîì.


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Izdzîvoðana SibîrijâVissmagâko cilvçka izturîbas pârbaudi latvieðiem nâcâs piedzîvot Sibîrijâ darba nometnçs un izsûtîjumâ.Izdzîvoðana ekstrçmos apstâkïos bieþi bija atkarîga no iespçjâm atrast patvçrumu, pârtiku un no prasmes izgatavot darba rîkus no materiâliem, kâdus varçja sameklçt.

Survival in SiberiaOver 100,000 Latvians were deported to Siberian prisoncamps and places of banishment. There they faced the most severe test of human endurance. In order to survive in extreme conditions, often they had to construct their own shelter, gather food, and make simple tools and utensils out of whatever material that could be found.

Âûæèâàíèå â ÑèáèðèÑàìûå òÿæåëûå èñïûòàíèÿ ÷åëîâå÷åñêîéâûíîñëèâîñòè ëàòûøàì äîâåëîñü ïðîéòè â ñèáèðñêèõòðóäîâûõ ëàãåðÿõ è ññûëêå. Âûæèâàíèå â ýòèõýêñòðåìàëüíûõ óñëîâèÿõ çà÷àñòóþ çàâèñåëî îòâîçìîæíîñòåé íàéòè æèëèùå, ïðîäîâîëüñòâèå, îòóìåíèÿ ñàìèì èçãîòîâèòü îðóäèÿ òðóäà èç ïîäðó÷íûõìàòåðèàëîâ.

Stingrâ reþîma un seviðíi stingrâ reþîma nometnç ieslodzîto cepurîtes seðdesmitajos gados Mordovijas APSR. Cepurîtes valkâja brâïi Jânis un Andris Mçtras. Jânis bija sodîts par nodomu ziòot ASV bruòotajiem spçkiem, ka pret viòiem t. s. Kubas krîzes gadâ notçmçtas padomju raíetes, bet Andris par PSRS armijas noslçpuma izpauðanu brâlim.

Caps of prisoners in high security and top security labour camps in the Mordovian ASSR Autonomous Republic in the 1960s. These caps were worn by the brothers Jânis and Andris Mçtra. Jânis was convicted of the intent to inform the US armed forces that, at the time of the Cuban crisis, Soviet missiles were targeted on them. Andris was convicted of divulging military secrets to his brother.

Øàïî÷êè çàêëþ÷åííûõ â ëàãåðå ñòðîãîãî è îñîáî ñòðîãîãî ðåæèìà â 60-ûå ãîäû â Ìîðäîâñêîé ÀÑÑÐ. Øàïî÷êè íîñèëè áðàòüÿßíèñ è Àíäðèñ Ìåòðû: ßíèñ áûë îñóæäåí çà íàìåðåíèå ñîîáùèòü âîîðóæåííûì ñèëàì ÑØÀ, ÷òî íà íèõ íàöåëåíûñîâåòñêèå ðàêåòû â ãîä ò. í. Êóáèíñêîãî êðèçèñà, à Àíäðèñ çà ðàçãëàøåíèè âîåííîé òàéíû ÑÑÑÐ áðàòó.

Brilles un futrâlis. Hermanim Kaupiòam brilles bija lîdzi, kad viòu kâ politisko ieslodzîto no Latvijasdeportçja uz spaidu darbu nometni Rudòikos Mordovijas APSR. Kaupiòð GULAGa nometnç pavadîja astoòus gadus (1948-1956). Cilvçki ar sliktu redzi bija vçl lielâkâ postâ nekâ citi ieslodzîtie, jo nometnçs nebija acu ârstu. Nebija arî iespçjas nopirkt brilles, kad lîdzpaòemtâs saplîsa.

Spectacles and case. They belonged to Hermanis Kaupiòð, who was wearing them when he was deported as a political prisoner to forced labour camp Rudniíi, in Mordovia, ASSR, in 1948. The plight of prisoners with vision problems was even worse than that of others, as there was no available eye-care. It was also impossible to obtain a new pair of glasses if the old ones broke.

Î÷êè è ôóòëÿð. Ó Ãåðìàíà Êàóïèíüøà î÷êè áûëè ñ ñîáîé, êîãäà åãî êàê ïîëèòçàêëþ÷åííîãî èç Ëàòâèè äåïîðòèðîâàëè â ëàãåðü ïðèíóäèòåëüíûõ ðàáîò â Ðóäíèêàõ Ìîðäîâñêîé ÀÑÑÐ. Êàóïèíüø â ëàãåðå ÃÓËÀÃà ïðîâåë 8 ëåò (1948-1956). Ïîëîæåíèå ëþäåé ñ ïëîõèì çðåíèåì áûëî åùå áîëååáåäñòâåííûì, íåæåëè äðóãèõ çàêëþ÷åííûõ, èáî â ëàãåðÿõ íå áûëî âðà÷åé. Íå áûëî è âîçìîæíîñòèêóïèòü íîâûå î÷êè, åñëè âçÿòûå ñ ñîáîé ðàçáèâàëèñü.

Maska, lai pasargâtu seju no apsaldçðanas. Ieslodzîtie 0tâdas uzsçja, kad bija jâstrâdâ âra darbos pat lîdz -40 C

temperatûrai. Maska izgatavota Amûras novadâ piecdesmitajos gados. To lietoja bijuðais politiskais ieslodzîtais Kârlis Ârgalis.

Protective mask. Such masks were tied on to protect the face from frostbite when working outdoors in

0temperatures as low as -40 C. The mask was made in the 1950s in the Amur region and worn by the political prisoner Kârlis Ârgalis.

Ìàñêà. Çàêëþ÷åííûå íàäåâàëè òàêèå ìàñêè, êîãäàïðèõîäèëîñü ðàáîòàòü íà îòêðûòîì ìåñòå è äàæå ïðè ìîðîçå äî -40 ãðàäóñîâ, ÷òîáû íå îáìîðîçèòüëèöî. Ìàñêà èçãîòîâëåíà â Àìóðñêîì êðàå â 50-ûõ ãîäàõ. Ìàñêîé ïîëüçîâàëñÿ áûâøèé ïîëèòçàêëþ÷åííûé Êàðëèñ Àðãàëèñ.

GULAGa barakas makets. Izgatavots pçc bijuðo politisko ieslodzîto uzmetumiem un atmiòâm. Ðâda veida barakas bija izplatîtas tâdâs vietâs, kur auga meþi. Ieslodzîtie dzîvoja lielâ ðaurîbâ - politiskie kopâ ar kriminâlajiem, kuri, uzraugu atbalstîti, terorizçja politiskos. Zâdzîbas, kautiòi, slepkavîbas bija ieslodzîto ikdiena. Ziemâs bija tâds aukstums, ka nereti pie lâviòâm piesala mati. Naktîs baraku aizslçdza no ârpuses.

Reconstruction of a GULAG barracks. Constructed from sketches and descriptions of former political prisoners. Such barracks were common in forested regions. The prisoners lived in very confined quarters - political prisoners together with criminals who, in collusion with the guards, terrorised the political prisoners. Theft, fights and murders were commonplace. In winter the cold was often so extreme that hair would freeze to the wooden sleeping platforms. At night the barracks were locked from the outside.

Ìàêåò áàðàêà â ëàãåðå ÃÓËÀÃà. Èçãîòîâëåí ïî íàáðîñêàì è ðàññêàçàì áûâøèõ ïîëèòçàêëþ÷åííûõ. Áàðàêè òàêîãî òèïà áûëè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíû â ëåñèñòûõ ìåñòíîñòÿõ. Çàêëþ÷åííûå æèëè â áîëüøîé òåñíîòå, ïîëèòè÷åñêèå âìåñòå ñ óãîëîâíèêàìè, êîòîðûå ñ âåäîìàíàäçèðàòåëåé òåððîðèçèðîâàëè ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ. Êðàæè, äðàêè, óáèéñòâà áûëè äëÿ çàêëþ÷åííûõ îáûäåííûìè ÿâëåíèÿìè. Çèìîé â áàðàêàõáûë òàêîé ìîðîç, ÷òî çà÷àñòóþ âîëîñû ïðèìåðçàëè ê íàðàì. Íà íî÷ü áàðàêè çàïèðàëèñü ñíàðóæè.

“Paraða” ir pârvietojama, vienmçr pretîgi smirdoða tualetes muca PSRS cietumos un vergu nometnçs. Vienmçr un visur arestantus pavadîja paraðas smirdoòa. Arto bija piesâtinâtas gan telpas, gan apìçrbi, gan produkti.

A “parasha” is a portable, always foul-smelling toilet barrel in USSR prisons and labour camps. The foul smell was a prisoner's constant companion. It permeated all buildings, clothing and food.

«Ïàðàøà» - ïåðåíîñíàÿ, âñåãäà ïðîòèâíî âîíÿþùàÿ òóàëåòíàÿ áî÷êà â òþðüìàõ è ëàãåðÿõ ðàáîò â ÑÑÑÐ. Âñåãäà è âåçäå àðåñòàíòîâ ñîïðîâîæäàëîçëîâîíèå ïàðàøè. Èì áûëè íàñûùåíû è ïîìåùåíèÿ, è îäåæäà, è ïðîäóêòû.

Krievu-latvieðu valodas vârdnîca. Èumas filtrâcijas nometnç (Komi APSR) ieslodzîtais Jânis Rivars to izgatavoja 1945. gadâ. Lapas

gatavotas no izlietotu papîra maisu vidçjâs kârtas. Protot krievu valodu, varçja saprast, ko runâ uzraugi, un varçja sazinâties ar brîvlaistajiem

cilvçkiem, arî nekrieviem, kuri visi mâcçja krieviski. Krievu vârdus Rivars norakstîja no avîþpapîra strçmelçm, ko lietoja, lai ietîtu cigaretes. Pçc

tam no citiem ieslodzîtajiem uzzinâja krievu vârdu nozîmi.

Russian-Latvian dictionary. Prepared by Jânis Rivars in the Chuma filtration camp in the Komi ASSR in 1945. The pages were made from the middle layer of used paper bags. If one understood Russian, one

could understand what the guards were saying and communicate with those who had been released from the camps, including people of other

nationalities who all could speak Russian. Rivars copied the Russian words from strips of newspapers used to roll mahorka - self-made

cigarettes. The meaning of the words was explained by other prisoners.

Ðóññêî-ëàòûøñêèé ñëîâàðü. Çàêëþ÷åííûé â ×óìñêîì (Êîìè ÀÑÑÐ)ôèëüòðàöèîííîì ëàãåðå ßíèñ Ðèâàðñ èçãîòîâèë åãî â 1945 ãîäó.

Ëèñòû ñäåëàíû èç ïðîêëàäîê èñïîëüçîâàííûõ áóìàæíûõ ìåøêîâ.Çíàÿ ðóññêèé ÿçûê, ìîæíî áûëî ïîíÿòü, ÷òî ãîâîðÿò íàäçèðàòåëè,

ìîæíî áûëî îáùàòüñÿ ñ âîëüíîíàåìíûìè, â ò. ÷. íåðóññêèìè,êîòîðûå âñå çíàëè ðóññêèé ÿçûê. Ðóññêèå ñëîâà Ðèâàðñ ñïèñûâàë ñ

ãàçåòíûõ ïîëîñîê, øåäøèõ íà ìàõîðî÷íûå ñàìîêðóòêè ñèãàðåòûçàêëþ÷åííûõ è ïîòîì îò äðóãèõ çàêëþ÷åííûõ óçíàâàë çíà÷åíèå

ýòèõ ñëîâ.

Karote. Tâ piederçjusi Emmai Juðkevicai invalîdu spaidu darbu nometnç Baltkrievijâ, Borisovas tuvumâ, no 1947. lîdz 1951. gadam. Ðajâ nometnç ieslodzîtajiem karotes nedeva. Invalîdi karotes gatavoja paði, izkausçjotnometnes alumînija bïodiòas.

Spoon. This spoon belonged to Emma Juðkevica, incarcerated from 1947 to 1951 in the forced labour camp for invalids, in the Byelorussian SSR near Borisova. In this camp the prisoners were not given spoons. The invalids made their own spoons by melting aluminium bowls.

Ëîæêà. Îíà ïðèíàäëåæàëà Ýììå Þøêåâè÷ â òðóäîâîì ëàãåðåèñïðàâèòåëüíûõ ðàáîò äëÿ èíâàëèäîâ â Áåëîðóññèè, ïîä Áîðèñîâîì ñ 1947 ïî 1951 ãîä. Â ýòîì ëàãåðå ëîæêè çàêëþ÷åííûì íå âûäàâàëèñü.Èíâàëèäû äåëàëè ëîæêè ñàìè, ðàñïëàâëÿÿ ëàãåðíûå àëþìèíèåâûåìèñêè.

Adata. Adatu izgatavoja Jânis Rivars 1946. gadâ Èumas filtrâcijas nometnç (Komi APSR) no stieples gabala. Turot naglu uz stieples saplacinâtâ gala, ar akmeni stieplç izsitis caurumiòu diega ievçrðana, tad noasinâjis stieples otru galu. Ar tâdu adatu varçja salâpît apìçrbu, pieðût pogu.

Needle. Made by Jânis Rivars in the Chuma filtration camp in the Komi ASSR in 1946. It was made from a piece of wire by flattening one end, then holding a nail to the flattened part and hitting with a stone to make a hole for the thread. With such a needle one could repair clothes and sew a button.

Èãîëêà. Èãîëêó èçãîòîâèë ßíèñ Ðèâàðñ â 1946 ãîäó â ×óìñêîì (Êîìè ÀÑÑÐ)ôèëüòðàöèîííîì ëàãåðå èç êóñêà ïðîâîëîêè. Äåðæà ãâîçäü îñòðèåì íà ðàñïëþùåííîì êîíöå ïðîâîëîêè, îí óäàðàìè êàìíÿ ïðîáèë äûðî÷êè äëÿ âäåâàíèÿ íèòêè. Ïîòîì çàîñòðèë äðóãîé êîíåö ïðîâîëîêè. Òàêîé èãëîé ìîæíîáûëî ëàòàòü îäåæäó, ïðèøèòü ïóãîâèöó.


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Uzturot cilvçciskumu ieslodzîjumâPar spîti galçjam trûkumam, ïaudis centâs saglabât skaistuma izjûtu, paðcieòu un cilvçcîbu. Viòi izgatavoja skaistas lietas no visvienkârðâkajiem materiâliem,pasniedza tâs kâ dâvanas, saglabâja kâ piemiòas lietiòas vai vienkârði darinâja, lai nodarbinâtu prâtu un uzturçtumoþu garu.

Despite extreme deprivation, people still managed tomaintain a sense of beauty, dignity and humanity. They fashioned items out of the simplest materials, exchanged them as gifts, kept them as mementoes or used them to keep their minds active and spirits alive.

Îñòàâàòüñÿ ÷åëîâåêîì â ëàãåðÿõ ÃÓËÀÃàÍàïåðåêîð êðàéíåé íèùåòå è ëàãåðíîé îáñòàíîâêå,ëþäè ñòàðàëèñü ñîõðàíèòü ñîáñòâåííîå äîñòîèíñòâîè ÷åëîâå÷íîñòü. Îíè èç ïðîñòåéøèõ ìàòåðèàëîâìàñòåðèëè ïðåêðàñíûå âåùèöû, äàðèëè èõ íà ïàìÿòü,ñîõðàíèëè êàê ñóâåíèðû èëè ïðîñòî èçãîòàâëèâàëè,÷òîáû ñîõðàíèòü ðàçóì è ïîääåðæàòü áîäðîñòü äóõà.

Preserving Humanity during Incarceration

Sîkas piemiòas lietiòas, íirsîði un cimdiòi, tupelîtes, izðûts íemmes futrâlîtis. Drosma Sçja 1946. gadâ tos gatavojusi Rîgas Centrâlcietumâ. Izðuvums darinâts ar vistas kaula adatu. Vistas gaïu pârtikas paciòâ uz cietumu atnesa Drosmas tuvinieki.

Keepsakes: cherries, tiny mittens and shoes, and decorated case for a comb. Made by Drosma Sçja in the Rîga Central Prison in 1946. For a needle she used a chicken bone. Afood package with pieces of chicken meat was brought to the prison by her family.

Ìåëêèå ñóâåíèðû, âûøèâêè è ðóêàâè÷êè, òóôåëüêè,âûøèòûé ÷åõîëü÷èê äëÿ ðàñ÷åñêè. Äðîñìà Ñåÿ âñå ýòîèçãîòîâèëà â 1946 ãîäó â Ðèæñêîé Öåíòðàëüíîé òþðüìå. Âûøèâêà âûïîëíåíà èãëîé èç êóðèíîé êîñòî÷êè. Êóðèíîåìÿñî â ïðîäóêòîâîé ïåðåäà÷å ïðèíåñëè ðîäñòâåííèêèÄðîñìû.

Nepabeigtais rokdarbs. Ìenerâïa Jâòa Baloþa sievas Elvîras Balodes nepabeigtais rokdarbs ir

piemiòa no PSRS cietumos pavadîtajiem 14 gadiem (1940 1954). Rokdarbs izðûts uz

cietuma slimnîcas marles. No tâ paða marles gabala izvilkti diegi ðûðanai. Metâla adatas

cietumos bija aizliegtas. Balode smalko rokdarbu izðuvusi ar koka adatu.

Unfinished needlework is a memento of 14 years spent in USSR prisons (1940 1954) by Elvîra Balode, wife of General Jânis Balodis,

Minister for Defence of the Republic of Latvia. The embroidery is done on prison hospital

gauze, using thread pulled from the gauze. Steel needles were not allowed in prison, so Balode fashioned the fine embroidery with a wooden

needle.

Íåçàêîí÷åííîå ðóêîäåëèå Ýëâèðû Áàëîäå,ñóïðóãè ãåíåðàëà ßíèñà Áàëîäèñà. Ýòî

ïàìÿòü î 14-è ãîäàõ (1940 1954),ïðîâåäåííûõ â òþðüìàõ ÑÑÑÐ. Âûøèâêà

âûïîëíåíà íà ìàðëå òþðåìíîé áîëüíèöû. Èç òîãî æå êóñêà ìàðëè âûäåðíóòû íèòè äëÿ

øèòüÿ. Ñâîå òîíêîå ðóêîäåëèå Áàëîäåðàñøèâàëà äåðåâÿííîé èãëîé.

Ìåòàëëè÷åñêèå èãëû â òþðüìàõ áûëè çàïðåùåíû.

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Mçmâs klavieres. Ðîs klavieres piecdesmitajos gados izgatavojis

nezinâms meistars latvieðu komponistam Jânim Lîcîtim, lai

smagajos darbos Vorkutas ogïu raktuvçs viòð nezaudçtu spçju

spçlçt klavieres. Ðîm nelielajâm koka klavierçm nav stîgu.

Mute Piano. The small piano without strings was constructed

by an unknown craftsman at Vorkuta in the 1950s. It was made

for the Latvian composer Jânis Lîcîtis, so that he would not lose

his ability to play the piano during the years of heavy labour in the

coal mines.

Íåìîå ïèàíèíî. Íåèçâåñòíûéìàñòåð èçãîòîâèë åãî â 50-õ

ãîäàõ äëÿ ëàòûøñêîãîêîìïîçèòîðà ßíèñà Ëèöèòèñà,

÷òîáû íà òÿæåëûõ ðàáîòàõ â Âîðêóòèíñêèõ óãîëüíûõ øàõòàõ

îí íå óòðàòèë íàâûêîâôîðòåïüÿííîé èãðû. Ó ýòîãî

íåáîëüøîãî äåðåâÿííîãîèíñòðóìåíòà íåò ñòðóí.

Kabatlakats. To izðuvusi Mçrija Stakle, kad viòa no “izsûtîtâs” (pçc tiesas sprieduma uz denunciâcijas pamata) bija kïuvusi par “ieslodzîto”. Lakatiòa augðçjâ kreisajâ stûrî aresta datums: 1950. gada 18. maijs. Uz lakatiòa parakstîjuðâs daþâdu tautîbu likteòa biedres, kuru vârdus Stakle izðuvusi krâsainiem diegiem, kas izvilkti no daþâdiem drçbju gabaliem.

Handkerchief. Embroidered by Mçrija Stakle, after a tribunal changed her status from “deportee“ to “political prisoner“ as a result of a denunciation. In the upper left-hand corner is the date of arrest May 18, 1950. The handkerchief was signed by her fellow prisoners of various nationalities. The names were embroidered with coloured threads, obtained by unravelling various pieces of clothing.

Íîñîâîé ïëàòîê. Åãî âûøèëà Ìåðèÿ Ñòàêëå, êîãäà åå èç „ññûëüíîé“ ïðåâðàòèëè (ïî ïðèãîâîðó ñóäà íà îñíîâàíèè äåíîíñàöèè) â «çàêëþ÷åííóþ». Â âåðõíåìëåâîì óãëó äàòà àðåñòà: 18 ìàÿ 1950 ãîäà. Íà ïëàòêåðàñïèñàëèñü ïîäðóãè ïî íåñ÷àñòüþ ðàçíûõíàöèîíàëüíîñòåé, ÷üè èìåíà Ñòàêëå âûøèâàëàöâåòíûìè íèòêàìè, âûäåðíóòûìè èç ðàçíûõ ëîñêóòîâòêàíåé.

Latvieði izsûtîjumâ Sibîrijâ svin 1952. gada Jâòus.

Deported Latvians in Siberia celebrate Jâòi, the midsummer festival, in 1952.

Ññûëüíûå ëàòûøèâ Ñèáèðè ïðàçäíóþò Ëèãî â 1952 ãîäó.

Ðaha figûriòas un koferis. Figûriòas no Karçlijas bçrza izgriezis aktieris Pçteris Caunîtis laikâ no 1945. lîdz 1946. gadam Vorkutâ. Koferis kalpoja par ðaha dçli.

Chess pieces and suitcase. These chess pieces were carved from birch wood by the actor Pçteris Caunîtis in Vorkuta, in 1945 - 1946. The cover of the suitcase served as a chessboard.

Øàõìàòíûå ôèãóðêè è ÷åìîäàí. Ôèãóðêè èç êàðåëüñêîé áåðåçû âûðåçàë àêòåð ÏåòåðèñÖàóíèòèñ â 1945 - 1946 ãîäàõ â Âîðêóòå. ×åìîäàíñëóæèë øàõìàòíîé äîñêîé.

Svçtbilde. Svçtbildîti Emîlijai Marijai Rumakai Spaskas spaidu darbu nometnç Kazahstânâ (1945 - 1953) dâvinâjuðas Kijevas (Ukrainas) klostera mûíenes. Rumaku, slimu ar Parkinsona slimîbu, nodarbinâja

ðûðanas darbnîcâ. Uzraugu sievas un meitas ðûðanas darbnîcâ lika sev ðûdinât drçbes. Pâri palikuðâs skrandiòas

ârdîja, un no pavedieniem mûíenes izðuva svçtbildes.

Icon. Given as a gift to Emîlija Marija Rumaka by nuns of the Kiev (in Ukraine) cloister, while they were incarcerated

in a hard labour camp in Kazakhstan, 1949 - 1953. Rumaka worked in a dressmaking shop, even while

suffering from Parkinson's disease. Here dresses were made for the wives and daughters of the guards.

Remnants of material were unravelled and from the threads the nuns made icons.

Èêîíà. Èêîíó Ýìèëèè Ìàðèè Ðóìàêå â Ñïàññêîìèñïðàâèòåëüíî-òðóäîâîì ëàãåðå â Êàçàõñòàíå ïîäàðèëè

ìîíàõèíè Êèåâñêîãî (Óêðàèíà) ìîíàñòûðÿ. Çäåñü ñòðàäàþùóþ áîëåçíüþ Ïàðêèíñîíà Ðóìàêó çàñòàâëÿëè

ðàáîòàòü â øâåéíîé ìàñòåðñêîé. Æåíû è äî÷åðèíàäçèðàòåëåé â øâåéíîé ìàñòåðñêîé çàêàçûâàëè äëÿ

ñåáÿ îäåæäó. Îñòàâøèåñÿ ëîñêóòêè ìàòåðèè ìîíàõèíè ðàñïóñêàëè è èç ýòèõ íèòåé âûøèâàëè èêîíû.


19

Vçstules – cerîbu stariVienîgais cerîbu stariòð bija sazinâðanâs ar mâjâm, ieslodzîtajiem citâs nometnçs vaidraugiem un tuviniekiem izsûtîjumâ. Vçstulesbieþi nâcâs izgatavot no ietinamâ papîra vai bçrza tâss un rakstît cenzora visu redzoðâs acs kontrolç.

Letters a Lifeline for HopeCommunication with friends and relatives at home, in other prison camps or in banishment was a lifeline for hope. At best, however, this was difficult, at worst impossible. Letters often had to be fashioned out of packing paper or birch bark and were submitted to the watchful eyes of the censor.

Ïèñüìà ëó÷è íàäåæäûÅäèíñòâåííûé ëó÷èê íàäåæäû ïåðåïèñêàñ äîìàøíèìè, çàêëþ÷åííûìè â äðóãèõëàãåðÿõ, ñîñëàííûìè áëèçêèìè è äðóçüÿìè. Â õóäøåì ñëó÷àå ïåðåïèñêàáûëà çàïðåùåíà, â ëó÷øåì âåñüìàçàòðóäíåíà. Äëÿ ïèñåì ÷àñòî ïðèõîäèëîñüèñïîëüçîâàòü îáåðòî÷íóþ áóìàãó èëè áåðåñòó, à ïèñàòü ïîä êîíòðîëåìâñåâèäÿùåãî öåíçîðà.

–

Vçstules. Lûcija Pence no 1946. lîdz 1956. gadam tâs sûtîja no Kolimas politieslodzîto nometnes saviem vecâkiem uz Latviju. Vçstulçm izmantota papîra maisu vidçjâ kârta vai ietinamais papîrs, jo ieslodzîjumâ rakstâmpapîrs un aploksnes bija retums. Ovâlais zîmogs ar vârdu “piemaksât” nozîmç, ka par trûkstoðo pastmarku jâpiemaksâ saòçmçjam.

Letters from Lûcija Pence from the camp for political prisoners at Kolyma to her parents in Latvia, written from 1946 to 1956. The letters are written on the middle layer of used paper bags or on wrapping paper. Writing paper and envelopes were rarely available. The oval stamp with the word “additional payment” means that the recipient had to pay for the missing postage stamp.

Ïèñüìà. Ëóöèÿ Ïåíòå ïîñûëàëà èõ èç ëàãåðÿïîëèòçàêëþ÷åííûõ íà Êîëûìå ñâîèì ðîäèòåëÿì â Ëàòâèþ â ïåðèîä ñ 1946 ïî 1956 ãîä. Äëÿ ïèñåì èñïîëüçîâàëàñü ïðîêëàäêà áóìàæíûõ ìåøêîâ èëè îáåðòî÷íàÿ áóìàãà, ïîòîìó ÷òî â çàêëþ÷åíèèïèñ÷àÿ áóìàãà è êîíâåðòû áûëè ðåäêîñòüþ.Îâàëüíûé øòåìïåëü ñî ñëîâàìè «Ñ äîïëàòîé»îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî èç-çà îòñóòñòâèÿ ïî÷òîâîé ìàðêè äîëæåí ïëàòèòü ïîëó÷àòåëü.

Vçstule uz bçrza tâss. 1943. gadâ no Kirovas apgabala Vjatlaga nometnes politieslodzîtais Kârlis Roberts Kalevics sûtîja ðo vçstuli savai sievai ârstei

Verai uz viòas nometinâjuma vietu Krasnojarskâ. Uz bçrza tâss ir uzspiests zîmogs: “Izgâjis kara cenzûru. Kirova 12”.

Letter on birch bark from the Vjatlag forced labour camp in the Kirov District, 1943. Kârlis Roberts Kalevics, a political prisoner, sent this letter to his wife, a medical doctor, exiled in the Krasnoyarsk Region. The stamp on the birch

bark states “Approved, wartime censorship, Kirov 12”.

Ïèñüìî íà áåðåñòå. Â 1943 ãîäó ïîëèòçàêëþ÷åííûé Êàðëèñ ÐîáåðòñÊàëåâèöñ èç ëàãåðÿ Âÿòëàãà â Êèðîâñêîé îáëàñòè ïîñëàë ýòî ïèñüìî

ñâîåé æåíå âðà÷ó Âåðå íà åå ìåñòî ññûëêè â Êðàñíîÿðñêå. Íà áåðåñòåïîñòàâëåí øòåìïåëü: „Âîåííîé öåíçóðîé ïðîñìîòðåíî. Êèðîâ 12“.

Apsveikuma kartîte. To ieslodzîjumâ darinâjis mâkslinieks Edvards Sidrabs.Kartîte bija jâraksta krievu valodâ. Redzams cenzûras svîtrojums.

Greeting card. Made by the artist Edvards Sidrabs while incarcerated. It had to be written in Russian. A word has been blacked out by the censors.

Ïîçäðàâèòåëüíàÿ îòêðèòêà. Åå â çàêëþ÷åíèè èçãîòîâèë õóäîæíèêÝäâàðäñ Ñèäðàáñ. Êàðòî÷êèòðåáîâàëîñü ïèñàòü òîëüêî ïî-ðóññêè.Âèäíà öåíçóðíàÿ âûìàðêà.

Vçstules no izsûtîjuma. Ausmas Taubes 20 vçstules no izsûtîjuma klases biedrenei Benitai

Pçtersonei. Rîgas 18. pamatskolas 4. klases skolnieci Ausmu kopâ ar mâti, vecomâti un

jaunâko brâli 1949. gadâ 25. martâ izsûtîja uz PSRS Tâlajiem Austrumiem, uz Amûras

apgabalu. Pirmâ vçstule rakstîta 1949. gada 16. decembrî, pçdçjâ - 1955. gada 5. decembrî.

Meitenes vçstulçs apmainîjâs ar kaltçtiem ziediem. Jâòos uz Latviju Ausma sûtîja sveðas

zemes kaltçtu ziedu vainagu.

Letters from exile. Twenty letters from AusmaTaube to her classmate Benita Pçtersone.

thAusma, a fourth grade pupil of the 18 Riga Elementary School, was deported on 25 March

1949, together with her mother, grandmother and younger brother, to the Amur Region in the far

east of the USSR. The first letter is dated 16 December 1949, the last 5 December 1955.

The girls both sent pressed flowers in their letters. At midsummer, in recognition of the traditional Latvian midsummer celebration,

Ausma sent a dried flower garland.

Ïèñüìà èç ññûëêè. 20 ïèñåì Àóñìû Òàóáå èç ññûëêè ñâîåé îäíîêëàññíèöå Áåíèòå Ïåòåðñîíå.Ó÷åíèöó 4-ãî êëàññà Ðèæñêîé 18-îé îñíîâíîé øêîëû âìåñòå ñ ìàìîé, áàáóøêîé è ìëàäøèì

áðàòîì 25 ìàðòà 1949 ãîäà âûñëàëè íà Äàëüíèé Âîñòîê, â Àìóðñêóþ îáëàñòü. Ïåðâîå ïèñüìî íàïèñàíî 16 äåêàáðÿ 1949 ãîäà, ïîñëåäíåå 5 äåêàáðÿ 1955 ãîäà. Äåâî÷êè îáìåíèâàëèñü

ïèñüìàìè ñ çàñóøåííûìè è ñïðåññîâàííûìè öâåòàìè. Íà ïðàçäíèê Ëèãî Àóñìà ïîñëàëà â Ëàòâèþ âåíîê èç çàñóøåííûõ ÷óæåçåìíûõ öâåòîâ.

Apsveikuma kartîtes, kuras zîmçtas ieslodzîjumâ un dâvâtas likteòbiedriem 50. gadu sâkumâ.

Greeting cards drawn in prison camps and presented to fellow inmates in the early 1950s.

Ïîçäðàâèòåëüíûå êàðòî÷êè,íàðèñîâàííûå çàêëþ÷åííûìè è ïîäàðåííûå òîâàðèùàì ïî íåñ÷àñòüþ â íà÷àëå 50-õ ãîäîâ.

Benitas Plezeres zîmçjumi. 1949. gada 25. martâ no lauku mâjâm Annelniekos, Zemgalç, izveda Plezeru ìimeni ar trîs

bçrniem, to starpâ vienpadsmitgadîgo Benitu. Viòus aizveda aiz Urâliem un nometinâja apmçram 100 km no Omskas. Nita

zîmçja pastkartîtes par ceïâ redzçto un par dzîvi izsûtîjumâ. Kartîtes sûtîja krustmâtei uz Latviju. Ìimene drîkstçja atgriezties Latvijâ 1956. gada rudenî. Okupâcijas muzejs sakopojis kartîtes

grâmatâ ar Benitas Plezeres paskaidrojumiem latviski un angliski.

Drawings by Benita Plezere. Benita Plezere was 11 at the time when her parents and two sisters were deported from their farm

in south central Latvia on 25 March 1949. They were taken beyond the Ural Mountains to a place some 100 km from Omsk.

Benita drew postcards for her godmother in Latvia. The family was allowed to return to Latvia in the fall of 1956. These

drawings have been collected and published as a book, with narratives in Latvian and English.

Ðèñóíêè Áåíèòû Ïëåçåðå. 25 ìàðòà 1949 ãîäà ñ õóòîðà â ïîñåëêå Àííåëíèýêè, ÷òî â Çåìãàëå, âûâåçëè ñåìüþ Ïëåçåðñ

ñ òðåìÿ äåòüìè, â ò. ÷. è îäèííàäöàòèëåòíþþ Áåíèòó. Èõ óâåçëè çà Óðàëû, ïîñåëèëè ïðèìåðíî â 100 êì îò Îìñêà.

Íèòà ðèñîâàëà ïî÷òîâûå îòêðûòêè îá óâèäåííîì â ïóòè, î æèçíè â ññûëêå. Îòêðûòêè ïîñûëàëèñü òåòå â Ëàòâèþ.

Âåðíóòüñÿ â Ëàòâèþ ñåìüå ðàçðåøèëè îñåíüþ 1956 ãîäà.Ìóçåé Îêêóïàöèè ýòè îòêðûòêè ñîáðàë â êíèãó ñ ïîÿñíåíèÿìè

Áåíèòû Ïëåçåðå íà ëàòûøñêîì è àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêàõ.

Latvijas Okupâcijas muzejs 1940 – 1991

20

Disidenti un cîòa par kultûras saglabâðanu

Disidenti no inteliìences vidus bija tie, kas nepakïâvâs komunistiskajai ideoloìijai. Rakstnieki, dzejnieki, komponisti un filmu reþisori izmantoja t. s. Çzopa valodu un vçsturiskas paralçles, lai auditorijai vai lasîtâjiem paustu savus uzskatus. Nereti viòi nonâca konfliktâ ar Komunistiskâs partijas ideologiem. Disidentu prâvas Latvijâ turpinâjâs vçl 80. gados.Astoòdesmitajos gados ðíita, ka vistuvâkajâ nâkotnç latvieði kïûs par minoritâti paði savâ zemç. Îpaði satrauca latvieðu valodas un kultûras izdzîvoðanas jautâjums.Glasnostj, jeb atklâtîbas politika, ko 1985. gadâ bija uzsâcis jaunais PSRS Komunistiskâs partijas ìenerâlsekretârs Mihails Gorbaèovs, deva iespçju sâkt plaðu diskusiju par padomju agrâko un paðreizçjo politiku un tâs radîtâjâm briesmâm latvieðu tautai, valodai, kultûrai un videi. Organizâcija “Helsinki '86” pievçrsa uzmanîbu cilvçktiesîbu jautâjumiem. Vides aizsardzîbas klubs rîkoja demonstrâcijas pret vides piesâròoðanu.

Dissidents and the Struggle for Cultural SurvivalDissidents from among the intelligentsia oftentimes did not bow to Communist ideology. Writers, poets, composers and filmmakers resorted to veiled language and historical parallels to communicate with their audience or readership. Conflicts with the ideologues of the Communist Party were frequent. Court proceedings against dissidents continued into the 1980s.

In the 1980s it seemed that within the near future Latvians could become a minority in their own country. The survival of the Latvian language and culture was at stake. Glasnost, the policy of openness, which Mikhail Gorbachev, the new Secretary General of the Communist Party of the USSR, had set into motion in 1984, provided the opportunity for public debate about former and current Soviet policies and their dangerous effects on the Latvian nation, its language, culture and environment. The unofficial organisation “Helsinki '86” addressed questions of human rights. The Environmental Protection Club organised demonstrations against environmental pollution.

Äèññèäåíòû è áîðüáà çà ñîõðàíåíèåêóëüòóðûËàòâèéñêèå äèññèäåíòû èç èíòåëèãåíöèè ÷àñòî íå ïîä÷èíÿëèñüêîììóíèñòè÷åñêîé èäåîëîãèè. Ïèñàòåëè, ïîýòû, êîìïîçèòîðû, êèíîðåæèññåðûïîëüçîâàëèñü «Ýçîïîâûì ÿçûêîì» è èñòîðè÷åñêèìè ïàðàëëåëÿìè, ÷òîáûäîâåñòè äî àóäèòîðèè èëè ÷èòàòåëåé ñâîè âçãëÿäû è ìûñëè. ×àñòî ó íèõ âîçíèêàëè êîíôëèêòû ñ èäåîëîãàìè Êîììóíèñòè÷åñêîé ïàðòèè. Ñóäåáíûåïðîöåññû íàä äèññèäåíòàìè ïðîäîëæàëèñü åùå â 80-õ ãîäàõ.Â 80-å ãîäû óæå êàçàëîñü, ÷òî â íåäàëåêîì áóäóùåì ëàòûøè ñòàíóòíàöèîíàëüíûì ìåíüøèíñòâîì â ñîáñòâåííîì îòå÷åñòâå. Îñîáóþ òðåâîãóâûçûâàë âîïðîñ î âûæèâàíèè ëàòûøñêîãî ÿçûêà è êóëüòóðû. «Ãëàñíîñòü»ïîëèòèêà îòêðûòîñòè, íà÷àòàÿ â 1985 ãîäó íîâûì ïåðâûì ñåêðåòàðåì ÓÊÊÏÑÑ Ìèõàèëîì Ãîðáà÷åâûì, äàëà âîçìîæíîñòü íà÷àòü è ðàçâåðíóòü øèðîêóþäèñêóññèþ î ïðåæíåé è íûíåøíåé ñîâåòñêîé ïîëèòèêå, î ñêðûòûõ â íåé îïàñíîñòÿõ äëÿ ëàòûøñêîãî íàðîäà, åãî ÿçûêà, êóëüòóðû, ñðåäû. Îðãàíèçàöèÿ«Õåëüñèíêè-86» îáðàòèëà âíèìàíèå îáùåñòâåííîñòè íà âîïðîñû ïðàâ ÷åëîâåêà,Êëóá çàùèòû ñðåäû ïðîâîäèë äåìîíñòðàöèè ïðîòèâ çàñîðåíèÿ ñðåäû.

Ojârs Vâcietis (1933-1983). Viens no spçcîgâkajiem padomju laika dzejniekiem, kas jau 1951. gada beigâs sâka izveidot individuâlu stilu un nebaidîjâs izteikt kritiku pret netaisnîbu. Viòa dzejolî “Krît Budapeðtâ sniegs” pausta piemiòa Ungârijas sacelðanâs upuriem 1956. gadâ.

Ojârs Vâcietis (1933-1983) was one of the most powerful poets of the Soviet era. He developed an individualistic style in the late 1950s and was not afraid to express criticism of injustice. Thus, in his poem “Snow falls in Budapest”, he memorialises the victims of the Hungarian uprising of 1956.

Îÿðñ Âàöèåòèñ (1933-1983) îäèí èç íàèáîëååâûäàþùèõñÿ ëàòûøñêèõ ïîýòîâ ñîâåòñêîãî âðåìåíè. Îí óæå â êîíöå 50-õ ãîäîâ íà÷àë ïîèñê ñâîåãîèíäèâèäóàëüíîãî ñòèëÿ è íå áîÿëñÿ âûñòóïàòü ïðîòèâíåñïðàâåäëèâîñòè. Òàê, åãî ñòèõîòâîðåíèå «ÂÁóäàïåøòå ïàäàåò ñíåã» ïîñâÿùåíî æåðòâàìâåíãåðñêîãî âîññòàíèÿ â 1956 ãîäó.

Imants Kalniòð (dz. 1947. gadâ) kïuva par tautas iecienîtu komponistu, un Komunistiskâs partijas ideologu biedu savas garîgâs nepakïâvîbas dçï. Savâ

mûzikâ viòð iekïâva Latvijâ neparastus Rietumu laikmetîgâs mûzikas elementus,dziesmâm lietoja tekstus, kas neatbilda padomju ideoloìijai, veidoja un atbalstîja neformâlas un reþîma nesankcionçtas mûziíu grupas un muzikâlus sarîkojumus.

Imants Kalniòð (b. 1947) became a composer much loved by the people, but a threat to Communist party ideology with his insubordinate spirit. In his music, he

incorporated Western elements unfamiliar to Latvians, and wrote lyrics that didn't conform to Soviet ideology. Kalniòð also formed and supported informal music

groups and musical events that were not sanctioned by the regime.

Èìàíòñ Êàëíèíüø (1947) ñòàë èç-çà ñâîåé äóõîâíîé íåïðåêëîííîñòèïî÷èòàåìûì â íàðîäå êîìïîçèòîðîì è «ïóãàëîì» äëÿ èäåîëîãîâ

Êîììóíèñòè÷åñêîé ïàðòèè. Â ñâîè ìóçûêàëüíûå ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ îí âêëþ÷èëåùå íåïðèâû÷íûå äëÿ Ëàòâèè ýëåìåíòû ñîâðåìåííîé ìóçûêè Çàïàäà, äëÿ

ïåñåí èñïîëüçîâàë òåêñòû, íåñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ñîâåòñêîé èäåîëîãèè,ñîçäàâàë è ïîääåðæèâàë íåôîðìàëüíûå è íåñàíêöèîíèðîâàííûå ãðóïïû

ìóçûêàíòîâ è ìóçûêàëüíûå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ.

Folkloras grupa “Skandinieki.” Folkloras kopðana kïuva par vienu no galvenajiem tautas identitâtes saglabâðanas veidiem. Neformâlas folkloras grupas ârpus

Komunistikâs partijas kontroles veidojâs jau 70. gados. Piemçram, “Skandinieki” un “Iïìi” kïuva par tautas atmodas agrajiem iedziedâtâjiem 80. gados. Arî tautas

dziesmu krâjçja Kriðjâòa Barona 150 gadu dzimðanas dienas atcere 1985. gadâ guva plaðu atbalsi tautâ.

The folklore group “Skandinieki”. Maintaining folklore became one of the most important ways of preserving Latvian identity. Informal folklore groups beyond the

reach of Communist control formed already in the 1970s. Groups such as “Skandinieki” and “Ilìi” became the earliest proponents of the national

threawakening in the 1980s. In 1985, the 150 birthday commemoration of folk song collector Kriðjânis Barons also ignited the country.

Ôîëüêëîðíàÿ ãðóïïà «Ñêàíäèíèåêè». Çàáîòà î ôîëüêëîðå ñòàëà îäíèì èç ãëàâíûõ íàïðàâëåíèé äåÿòåëüíîñòè ïî ñîõðàíåíèþ èäåíòè÷íîñòè íàðîäà.

Íåôîðìàëüíûå ôîëüêëîðíûå ãðóïïû, íå ïîä÷èíÿþùèåñÿ êîíòðîëþêîìïàðòèè, ñîçäàâàëèñü óæå â 70-õ ãîäàõ. Øèðîêèé îòêëèê â íàðîäå ïîëó÷èë

äåíü ïàìÿòè ñîáèðàòåëÿ íàðîäíûõ ïåñåí Êðèøüÿíèñà Áàðîíñà â ñâÿçè ñ 150-ëåòèåì ñî äíÿ åãî ðîæäåíèÿ.

Gunârs Astra (1931-1988) izcieta 15 gadu cietumsodu 60. un 70. gados par aizliegtas literatûras un ârzemju raidîjumu ierakstu glabâðanu. 1983. gadâ viòu notiesâja vçlreiz par “pretpadomju aìitâciju un propagandu”. 1988. gadâ publiska spiediena dçï viòu atbrîvoja, bet pçc daþâm nedçïâm viòð aizdomîgos apstâkïos mira.

Gunârs Astra (1931-1988) endured a 15-year prison sentence in the 1960s and 1970s for keeping forbidden literature and recordings of foreign broadcasts. In 1983, he was again convicted of “anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda”. He was released in 1988 because of public pressure,but died only a few weeks later under suspicious circumstances.

Ãóíàðñ Àñòðà (1931-1988) îòáûëïðèñóæäåííîå 15-ëåòíååòþðåìíîå çàêëþ÷åíèå (â 60- è â 70-õ ãîäàõ) çà õðàíåíèå çàïðåùåííîé ëèòåðàòóðû è çàïèñåé ïåðåäà÷ çàðóáåæíûõðàäèî. Â 1983 ãîäó åãî ñóäèëè çà «àíòèñîâåòñêóþ ïðîïàãàíäó è àãèòàöèþ». Â 1988 ãîäó ïîääàâëåíèåì îáùåñòâåííîãî ìíåíèÿ åãî îñâîáîäèëè, íî ÷åðåçíåñêîëüêî íåäåëü îí ïðè íåâûÿñíåííûõ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâàõñêîí÷àëñÿ.


21

Nacionâlâ atmodaNacionâlâs atmodas politiskâs izpausmes ievadîja “Helsinki '86” 1987. gada rîkotâ demonstrâcija pie Brîvîbas pieminekïa, lai atzîmçtu 1941. gada 14. jûnija deportâcijas.Demonstrâcijas turpinâjâs katru gadu visos nozîmîgosLatvijas nesenâs vçstures datumos. 1989. gadâ tâs sasniedza nepieredzçtus apmçrus. 1989. gada 23. augustâ,MolotovaRibentropa pakta 50. gadadienâ, cilvçku íçde sadevâs rokâs no Tallinas cauri Latvijai lîdz Viïòai. 1989. gada 18. novembrî, Latvijas Neatkarîbas gadadienâ, Daugavas krastmalâ Rîgâ sapulcçjâs ap 500 000 cilvçku, lai apliecinâtusavu atbalstu Latvijas neatkarîbai.

National Re-AwakeningPolitical expression of the so-called “National Re-awakening”was first manifested in a demonstration at the Monument of Liberty organised by “Helsinki '86” in 1987 to commemoratethe 14 June 1941 deportations. Demonstrations continued every year on all important dates of recent Latvian history. The culmination came when on 23 August 1989 a human chain standing hand in hand stretched from Tallinn in Estonia through Latvia to Vilnius in Lithuania to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. On 18 November 1989, the Latvian Independence Day, some 500,000 people gathered on the shore of Daugava to asserttheir support for independence.

Íàöèîíàëüíîå ïðîáóæäåíèåËàòâèè («Àòìîäà»)Ïîëèòè÷åñêèå ïðîÿâëåíèÿ íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïðîáóæäåíèÿËàòâèè íà÷àëèñü ñ äåìîíñòðàöèè îêîëî ÏàìÿòíèêàÑâîáîäû â Ðèãå â èþíå 1987 ãîäà, îðãàíèçîâàííîé ãðóïïîé«Õåëüñèíêè-86» â ïàìÿòü äåïîðòàöèé 14 èþíÿ 1941 ãîäà. È â ä à ë ü í å é ø å ì ï ð î âîä è ë è ñ ü ä å ì î í ñ ò ð à ö è è ,ïðèóðî÷åííûå êî âñåì âàæíûì äàòàì íåäàâíåé èñòîðèèËàòâèè. Ê 1989 ãîäó îíè äîñòèãëè íåâèäàííûõ ìàñøòàáîâ.23 àâãóñòà 1989 ãîäà, â äåíü 50-ëåòèÿ ïàêòà Ìîëîòîâà-Ðèááåíòðîïà, ëþäè âçÿëèñü çà ðóêè, îáðàçîâàâíåïðåðûâíóþ öåïü îò Òàëëèííà ÷åðåç Ëàòâèþ äî Âèëüíþñà. 18 íîÿáðÿ 1989 ãîäà, â äåíü ÍåçàâèñèìîñòèËàòâèè, â Ðèãå, íà íàáåðåæíîé Äàóãàâû ñîáðàëîñü îêîëî500 000 ÷åëîâåê, ïîääåðæèâàþùèõ íåçàâèñèìîñòüËàòâèè.

Tautas manifestâcija Daugavmalâ 1989. gadâ.

Mass rally on the shore of the river Daugava, Rîga, 1989.

Íàðîäíàÿ ìàíèôåñòàöèÿ íà íàáåðåæíîé Äàóãàâû â 1989 ãîäó.

Protesta demonstrâcija pret Rîgas metro bûvi 1988. gada 27. aprîlî.

The 27 April 1988 protest demonstration against the construction of a Rîga Metro.

Äåìîíñòðàöèÿ ïðîòåñòà ïðîòèâ ñòðîèòåëüñòâà ìåòðî â Ðèãå 27 àïðåëÿ 1988 ãîäà.

Latvijas Nacionâlâs neatkarîbas kustîbas (LNNK) dibinâðanas kongress Rîgâ 1988. gadâ.

The founding congress of the Latvian National Independence Movement (LNNK) in Rîga, 1988.

Ó÷ðåäèòåëüíûé ñúåçä Äâèæåíèÿ çà Íàöèîíàëüíóþ Íåçàâèñèìîñòü Ëàòâèè â Ðèãå â

1988 ãîäó.

Brâïu kapos.

At the National Military Cemetery.

Íà Áðàòñêîì êëàäáèùå.

Grupas “Helsinki '86” organizçta tautas manifestâcija Rîgâ 1987. gada 14. jûnijâ, pieprasot tiesîbas, kas

paredzçtas Padomju Savienîbas Konstitûcijâ. PriekðplânâEva Biteniece un Rolands Silaraups.

Mass rally in Riga, 14 June 1987, organised by the Latvian “Helsinki '86” group, demanding the rights

guaranteed by the Constitution of the Soviet Union. In the foreground Eva Biteniece and Rolands Silaraups.

Íàðîäíàÿ ìàíèôåñòàöèÿ, îðãàíèçîâàííàÿ ãðóïïîé«Õåëüñèíêè-86» â Ðèãå 14 èþíÿ 1987 ãîäà, òðåáóþùàÿîñóùåñòâëåíèÿ ïðàâ, ïðåäóñìîòðåííûõ Êîíñòèòóöèåé

Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà.

“Baltijas ceïð” 1989. gada 23. augustâ.

“The Baltic Way”, 23 August1989.

«Áàëòèéñêèé ïóòü» 23 àâãóñòà 1989 ãîäà.


22

Neatkarîbas atjaunoðana un aizstâvçðana

Izstâde balstîta uz 1999. gadâ veidoto Okupâcijas muzeja ceïojoðo izstâdi "Latvija atgrieþas Eiropâ: no okupâcijas lîdz neatkarîbai" (idejas autors Paulis Lazda) un uz grâmatu "Latvijas Okupâcijas muzejs" (redaktors Valters Nollendorfs).

Mâkslinieciskais iekârtojums: DUO DESIGN (Parîze); Niluta Bahmane; Anitra Eglîte, ZîMES studija (Rîga).

Teksti: Paulis Lazda, Valters Nollendorfs, Dagnija Staðko, Gundega Michele.

Tulkojumi: Angïu – Valters Nollendorfs, Ksenija Broka. Krievu – Jânis Dûms.

Korektûra: Anda Lîce, Gundega Michele, Danute Dûra, Jeïena Smoïina.

Datoroperatore: Andris Justs

Fotogrâfijas un dokumenti: Latvijas Okupâcijas muzejs; Latvijas Kara muzejs; Jûrmalas pilsçtas muzejs; LR Ârlietu ministrijas arhîvs; Pçtera Korsaka personîgais arhîvs; Gunârs Birkmanis; Uldis Briedis; Juris Kalniðs, Andris Tonass (Fotocentrs); A. Lâcis; Latvijas Valstskinofotofonodokumentu arhîvs; Latvijas Valsts vçstures arhîvs; Gunârs Janaitis; Vilis Rîdzinieks; Robert D. Tonsing (AP).

Ilustratîvi materiâli: Atpûta; Tçvija; Kovaîevskis, Norîtis, Goppers, red. Baigais gads. R., 1942; Leonîds Siliòð, red. Latvijas Centrâlâ Padome LCP· Latvieðu nacionâlâ pretestîbas kustîba 1943–1945. Upsala, 1994; A. Ðvâbe, red. Latvju enciklopçdija, Stokholma, 1950–1955; Latvju enciklopçdija 1962–1982, 3. sçjums; E. Andersons. Latvijas vçsture 1920–1940. Ârpolitika II. Stokholma, Daugava, 1984; V. Sîmanis. Latvia. St. Charles, The Book Latvia, 1984; Jânis Turlajs, red. Latvijas Vçstures atlants. R., Jâòa sçta, 1998; Indulis Íçniòð. Latvijas Vçsture. 20. gadsimts. 2. daïa. R., Zvaigzne ABC, 1998; Padomju Latvija. R., Latvijas Valsts Izdevniecîba, 1950; Padomju Latvija. R. Liesma, 1977; Padomju Latvija. R. Avots, 1985; Latvija, Baltijas valsts 1991/92. R., Latvijas Starptautisko sakaru komerccentrs, 1992; Latvija Ðodien.

© Okupâcijas muzeja fonds (OMF) 2004.

1990. gadâ notika pirmâs daudzpartiju parlamentârâs vçlçðanas kopð 30. gadiem. Neatkarîbas idejai uzticîgie kandidâti, apvienojuðies Tautasfrontes sarakstâ, ieguva vairâkumu vietu Latvijas PSR Augstâkajâ Padomç, kas 1990. gada 4. maijâ pasludinâja Latvijas Republikas atjaunoto neatkarîbu un pârejas periodu uz pilnîgu patstâvîbu. Arî Lietuva un Igaunija deklarçja neatkarîbu. Nesekmîgi izmantojusi politisku un ekonomisku spiedienu, Maskava íçrâs pie spçka metodçm, lai sauktu pie kârtîbas dumpîgâs Baltijas republikas. 1991. gada janvârî, kamçr pasaules uzmanîbu saistîja Persijas lîèa karð, PSRS Iekðlietu ministrijas specvienîbas mçìinâja ieòemt Rîgas sakaru un satiksmes centrus. Ïauþu tûkstoði sabrauca Rîgâ un cçla barikâdes, lai sargâtu trauslo neatkarîbu. Lîdzîgi notikumi risinâjâs arî 1991. gada augusta puèa mçìinâjuma laikâ PSRS.

Renewal and Defence of IndependenceThe first multiparty elections since the 1930s took place in 1990. The majority of seats in the Supreme Council of the Latvian SSR was won by the Latvian Popular Front, which united candidates who supported the ideals of independence. On 4 May 1990, the Supreme Council declared renewal of independence and a transition period to the establishment of full sovereignty.Lithuania and Estonia likewise declared independence. When political and economic measures failed to bring the rebellious Baltic States back into line, Moscow started applying force. In January 1991, while the world's attention was focused on the Persian Gulf war, special units of the Interior Ministry of the USSR attempted to take over communication and transportation centresin Rîga. Thousands of Latvians flocked to Riga and built barricades to protect their still-frail independence. Similar events occurred during the coup attempt in the USSR in August 1991.

Âîññòàíîâëåíèå è çàùèòàíåçàâèñèìîñòèÏåðâûå ìíîãîïàðòèéíûå âûáîðû ïîñëå 1930 ãîäà ñîñòîÿëèñü â 1990 ãîäó. Êàíäèäàòû â äåïóòàòû, âåðíûå èäåå íåçàâèñèìîé Ëàòâèè,îáúåäèíèâøèñü â ñïèñîê Íàðîäíîãî Ôðîíòà Ëàòâèè, ïîëó÷èëèáîëüøèíñòâî ìåñò â Âåðõîâíîì Ñîâåòå ËÑÑÐ, êîòîðûé 4 ìàÿ 1990 ãîäàïðîâîçãëàñèë âîññòàíîâëåíèå íåçàâèñèìîñòè Ëàòâèéñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêè è ïåðèîä ïåðåõîäà ê ïîëíîé ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòè. Ëèòâà è Ýñòîíèÿ òîæåïðîâîçãëàñèëè ñâîþ íåçàâèñèìîñòü. Ïîñëå áåçóñïåøíûõ ïîïûòîêïðèìåíèòü ïîëèòè÷åñêîå è ýêîíîìè÷åñêîå äàâëåíèå, Ìîñêâàïðèìåíèëà ñèëîâûå ìåòîäû, ÷òîáû «ïðèñòðóíèòü» ìÿòåæíûåðåñïóáëèêè Ïðèáàëòèêè. Â ÿíâàðå 1991 ãîäà, êîãäà âíèìàíèå ìèðà áûëîîáðàùåíî ê âîéíå â Ïåðñèäñêîì çàëèâå, ñïåöîòðÿäû Ìèíèñòåðñòâàâíóòðåííèõ äåë ÑÑÑÐ ïûòàëèñü çàíÿòü öåíòðû ñîîáùåíèÿ è ñâÿçè â Ðèãå. Â Ðèãó ñúåõàëèñü òûñÿ÷è ÷åëîâåê, êîòîðûå ñòðîèëè áàððèêàäû ó ãëàâíûõ îáúåêòîâ ïðàâèòåëüñòâà, òåëåâèäåíèÿ, ñâÿçè äëÿ çàùèòû åùåõðóïêîé íåçàâèñèìîñòè. Ïîäîáíûå ñîáûòèÿ ïðîèçîøëè è âî âðåìÿ àâãóñòîâñêîãî ïóò÷à 1991 ãîäà (â Ìîñêâå).

Augstâkâs Padomes priekðsçdçtâjs Anatolijs Gorbunovs paziòo par

Neatkarîbas deklarâcijas pieòemðanu 1990. gada 4. maijâ.

Anatolijs Gorbunovs, Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Latvian SSR,

announces the vote in favour of declaring independence, 4 May 1990.

Ïðåäñåäàòåëü Âåðõîâíîãî ÑîâåòàÀíàòîëèé Ãîðáóíîâ ñîîáùàåò î

ïðèíÿòèè Äåêëàðàöèè íåçàâèñèìîñòèËàòâèè 4 ìàÿ 1990 ãîäà.

Barikâdes aizsargâ valdîbas çku pret padomju varas atbalstîtâjspçkiem Rîgâ 1991. gada janvârî.

Barricades to protect a government building from pro-Soviet forces, Rîga, January 1991.

Áàððèêàäû â Ðèãå â ÿíâàðå 1991 ãîäà çàùèùàþòçäàíèå ïðàâèòåëüñòâà ïðîòèâ ñèë, ïîääåðæèâàþùèõÑîâåòñêóþ âëàñòü.

Televîzijas toròa aizstâvji Zaíusalâ 1991. gada 14. janvârî.

Guarding the television tower at Zaíusala, 14 January 1991.

Çàùèòíèêè òåëåâèçèîííîé áàøíè íà Çàêþñàëå 14 ÿíâàðÿ 1991

Pie ðî koka Bastejkalnâ smagi ievainoja operatoru Gvido Zvaigzni, kurð no ievainojumiem mira. Padomjuvaras nogalinâtie upuri ïauþu apziòâ kïuva par brîvîbas mocekïiem un nostiprinâja cilvçkos pârliecîbu, ka taisnîba ir viòu pusç.

Cameraman Gvido Zvaigzne was mortally wounded near this tree on Bastejkalns and later died from his wounds. The victims killed by the Soviets became martyrs of freedom, and solidified the people's conviction that justice was on their side.

Îêîëî ýòîãî äåðåâà íà Áàñòåéêàëíñå áûë òÿæåëî ðàíåí êèíîîïåðàòîð Ãâèäî Çâàéãçíå, êîòîðûéñêîí÷àëñÿ îò ðàí. Æåðòâû Ñîâåòñêîé âëàñòè ñòàëè â ñîçíàíèè ëþäåé ìó÷åíèêàìè áîðüáû çà ñâîáîäó è óòâåðäèëè â ëþäÿõ óâåðåííîñòü â òîðæåñòâå ñïðàâåäëèâîñòè.

Mâte Krievija saka Latvijai, Igaunijai un Lietuvai: “Jûs, mazâs, esat tik nepateicîgas, ka brînos, kâpçc es jûs vispâr nolaupîju.”

Mother Russia scolding Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania.

Ìàòü Ðîññèÿ ãîâîðèò Ëàòâèè,Ëèòâå è Ýñòîíèè: „Âû, êðîøêè ìåëêèå, îêàçàëèñü òàêíåáëàãîäàðíû, ÷òî óäèâëÿþñü,çà÷åì ÿ âàñ âîîáùå ïîõèòèëà“.


23

Neatkarîba1988. gada 18. novembrî

pie Brîvîbas pieminekïa.

At the Freedom monument,November, 18, 1988.

Ó ïàìÿòíèêà Ñâîáîäû18 íîÿáðÿ 1988 ãîäà.

Padomju Savienîbâ valdoðâ haosa laikâ 1991. gada 21. augustâ Latvijas parlaments pieòçma konstitucionâlo likumu par Latvijas Republikas valstisko statusu, ar kuru atjaunoja pilnîgu LatvijasRepublikas neatkarîbu. Islande bija pirmâ, kas sveica Latvijas atgrieðanos brîvo nâciju saimç,atzîstot Latvijas neatkarîbu 23. augustâ. Nâkamajâ dienâ Boriss Jeïcins, Krievijas Federâcijas prezidents, atzina Baltijas valstu neatkarîbu no PSRS. Sekoja arî citu valstu Latvijas neatkarîbas starptautiskâ atzîðana. Visâ Latvijâ gavilçjoði ïauþu pûïi gâza Ïeòina pieminekïus un citus okupâcijas varas simbolus. Ïaudis bija atguvuði brîvîbu pçc 51 gada ilgas sveðzemnieku valdîðanas un steidzami uzsâka darbu pie demokrâtiskas pilsoniskas sabiedrîbas atjaunotnes un Latvijas iekïauðanas Eiropas ekonomiskajâ, politiskajâ un kultûras saimç.

IndependenceOn 21 August 1991, during the chaotic days in the Soviet Union, the Latvian parliament passed the constitutional law declaring full sovereignty and renewal of the 1918 Republic of Latvia. Iceland was the first country that on 23 August recognised Latvia's sovereignty and greeted its rejoining the free nations of the world. On the following day, Boris Yeltsin, President of the Russian Federation, recognised Latvia's independence from the USSR. Many other states followed suit. Everywhere in Latvia jubilant crowds toppled Lenin monuments and other symbols of the occupation power. The nation had regained liberty after 51 years of foreign rule and eagerly started rebuilding a democratic civil society and rejoining the economic, political and cultural life ofEurope.

ÍåçàâèñèìîñòüÂî âðåìÿ âûçâàííîãî ïîïûòêîé ïóò÷à õàîñà, öàðèâøåãî â Ìîñêâå è â ÑÑÑÐ âîîáùå,21 àâãóñòà 1991 ãîäà ïàðëàìåíò Ëàòâèè ïðèíÿë ðåçîëþöèþ î ïîëíîé íåçàâèñèìîñòèãîñóäàðñòâà è âîññòàíîâëåíèè Ðåñïóáëèêè 1918 ãîäà. Èñëàíäèÿ áûëà ïåðâûìãîñóäàðñòâîì, êîòîðîå ïðèâåòñòâîâàëî âîçâðàùåíèå Ëàòâèè â ñîîáùåñòâî ñâîáîäíûõíàöèé, 23 àâãóñòà îôèöèàëüíî ïðèçíàâ íåçàâèñèìîñòü ãîñóäàðñòâà Ëàòâèè. Íà ñëåäóþùèéäåíü Áîðèñ Åëüöèí, ïðåçèäåíò Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, ïðèçíàë íåçàâèñèìîñòü Áàëòèéñêèõãîñóäàðñòâ îò ÑÑÑÐ. Ïîñëåäîâàëî ïðèçíàíèå íåçàâèñèìîñòè Ëàòâèè è ñî ñòîðîíû äðóãèõãîñóäàðñòâ. Ïî âñåé Ëàòâèè ëèêóþùèå òîëïû ëþäåé ñíîñèëè ïàìÿòíèêè Ëåíèíó è äðóãèåñèìâîëû îêêóïàöèîííîé âëàñòè. Ëþäè âíîâü îáðåëè ñâîáîäó ïîñëå 51-ëåòíåãî ïðàâëåíèÿ÷óæåçåìöåâ è íåìåäëåííî íà÷àëè ðàáîòó ïî âîçîáíîâëåíèþ äåìîêðàòè÷åñêîãîãðàæäàíñêîãî îáùåñòâà, âêëþ÷åíèþ Ëàòâèè â Åâðîïåéñêóþ ýêîíîìè÷åñêóþ, ïîëèòè÷åñêóþè êóëüòóðíóþ ñèñòåìó.

Virsraksts laikrakstâ “The New York Times”:“Padomija atzîst Baltijas neatkarîbu, izbeidzot trîs valstu 51 gada okupâciju”.

Headline in “The New York Times”.

Çàãîëîâêè ãàçåòû «The New York Times»:«Ñîâåòû ïðèçíàëè íåçàâèñèìîñòü Áàëòèè, ïðåêðàòèâ ïðîäîëæàâøóþñÿ â òå÷åíèè 51 ãîäà îêêóïàöèþ òðåõ ãîñóäàðñòâ».

Ïeòina pieminekïa gâðana Rîgâ 1991. gada 25. augustâ.

Tearing down [toppling] Lenin's monument in Rîga, 25 August 1991.

Äåìîíòàæ ïàìÿòíèêà Ëåíèíó â Ðèãå25 àâãóñòà 1991 ãîäà.

Islande un Krievijas Federatîvâ Padomju Republika atzîst Latvijas

neatkarîbu.

Iceland and the Russian Federative Soviet Republic recognise Latvia's

independence.

Äîêóìåíòû Èñëàíäèè è ÐîññèéñêîéÑîâåòñêîé Ôåäåðàòèâíîé

Ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîé Ðåñïóáëèêèïðèçíàíèå íåçàâèñèìîñòè Ëàòâèè.

Gruzijas prezidenta Mikheila Saakaðvili vizîte muzejâ 2004. gada 14. oktobrî.

President of Georgia, Mikheil Saakashvili, visiting the museum on October 14, 2004.

Ïðåçèäåíò Ãðóçèè,Ìèõeèë Ñààêàøâèëè,ïîñåùàåò ìóçåé14 îêòÿáðÿ 2004 ãîäà.

Nometne "Pagâtnes pçtnieki" Vçrgalç 2004. gada jûlijâ. Dalîbnieki bija eseju un pçtniecîbas konkursu uzvarçtâji.

Winners of essay and research contests at the museum's summer camp "Explorers of the past" in Vçrgale July 2004.

Ïîáåäèòåëè êîíêóðñàèññëåäîâàòåëüíûõðàáîò è ýññå. Ëàãåðü«Èññëåäîâàòåëèïðîøëîãî» â Âåðãàëå â èþëe 2004 ãîäà.

Muzeja nâkotneMuzejs iekârtots çkâ, kuru padomju okupâcijas periodâ uzcçla kâ latvieðu sarkano strçlnieku muzeju. Rîgas dome plânomuzeja çku nodot valsts îpaðumâ un tuvâkajos gadosparedzçta çkas pârbûve un paplaðinâðana pçc ievçrojamâ arhitekta Gunâra Birkerta projekta.

The Future of the MuseumThe Museum is situated in the building of the former Red Riflemen's Museum, an edifice of the Soviet era. The Rîga City Council has decided to transfer ownership of the building to the Latvian State. There are plans to expand and remodel the bulding according to a project of the famous Latvian architect Gunnar Birkerts.

Áóäóùåå ìóçåÿÌóçåé ðàçìåùàåòñÿ â çäàíèè ïîñòðîåííîì âî âðåìÿñîâåòñêîé îêêóïàöèè êàê ìóçåé ëàòûøñêèõ êðàñíûõ ñòðåëêîâ. Ãîðîäñêîé cîâåò Ðèãè ïðåäïîëàãàåò ñäàòü çäàíèå â ñîáñòâåííîñòü ãîñóäàðñòâà; â áëèæàéøèå ãîäûïðåäóñìîòðåíà ïåðåñòðîéêà è ðàçøèðåíèå çäàíèÿ ïî ïðîåêòó èçâåñòíîãî àðõèòåêòîðà Ãóíàðñà Áèðêåðòà.

Arhitekta Gunâra Birkerta vîzija Okupâcijas muzeja paplaðinâðanai.

Sketch of the expansion planned for the Occupation Museum by the architect Gunnar Birkerts.

Ïðîåêò ðàçøèðåíèÿ ìóçåÿ àðõèòåêòîðà Ãóíàðñà Áèðêåðòà.

Valters Nollendorfs, OM direktores vietnieks, muzeja Gadagrâmatas un OM jaunieguvumu izstâdes atklâðanâ 2004. gada 26. martâ.

Valters Nollendorfs, deputy director of the Museum, at the opening of a new exhibit and the Museum's Yearbook March 26, 2004.

Çàìåñòèòåëü äèðåêòîðà ìóçåÿ ÂàëòåðñÍîëëåíäîðôñ íà îòêðûòèè Åæåãîäíèêà ìóçåÿ è âûñòàâêè íîâûõ ïîñòóïëåíèé.

Muzeja apmeklçtâjiMuzeja paskaidrojumi ir latvieðu, angïu,

vâcu, krievu, franèu un spâòu valodâ. Muzeja apmeklçtâju skaits ir apmçram

65 000 gadâ - lielâkâ daïa no tiem ârzemnieki. Muzejs ir iekïauts Latvijas Valsts diplomâtiskajâ protokolâ un to

apmeklç daudzi ârzemju valstsvîri.

Museum VisitorsMuseum texts and explanations are

provided in Latvian, English, German, Russian, French and Spanish. Of the

annual 65 000 visitors, half come from abroad. Among them are many foreign

dignitaries on official state visits.

Ïîñåòèòåëè ìóçåÿÏîÿñíåíèÿ ê ýêñïîíàòàì ìóçåÿ

äàþòñÿ íà ëàòûøêîì, àíãëèéñêîì,íåìåöêîì, ðóññêîì, ôðàíöóçêîì è

èñïàíñêîì ÿçèêàì. Çà ãîä ÷èñëîïîñåòèòåëåé ìóçåÿ äîñòèãàåò

ïðèìåðíî 65 000 ÷åëîâåê è ïîëîâèíàèç íèõ èíîñòðàíöû. Ìóçåé âêëþ÷åí â ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ïðîòîêîë Ëàòâèè è

åãî ïîñåùàþò ìíîãèå çàðóáåæíûeãîñóäàðñòâåííûe äåòÿòåëè.

;

;

Muzeja ekspozîcijâir starpvalstu lîgumi un dokumenti, kas liecina

par totalitâro reþîmu ietekmi uz mûsu valsts, zemes un tautas likteni. Personiskie dokumenti,

fotogrâfijas un priekðmeti vçsta par cilvçkutraìçdiju sveðu varu radîtos necilvçcîgos

apstâkïos un par Latvijas iedzîvotâju pretestîbu okupâcijas varâm. Ekspozîcijas nobeigumâ

râdîta tautas gribas îstenoðanâs un neatkarîgâs Latvijas valsts atjaunoðana.

Museum ExhibitsDocuments, photograph, and artefacts show

the impact of two totalitarian regimes on Latviaas a state, country and nation. Personal keepsakes testify about oppression and

persecution, but also to defiance and resistance; to inhuman conditions in prisons

and in banishment, but also to the strength of the human spirit in extreme adversity.

Ýêñïîçèöèÿ ìóçåÿ ñîäåðæèò:ìåæäóíàðîäíûå äîãîâîðû è äîêóìåíòû,

ñâèäåòåëüñòóþùèå î ïîñëåäñòâèÿõõîçÿéñòâîâàíèÿ òîòàëèòàðíûõ ðåæèìîâ â

ñóäüáe íàøåé ñòðàíû, çåìëè è íàðîäà.Ëè÷íûå äîêóìåíòû, ôîòîãðàôèè è ïðåäìåòûâåùàþò î òðàãåäèÿõ ëþäåé â íå÷åëîâå÷åñêèõ

óñëîâèÿõ, ñîçäàííûõ ÷óæèìè âëàñòÿìè, è ðàññêàçûâàþò î ñîïðîòèâëåíèè æèòåëåé

Ëàòâèè îêêóïàöèîííûì ðåæèìàì. Â çàêëþ÷åíèè ýêñïîçèöèè ïðåäñòàâëåí

ïðîöåññ âîïëîùåíèÿ â æèçíü âîëè íàðîäà è âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ íåçàâèñèìîãî Ëàòâèéñêîãî

ãîñóäàðñòâà.

Muzeja programmasMuzeja krâtuvçs glabâjas okupâcijas laika piemiòlietas un dokumenti, kurus patstâvîgi papildina jauni dâvinâjumi.

Video liecîbu programma dokumentç aculiecinieku atmiòas.

Datu bâze dara pieejamu ierakstos un krâtuvçs atrodamo informâciju par cilvçkiem, kuri cietuði okupâcijas varu represijâs.

Pçtniecîbas programma veicina vçsturnieku pçtîjumus par okupâcijas laiku un sagatavo zinâtnisku rakstu krâjumu "Latvijas Okupâcijas muzeja gadagrâmata".

Izglîtîbas programma rîko seminârus vçstures skolotâjiem, vada skolçnu nodarbîbas, sagatavo mâcîbu materiâlus un rîko sarîkojumus par okupâcijas tçmâm.

Ceïojoðâ izstâde. Ar Latvijas valdîbas atbalstu muzeja ceïojoðâ izstâde"Latvija atgrieþas Eiropâ" izstâdîta Austrâlijâ, Amerikâ un Eiropâ.

Museum ProgrammesArchives and Collections include documents, photographs, artifacts, autobiographical manuscripts.

The Video Programm records eyewittness accounts and decodes filmed historical data.

The Computerized Database, started in 1999, records information from archival material and video recordings.

The Research Programm supports historical research of the occupation period and publishes a yearly volume of scholary articles concerning occupied Latvia.

The Education Programm organizes teacher workshops and school group museum visits, as well as special activities for various age groups

The Traveling Exibit „Latvia Returns to Europe” had visited Australia,America and Europe.

Ïðîãðàììû ìóçåÿÂ õðàíèëèùàõ ìóçåÿ õðàíÿòñÿ ïðåäìåòû è äîêóìåíòû âðåìåíîêêóïàöèè, ïîñòîÿííî ïîïîëíÿþùèåñÿ íîâûìè äàðåíèÿìè.

Ïðîãðàììà âèäåîñâèäåòåëüñòâ äîêóìåíòèðóåò ïîêàçàíèÿñâèäåòåëåé.

Áàçà äàííûõ îáåñïå÷èâàåò äîñòóïíîñòü èíôîðìàöèè, ñîäåðæàùåéñÿ â çàïèñÿõ è õðàíèëèùàõ, êîòîðàÿ îòíîñèòñÿ ê ëþäÿì, ïîñòðàäàâøèì îòîêêóïàöèîííûõ âëàñòåé.

Èññëåäîâàòåëüñêàÿ ïðîãðàììà ñïîñîáñòâóåò ðàáîòå èñòîðèêîâ íàä èçó÷åíèåì ïåðèîäà îêêóïàöèé è çàíèìàåòñÿ ãîòîâêîé ñáîðíèêà ñòàòåé «Àëüìàíàõ Ìóçåÿ îêêóïàöèè Ïàòâèè».

Îáðàçîâèòåëüíàÿ ïðîãðàììà ïðîâîäèò ñåìèíàðû äëÿ ó÷èòåëåé

èñòîðèè, çàíÿòèÿ ñî øêîëüíèêàìè, ãîòàâèò ó÷åáíûe ìàòåðèàëû,ïîñâÿùåííûå îêêóïàöèîííûì òåìàì.

Ïåðåäâèæíàÿ âûñòàâêà. Ïðè ïîääåðæêå Ëàòâèéñêîãî ïðàâèòåëüñòâàïåðåäâèæíàÿ âûñòàâêà ìóçåÿ «Ëàòâèÿ âîçâðàùàåòñÿ â Åâðîïó»ïîáûâàëà â Àâñòðàëèè, Åâðîïå è Àìåðèêå.

Latvijas Okupâcijas muzejsStrçlnieku laukumâ 1, Rîgâ LV 1050, LatvijaTâlr. 7212715; e-pasts: [email protected]://www.occupationmuseum.lvMuzejs atvçrts katru dienu no 11 lîdz 17No 1. oktobra lîdz 30. aprîlim slçgts pirmdienâsIeeja par ziedojumiem

The Museum of the Occupation of LatviaStrçlnieku laukumâ 1, Rîga LV 1050, LatvijaTel. (+371) 7 212 715; e-mail: [email protected]://www.occupationmuseum.lvthe museum is open daily between 11 and 17(closed Mondays from October 1 to April 30)Admission by donation

Ìóçåé îêêóïàöèè ËàòâèèÏëîùàäü Ñòðåëíèåêó 1, Ðèãà, LV 1050, ËàòâèÿÒåëåôîí: 7212715; å-ïî÷òà: [email protected]://www.occupationmuseum.lv

Ìóçåé îòêðûò åæåäíåâíî ñ 11 äî 17 ÷àñîâÑ 1 îêòÿáðÿ äî 30 àïðåëÿ çàêðûò ïî ïîíåäåëüíèêàìÂõîä çà ïîæåðòâîâàíèå

Muzeja atbalstîtâjiMuzejs nebûtu izveidots un nevarçtu pastâvçt bez liela ârzemçs dzîvojoðo latvieðu atbalsta. Galvenie atbalstîtâji ir Pasaules Brîvo Latvieðu Apvienîba,Amerikas Latvieðu Apvienîba, Latvieðu fonds, Daugavas Vanagi un Vanadzesun daudzas citas organizâcijas, kâ arî daudzi individuâlie ziedotâji ârpus Latvijas un Latvijâ. Kopð 1997. gada Latvijas valdîba pieðíir lîdzekïus muzeja çkas apsaimniekoðanai un atseviðíiem projektiem.

Museum FundingFinancial support for the Museum comes chiefly from Latvians living abroad. Major supporters include the World Federation of Free Latvians (PBLA), the American Latvian Association, the Latvian Relief Organization Daugavas Vanagi, Latvian Foundation, as well as other organizations and individuals. The Latvian Government funds the maintenance of the museum building and some special projects.

Ïîïå÷èòåëè ìóçåÿÌóçåé ñîçäàí è ñóùåñòâóåò ïðè ïîääåðæêå íàõîäÿùèõñÿ çà ãðàíèöåé ëàòûøñêèõ îðãàíèçàöèé è ÷àñòíûõ ëèö. Ñ 1997 ãîäà ïðàâèòåëüñòâîËàòâèè âûäåëÿåò ñðåäñòâà äëÿ çäàíèÿ ìóçåÿ è ôèíàíñèðóåò îòäåëüíûåïðîåêòû.

VDK noklausîðanâs sistçmas sadales kaste,atklâta un demontçta viesnîcâ „Rîga” remonta laikâ 1999. gadâ.

Switchboard of a KGB listening installation in the hotel „Riga” discovered during reconstruction 1999.

Ðàñïðåäåëèòåëüíûé ùèò ïîäñëóøèâàþùåéñèñòåìû ÊÃÁ, îáíàðóæåííûé è äåìîíòèðîâàíâî âðåìÿ ðåìîíòà â ãîñòèíèöå «Ðèãà» â 1999 ãîäó.

Latvijas Okupâcijas muzejs 1940 - 1991

ðàçáðîñàííûõ ïî âñåìó ìèðó ñïàñàÿñü îò îêêóïàöèîííûõ âëàñòåé.

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