Lattice Energy LLC-Technical Overview-June 25 2009

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June 25, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 1

Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe Nuclear Energy

Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs)Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs)WidomWidom--Larsen theory, weak interactions, transmutations,Larsen theory, weak interactions, transmutations,

nanoscale evidence for nuclear effects, and nanoscale evidence for nuclear effects, and the road to commercializationthe road to commercialization

Technical OverviewTechnical Overview

“Energy, broadly defined, has become the most important

geostrategic and geoeconomic challenge of our time.”

Thomas FriedmanNew York Times, April 28, 2006

Lewis Larsen, President and CEO

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Summary Summary -- I I This presentation is a technically oriented overview of Low This presentation is a technically oriented overview of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions or LENRs, an exciting new energy Energy Nuclear Reactions or LENRs, an exciting new energy technology with a controversial history dating back 20 years. technology with a controversial history dating back 20 years. Herein we will cover some history, the WidomHerein we will cover some history, the Widom--Larsen theory of Larsen theory of LENRs, evaluate experimental evidence in the context of that LENRs, evaluate experimental evidence in the context of that theory, and outline Lattice’s approach and roadmap to theory, and outline Lattice’s approach and roadmap to commercialization. commercialization.

Aside from continued controversy, an expanding body of varied Aside from continued controversy, an expanding body of varied experimental data and major theoretical breakthroughs now experimental data and major theoretical breakthroughs now position LENRs to potentially be developed into a carbonposition LENRs to potentially be developed into a carbon--free, free, environmentally ‘green’ source of low cost nuclear energy.environmentally ‘green’ source of low cost nuclear energy.

LENRs differ sharply from fission and fusion technologies in thaLENRs differ sharply from fission and fusion technologies in that t their unique distinguishing features are dominated by weak their unique distinguishing features are dominated by weak interactions rather than the strong interaction. interactions rather than the strong interaction.

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Summary Summary -- II II Dominance of weak interactions is a crucial difference that Dominance of weak interactions is a crucial difference that enables LENRs to release large amounts of nuclear binding enables LENRs to release large amounts of nuclear binding energy over long periods under moderate conditions (no starenergy over long periods under moderate conditions (no star--like temperatures or pressures needed) without producing large like temperatures or pressures needed) without producing large fluxes of deadly energetic neutron or gamma radiation or fluxes of deadly energetic neutron or gamma radiation or environmentally significant quantities of longenvironmentally significant quantities of long--lived radioactive lived radioactive isotopic waste. isotopic waste.

Lacking serious radiation and radioactivity problems, onerous Lacking serious radiation and radioactivity problems, onerous and expensive shielding, containment, and waste disposal and expensive shielding, containment, and waste disposal requirements that have endlessly plagued fission and fusion requirements that have endlessly plagued fission and fusion power generation could be nonpower generation could be non--issues for commercial versions issues for commercial versions of LENR technologies. Thus, LENRs have the potential to be of LENR technologies. Thus, LENRs have the potential to be vastly less costly than competing nuclear energy technologies. vastly less costly than competing nuclear energy technologies.

‘Weak interactions’ are not weak energetically. In fact, they ha‘Weak interactions’ are not weak energetically. In fact, they have ve the potential to produce just as much energy as fusion reactionsthe potential to produce just as much energy as fusion reactions. .

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Summary Summary -- III III In a 2006 paper published in the respected, peer reviewed In a 2006 paper published in the respected, peer reviewed European Physical Journal C European Physical Journal C –– Particles and FieldsParticles and Fields, we outlined , we outlined a practical LENR fuel cycle based on lowa practical LENR fuel cycle based on low--cost ordinary Lithium cost ordinary Lithium that can produce a net ~27 MeV of energy. This is roughly that can produce a net ~27 MeV of energy. This is roughly comparable to energy releases from Dcomparable to energy releases from D--D and DD and D--T fusion T fusion reactions. Herein, readers will see how even larger energy reactions. Herein, readers will see how even larger energy releases from LENR nucleosynthetic paths may be possible. releases from LENR nucleosynthetic paths may be possible.

If commercialized, LENRIf commercialized, LENR--based power generation systems could based power generation systems could potentially be much better than fusion. Such a development potentially be much better than fusion. Such a development would have a major impact on global energy markets. would have a major impact on global energy markets.

Selected technical references and URLs to Internet resources Selected technical references and URLs to Internet resources have been provided herein for readers who may wish to learn have been provided herein for readers who may wish to learn more about LENRs, explore reported experimental data for more about LENRs, explore reported experimental data for themselves, and draw their own independent conclusions about themselves, and draw their own independent conclusions about the subject matter and ideas contained in this document. the subject matter and ideas contained in this document.

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ContentsContentsHistory ………………………………………………….. 6 History ………………………………………………….. 6 -- 88

WidomWidom--Larsen theory of LENRs …………………… 9 Larsen theory of LENRs …………………… 9 -- 2727

Experimental evidence in context of theory …….. 28 Experimental evidence in context of theory …….. 28 -- 7272

Lattice’s road to commercialization ………………. 73 Lattice’s road to commercialization ………………. 73 –– 7878

Note: Slides # 60 Note: Slides # 60 –– 67 were added on July 14, 200967 were added on July 14, 2009

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HistoryHistory

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Anomalies observed in many LENR experiments

Since 1989, LENR researchers have reported a Since 1989, LENR researchers have reported a variety of anomalies in different types of heavy variety of anomalies in different types of heavy and light hydrogen (e.g., Dand light hydrogen (e.g., D22O and HO and H22O) O) experimental systems, all involving ‘heavilyexperimental systems, all involving ‘heavily--loaded’ metallic hydrides. Have observed loaded’ metallic hydrides. Have observed electrical currentelectrical current--, laser, laser--, RF, RF--, and pressure, and pressure--driven triggering of various types of anomalous, driven triggering of various types of anomalous, arguably nuclear effects as follows: arguably nuclear effects as follows:

Calorimetrically measured excess heat effects Calorimetrically measured excess heat effects ––wide range of values from just milliwatts to tens of wide range of values from just milliwatts to tens of Watts in some casesWatts in some cases

Production of helium isotopes (mostly HeProduction of helium isotopes (mostly He--4, rarely 4, rarely HeHe--3); rarely detect tritium, H3); rarely detect tritium, H--3 unstable H isotope 3 unstable H isotope

Production of modest fluxes of MeVProduction of modest fluxes of MeV--energy alpha energy alpha (α) particles and protons as well as minuscule (α) particles and protons as well as minuscule emissions of low energy Xemissions of low energy X-- and gamma ray photons and gamma ray photons (no large fluxes of MeV(no large fluxes of MeV--energy gammas/neutrons)energy gammas/neutrons)

Production of arrays of different stable isotopic Production of arrays of different stable isotopic transmutation products (e.g., different elementstransmutation products (e.g., different elements) ) Artist’s rendering : Magnetic Fields Lines Around Black Hole

Artist’s rendering – black hole magnetic fields

Temp of Temp of ElectrolyteElectrolyte Temp of Temp of

BathBath

SourceSource: Violante et al (ENEA : Violante et al (ENEA –– Italy), Asti Conference, 2004Italy), Asti Conference, 2004

Apply Apply LaserLaser

Experimental example of laser triggeringExperimental example of laser triggeringSharp increase in excess power/temp after applying laserSharp increase in excess power/temp after applying laser

In 1831, Michael Faraday was pilloried as In 1831, Michael Faraday was pilloried as a charlatan by fellow scientists when he a charlatan by fellow scientists when he claimed that he could generate an electric claimed that he could generate an electric current simply by moving a magnet in a current simply by moving a magnet in a coil of wire. Stung by these vicious coil of wire. Stung by these vicious accusations, Faraday said, "Nothing is accusations, Faraday said, "Nothing is too wonderful to be true if it be consistent too wonderful to be true if it be consistent with the laws of nature."with the laws of nature."

Temp of Temp of ElectrolyteElectrolyte Temp of Temp of

Bath Bath Apply Apply LaserLaser

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Some scientists remain skeptical about LENR anomalies

Status of reported LENR experimental anomalies by type:Status of reported LENR experimental anomalies by type:Calorimetrically measured macroscopic excess heat effectsCalorimetrically measured macroscopic excess heat effects –– remain extremely remain extremely contentious: still very hard to reproduce contentious: still very hard to reproduce ------ nobody can “boil tea” yet; many nobody can “boil tea” yet; many physicists still distrust calorimetry as chemists’ ‘black art’ mphysicists still distrust calorimetry as chemists’ ‘black art’ measurements easurements

Production of gaseous helium isotopesProduction of gaseous helium isotopes –– difficult to detect reliably and be able to difficult to detect reliably and be able to unquestionably exclude external contamination as a possibility; unquestionably exclude external contamination as a possibility; still only still only accurately measured in a handful of LENR experiments. Most reseaaccurately measured in a handful of LENR experiments. Most researchers do not rchers do not look for gaseous Helook for gaseous He--4 due to expense/skill necessary for good measurements 4 due to expense/skill necessary for good measurements

Production of modest fluxes of MeVProduction of modest fluxes of MeV--energy alpha particles and protonsenergy alpha particles and protons –– readily readily reproduced and reported by number of LENR researchers; some suchreproduced and reported by number of LENR researchers; some such results results published in lesser mainstream journals. While supportive, not cpublished in lesser mainstream journals. While supportive, not conclusive onclusive

Production of a broad array of different transmutation productsProduction of a broad array of different transmutation products –– widely reported widely reported in many experiments by LENR researchers located all over the worin many experiments by LENR researchers located all over the world; unlike ld; unlike excess heat, transmutations are much easier to reproduce. Difficexcess heat, transmutations are much easier to reproduce. Difficult for skeptics ult for skeptics to argue with competent mass spectroscopy and like measurements;to argue with competent mass spectroscopy and like measurements; when when pressed, they still invoke the ‘external contamination’ red herrpressed, they still invoke the ‘external contamination’ red herring, which is ing, which is disingenuous considering large number and significant reliabilitdisingenuous considering large number and significant reliability of such resultsy of such results

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WidomWidom--Larsen theory of LENRsLarsen theory of LENRs

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W-L theory successfully addresses longstanding issues

Source of Graphic: Nature, 445, January 4, 2007

WidomWidom--Larsen developed theory after careful evaluation of a large bodyLarsen developed theory after careful evaluation of a large bodyof experimental data on LENRs; it addresses longstanding issuesof experimental data on LENRs; it addresses longstanding issuesabout LENRs that “cold fusion” theorists have been unable to anabout LENRs that “cold fusion” theorists have been unable to answer swer to satisfaction of mainstream physicists, e.g., Huizenga (1993):to satisfaction of mainstream physicists, e.g., Huizenga (1993):

Overcoming the Coulomb energy barrierOvercoming the Coulomb energy barrier: weak interaction: weak interaction--based Wbased W--L theory L theory posits that ultra low momentum neutrons and neutrinos are createposits that ultra low momentum neutrons and neutrinos are created from d from protons and heavyprotons and heavy--mass surface electrons in very high electromagnetic mass surface electrons in very high electromagnetic fields found on surfaces of ‘loaded’ metallic hydrides. Unlike fields found on surfaces of ‘loaded’ metallic hydrides. Unlike chargedcharged--particle Dparticle D--D fusion, no Coulomb barrier to ultra low momentum (ULM) D fusion, no Coulomb barrier to ultra low momentum (ULM) neutron absorption by nuclei; neutrons have no chargeneutron absorption by nuclei; neutrons have no charge

Absence of large emissions of dangerous highAbsence of large emissions of dangerous high--energy neutronsenergy neutrons: ULM : ULM neutrons of the Wneutrons of the W--L theory have extraordinarily low energies and huge L theory have extraordinarily low energies and huge absorption cross sections absorption cross sections ------ are therefore very efficiently captured by are therefore very efficiently captured by nearby nuclei. Consequently, ULMNs are very difficult to detect nearby nuclei. Consequently, ULMNs are very difficult to detect directly directly

Absence of large, dangerous emissions of gamma radiationAbsence of large, dangerous emissions of gamma radiation: in condensed : in condensed matter LENR systems, heavymatter LENR systems, heavy--mass surface plasmon polariton (SPP) mass surface plasmon polariton (SPP) electrons have a unique ability to absorb gamma rays and convertelectrons have a unique ability to absorb gamma rays and convert them them directly to lowerdirectly to lower--energy infrared photons. In LENR systems, gammas energy infrared photons. In LENR systems, gammas produced during neutron captures and beta decays are thus absorbproduced during neutron captures and beta decays are thus absorbed and ed and converted to heat internally rather than being emitted to the ouconverted to heat internally rather than being emitted to the outsidetside

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Widom-Larsen theory is based on established physics

Artist’s rendering : Magnetic Fields Lines Around Black Hole

First observed by Chadwick in 1932, a First observed by Chadwick in 1932, a neutron is unstable as an isolated ‘free’ neutron is unstable as an isolated ‘free’ neutral particle; outside of a atomic neutral particle; outside of a atomic nucleus it has a halfnucleus it has a half--life of ~13 minutes, life of ~13 minutes, spontaneously decaying into a proton spontaneously decaying into a proton and an electron. If free neutrons or new and an electron. If free neutrons or new capturecapture--products are observed in an products are observed in an experimental system, it means that they experimental system, it means that they were either recently produced in some were either recently produced in some sort of nuclear reaction(s), or released sort of nuclear reaction(s), or released from nuclei via decay processes from nuclei via decay processes

Neutrons are extremely effective as Neutrons are extremely effective as ‘catalysts’ of nuclear reactions in that ‘catalysts’ of nuclear reactions in that being uncharged, there is no Coulomb being uncharged, there is no Coulomb barrier to their merging with another barrier to their merging with another nucleus, so they are readily absorbed or nucleus, so they are readily absorbed or ‘captured’ by atomic nuclei. Such ‘captured’ by atomic nuclei. Such captures are in fact transmutation captures are in fact transmutation reactions that can produce new reactions that can produce new chemical elements or isotopes that may chemical elements or isotopes that may be stable or unstable (in which case they be stable or unstable (in which case they undergo some form of decay)undergo some form of decay)

WW--L theory is based on accepted physics; no L theory is based on accepted physics; no “new physics” is postulated“new physics” is postulatedBuilt upon wellBuilt upon well--established ‘bedrock’ of established ‘bedrock’ of electroweak theory and manyelectroweak theory and many--body collective body collective effects; no ad hoc mechanismseffects; no ad hoc mechanismsExplains collective neutron production in Explains collective neutron production in condensed matter with e + p, e + d, e + t weak condensed matter with e + p, e + d, e + t weak interactions that occur in microninteractions that occur in micron--scale H+ ion scale H+ ion ‘patches’ having very high local electric fields ‘patches’ having very high local electric fields that form on ‘loaded’ metal hydride surfacesthat form on ‘loaded’ metal hydride surfacesCollectively produced neutrons have huge Collectively produced neutrons have huge DeBroglie wavelengths and ultra low DeBroglie wavelengths and ultra low momentum (energy); thus have gigantic momentum (energy); thus have gigantic capture cross sections and are virtually all capture cross sections and are virtually all absorbed locally. Cannot be detected directly; absorbed locally. Cannot be detected directly; no external release of free neutronsno external release of free neutronsExplains unexpected absence of ‘hard’ MeVExplains unexpected absence of ‘hard’ MeV--energy gammaenergy gamma radiation in such systems radiation in such systems

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W-L theory explains anomalies in LENRs


WidomWidom--Larsen theory of LENRs can:Larsen theory of LENRs can:

Explain absence of certain ‘normal’ nuclear products and abnormaExplain absence of certain ‘normal’ nuclear products and abnormal l proportions compared to what is known about Dproportions compared to what is known about D--D fusion reactions (as D fusion reactions (as reported in original work of Pons & Fleischmann and thousands ofreported in original work of Pons & Fleischmann and thousands of other other experiments since 1989) experiments since 1989) -- according to Waccording to W--L, this is because LENRs simply L, this is because LENRs simply do not involve appreciable amounts of Ddo not involve appreciable amounts of D--D or DD or D--T fusion processes T fusion processes

Explain insignificant production of dangerous longExplain insignificant production of dangerous long--lived radioactive lived radioactive isotopes (as reported in the original work of Pons & Fleischmannisotopes (as reported in the original work of Pons & Fleischmann as well as as well as thousands of other LENR experiments since 1989)thousands of other LENR experiments since 1989)

Explain details of the mechanism for laser triggering of excess Explain details of the mechanism for laser triggering of excess heat and heat and transmutations in H or D LENR systems (as reported by Letts, Cratransmutations in H or D LENR systems (as reported by Letts, Cravens, vens, Violante, and McKubre)Violante, and McKubre)

Calculate reaction rates that are in agreement with the range ofCalculate reaction rates that are in agreement with the range of rates (10rates (1099 to to 10101616 cmcm22/sec) that have been observed in different types of LENR /sec) that have been observed in different types of LENR experimental systems (as reported by Miles, McKubre, Miley and oexperimental systems (as reported by Miles, McKubre, Miley and others)thers)

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W-L theory also explains many other aspects of LENRs


WidomWidom--Larsen theory of LENRs also explains:Larsen theory of LENRs also explains:Source of excess heat seen in D and H (heavy and light water) sySource of excess heat seen in D and H (heavy and light water) systems stems (e.g., Pons & Fleischmann, McKubre, Miley, Miles, (e.g., Pons & Fleischmann, McKubre, Miley, Miles, FocardiFocardi et al.)et al.)44He and He and 33He observed in D electrolytic systems (e.g., McKubre, Miles)He observed in D electrolytic systems (e.g., McKubre, Miles)

Unusual 5Unusual 5--peak stable transmutation product mass spectra observed in peak stable transmutation product mass spectra observed in H and D systems (e.g., Miley, Mizuno)H and D systems (e.g., Miley, Mizuno)

Transmutation products frequently seen in H and D LENR systems (Transmutation products frequently seen in H and D LENR systems (e.g., e.g., Miley, Mizuno, Iwamura, Violante, and many others) as well as inMiley, Mizuno, Iwamura, Violante, and many others) as well as in certain certain types of hightypes of high--current exploding wire and vacuum diode experiments current exploding wire and vacuum diode experiments (US, UK, Russia (US, UK, Russia -- in experiments back as far as 1905)in experiments back as far as 1905)

Variable fluxes of soft XVariable fluxes of soft X--rays seen in some experiments (e.g., Violante, rays seen in some experiments (e.g., Violante, Karabut)Karabut)

Small fluxes of highSmall fluxes of high--energy alpha particles observed in certain LENR energy alpha particles observed in certain LENR systems (e.g., Lipson, Karabut)systems (e.g., Lipson, Karabut)

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Basics of W-L theory in condensed matter LENR systems


1.1. EE--M radiation on metallic hydride surface M radiation on metallic hydride surface increases mass of surface plasmon electronsincreases mass of surface plasmon electrons

2.2. HeavyHeavy--mass surface plasmon polariton mass surface plasmon polariton electrons ( ) react directly with surface electrons ( ) react directly with surface protons (protons (pp++) or deuterons () or deuterons (dd++) to produce ultra ) to produce ultra low momentum (ULM) neutrons (low momentum (ULM) neutrons (nnulmulm or or 2n2nulmulm, , respectively) and an electron neutrino (respectively) and an electron neutrino (ννee))

3.3. Ultra low momentum neutrons (Ultra low momentum neutrons (nnulmulm) are ) are captured by nearby atomic nuclei (captured by nearby atomic nuclei (Z, AZ, A) ) representing some element with charge (representing some element with charge (ZZ) and ) and atomic mass (atomic mass (AA). ULM neutron absorption ). ULM neutron absorption produces a heavierproduces a heavier--mass isotope (mass isotope (Z, A+1Z, A+1) via ) via transmutation. This new isotope (transmutation. This new isotope (Z, A+1Z, A+1) may ) may itself be stable or unstable itself be stable or unstable

4.4. Certain unstable isotopes Certain unstable isotopes ββ-- decay, producing: decay, producing: transmuted element with increased charge transmuted element with increased charge ((Z+1Z+1), ), ~ same mass (~ same mass (A+1A+1) as ‘parent’ nucleus; ) as ‘parent’ nucleus; ββ-- particle (particle (ee-- ); and antineutrino ( )); and antineutrino ( )

e

ulm

eulm

eulm

eAZAZ

AZAZnnde

npe

ee

ν

ν

ν

++++→+

+→++→+

+→+

→+

−

+−

+−

−−

)1,1()1,(

)1,(),(2~

~

~)(radiation

Weak interaction Weak interaction ββ-- decays (shown above), decays (shown above), direct gamma conversion to infrared (not direct gamma conversion to infrared (not shown), and α decays (not shown) produce shown), and α decays (not shown) produce most excess heat observed in LENR systemsmost excess heat observed in LENR systems

No strong interaction fusion or No strong interaction fusion or heavy element fission occurring heavy element fission occurring below, only weak interactionsbelow, only weak interactions

eν

Unstable IsotopeUnstable Isotope

1.1.

2.2.

3.3.

4.4. New element New element –– stable stable or or unstableunstable

UnstableUnstable or Stableor Stable

−e~

Weak interaction processes are very important in LENRsWeak interaction processes are very important in LENRs

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υeNow add collective Now add collective rearrangements from rearrangements from condensed matter effects.condensed matter effects. It is It is not just a two body collision !!!not just a two body collision !!!

Widom-Larsen extend collective effects to Standard Model

Simple twoSimple two--body collision shown body collision shown in Feynman diagram below:in Feynman diagram below: eulmnpe ν+⎯→⎯+ +−~

Surface ‘sea’ of collectively oscillating SPP electrons (e-)

Many body surface ‘patch’ of collectively oscillating protons (p+)

−e~

nnulmulm

pp++

W -

charged particles

uncharged particle

photon

boson

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Collective many-body effects extremely important in LENRs


Collective effects lie at the heart of WCollective effects lie at the heart of W--L L physics of condensed matter LENRsphysics of condensed matter LENRs

LENRs can occur at modest temperatures LENRs can occur at modest temperatures and pressures in condensed matter and pressures in condensed matter because of collective electromagnetic because of collective electromagnetic coupling (caused by a breakdown of the coupling (caused by a breakdown of the BornBorn--Oppenheimer approximation) that Oppenheimer approximation) that occurs between two types of intrinsically occurs between two types of intrinsically collective oscillations found on metallic collective oscillations found on metallic hydride surfaces:hydride surfaces:

–– Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) electrons (determine colors of metals)electrons (determine colors of metals)

–– Contiguous, coherent surface ‘patches’ Contiguous, coherent surface ‘patches’ of protons, deuterons, or tritons that can of protons, deuterons, or tritons that can form on H, D, or T ‘loaded’ hydridesform on H, D, or T ‘loaded’ hydrides

Such coupling helps create very high local Such coupling helps create very high local electric fields > 10electric fields > 101111 V/m that can V/m that can renormalize masses of SPPs above renormalize masses of SPPs above threshold for ULM neutron production threshold for ULM neutron production

It is not difficult to throw a baseball at a It is not difficult to throw a baseball at a target with an energy of 10target with an energy of 102323 electron electron volts, but one will notvolts, but one will not see any nuclear see any nuclear transmutations. The electrical currents transmutations. The electrical currents must be collective and the electrons must be collective and the electrons must transfer energy coherently and all must transfer energy coherently and all together to trigger nuclear effectstogether to trigger nuclear effects

Surface Surface ProtonProton

‘‘Sea’ of SPP Sea’ of SPP electronselectrons

When many electrons interact with a When many electrons interact with a proton, only one electron may pierce into proton, only one electron may pierce into the proton’s inside. That electron dies. All the proton’s inside. That electron dies. All of the other electrons have but donated a of the other electrons have but donated a little energy. The SPP plasma modes are little energy. The SPP plasma modes are collective and in synchronizationcollective and in synchronization

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Collective oscillations: surface plasmon polariton electrons


Confined to surfaces and nearConfined to surfaces and near--surface regionssurface regionsSurface plasmons (SPs) are a collective oscillation Surface plasmons (SPs) are a collective oscillation of free electron gas at optical frequencies. Exist on of free electron gas at optical frequencies. Exist on all metallic surfaces; some elements ‘fireall metallic surfaces; some elements ‘fire--off’ SP off’ SP excitations ‘easier’ than others (e.g., gold, silver) excitations ‘easier’ than others (e.g., gold, silver) Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) are effectively Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) are effectively quasiparticlesquasiparticles resulting from strong coupling of resulting from strong coupling of electromagnetic waveselectromagnetic waves with an electric or magnetic with an electric or magnetic dipoledipole--carryingcarrying excitation; under the right excitation; under the right conditions, SPPs can couple with laser light conditions, SPPs can couple with laser light Play very important role in Surface Enhanced Play very important role in Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) and plasmonicsRaman Spectroscopy (SERS) and plasmonicsExtremely sensitive to the physical properties of Extremely sensitive to the physical properties of substrate materials on which they propagate substrate materials on which they propagate Interact very strongly with nanoparticles located on Interact very strongly with nanoparticles located on surfaces: changes in relative nanoparticle size, surfaces: changes in relative nanoparticle size, composition, and placement geometry can create composition, and placement geometry can create huge variations in local electric field strengthshuge variations in local electric field strengthsCan be conceptualized as a collectively oscillating Can be conceptualized as a collectively oscillating ‘film’ of electrons covering the surface of metals‘film’ of electrons covering the surface of metals

The rich dynamical behaviors, exquisite spatial The rich dynamical behaviors, exquisite spatial sensitivity, and complex energetics of SPP electrons in sensitivity, and complex energetics of SPP electrons in and around ‘patches’ of hydrogenous ions found on the and around ‘patches’ of hydrogenous ions found on the surfaces of ‘loaded’ metallic hydrides are in some ways surfaces of ‘loaded’ metallic hydrides are in some ways reminiscent of electrons involved in reminiscent of electrons involved in vastly lowervastly lower--energyenergy‘chemicurrents,’ which are fluxes of “ … fast (kinetic ‘chemicurrents,’ which are fluxes of “ … fast (kinetic energy ~> 0.5 energy ~> 0.5 –– 1.3 eV) metal electrons caused by 1.3 eV) metal electrons caused by moderately exothermic (1 moderately exothermic (1 -- 3 eV) chemical reactions over 3 eV) chemical reactions over high work function (4 high work function (4 –– 6 eV) metal surfaces.” e.g., Pd6 eV) metal surfaces.” e.g., Pd

See: S. Maximoff and M. HeadSee: S. Maximoff and M. Head--Gordon, “Chemistry of Gordon, “Chemistry of fast electrons,” PNAS USA 106(28):11460fast electrons,” PNAS USA 106(28):11460--5, July 2009 5, July 2009

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Collective oscillations: surface protons, deuterons, tritons


Under proper conditions, micronUnder proper conditions, micron--scale manyscale many--body ‘patches’ body ‘patches’ comprising manycomprising many--body homogeneous collections of p+, d+, body homogeneous collections of p+, d+, or t+ ions will form spontaneously on the surfaces of or t+ ions will form spontaneously on the surfaces of hydrogenhydrogen--‘loaded’ metals in various sizes at variable ‘loaded’ metals in various sizes at variable numbers of sites scattered at random across such surfacesnumbers of sites scattered at random across such surfaces

Protons, deuterons, or tritons found within such manyProtons, deuterons, or tritons found within such many--body body ‘patches’ spontaneously oscillate coherently/collectively; ‘patches’ spontaneously oscillate coherently/collectively; their quantum mechanical (QM) wave functions are their quantum mechanical (QM) wave functions are effectively ‘entangled’ with each other and w. SPP electronseffectively ‘entangled’ with each other and w. SPP electrons

Unrelated to LENRs, researchers in other fields have Unrelated to LENRs, researchers in other fields have detected the presence of such entangled manydetected the presence of such entangled many--body body quantum systems using various techniques that include quantum systems using various techniques that include neutron and electron Compton scattering experimentsneutron and electron Compton scattering experiments

Collective oscillation and effective QM entanglement of Collective oscillation and effective QM entanglement of protons and electrons is widespread in nature: e.g., from a protons and electrons is widespread in nature: e.g., from a chemical perspective, water is simply Hchemical perspective, water is simply H22O. However, when O. However, when water molecules are ‘imaged’ with electron and deep water molecules are ‘imaged’ with electron and deep inelastic neutron Compton scattering techniques, one inelastic neutron Compton scattering techniques, one instead ‘sees’ Hinstead ‘sees’ H1.51.5O. Anomalously ‘fewer’ protons or O. Anomalously ‘fewer’ protons or deuterons are observed by such methods because of Bdeuterons are observed by such methods because of B--O O breakdown and related QM entanglement of particles breakdown and related QM entanglement of particles

For example, C. A. ChatzidimitriouFor example, C. A. Chatzidimitriou--Dreismann (Technical University of Berlin) et Dreismann (Technical University of Berlin) et al. have published extensively on this subject al. have published extensively on this subject for years. In particular, please see: for years. In particular, please see:

“Attosecond quantum entanglement in “Attosecond quantum entanglement in neutron Compton scattering from water in neutron Compton scattering from water in the keV range” the keV range” -- 2007; can be found at2007; can be found at

http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/condhttp://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cond--mat/pdf/0702/0702180v1.pdfmat/pdf/0702/0702180v1.pdf

“Several neutron Compton scattering (NCS) “Several neutron Compton scattering (NCS) experiments on liquid and solid samples experiments on liquid and solid samples containing protons or deuterons show a containing protons or deuterons show a striking anomaly, i.e. a shortfall in the striking anomaly, i.e. a shortfall in the intensity of energetic neutrons scattered by intensity of energetic neutrons scattered by the protons; cf. [1, 2, 3, 4]. E.g., neutrons the protons; cf. [1, 2, 3, 4]. E.g., neutrons colliding with water for just 100 − 500 colliding with water for just 100 − 500 attoseconds (1 as = 10attoseconds (1 as = 10−18−18 s) will see a ratio of s) will see a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen of roughly 1.5 to 1, hydrogen to oxygen of roughly 1.5 to 1, instead of 2 to 1 corresponding to the instead of 2 to 1 corresponding to the chemical formula Hchemical formula H22O. … Recently this new O. … Recently this new effect has been independently confirmed by effect has been independently confirmed by electronelectron--proton Compton scattering (ECS) proton Compton scattering (ECS) from a solid polymer [3, 4, 5]. The similarity from a solid polymer [3, 4, 5]. The similarity of ECS and NCS results is striking because of ECS and NCS results is striking because the two projectiles interact with protons via the two projectiles interact with protons via fundamentally different forces, i.e. the fundamentally different forces, i.e. the electromagnetic and strong forces.”electromagnetic and strong forces.”

Also, J. D. Jost et al., “Entangled mechanical Also, J. D. Jost et al., “Entangled mechanical oscillators” Nature 459 pp. 683 oscillators” Nature 459 pp. 683 –– 685 4 June 685 4 June 2009, in which “mechanical vibration of two 2009, in which “mechanical vibration of two ion pairs separated by a few hundred ion pairs separated by a few hundred micrometres is entangled in a quantum way.” micrometres is entangled in a quantum way.”

http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cond-mat/pdf/0702/0702180v1.pdf

http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cond-mat/pdf/0702/0702180v1.pdf

Lattice Energy LLC


Creation of ULM neutrons on loaded hydride surfaces - I


Hydride forming elements, e.g., Palladium (Pd), Nickel Hydride forming elements, e.g., Palladium (Pd), Nickel (Ni), Titanium (Ti), etc. can be viewed as akin to metallic (Ni), Titanium (Ti), etc. can be viewed as akin to metallic ‘sponges’ that can absorb significant amounts of ‘sponges’ that can absorb significant amounts of hydrogen isotopes in atom % via ‘loading’ mechanismshydrogen isotopes in atom % via ‘loading’ mechanisms

Analogous to loading a boneAnalogous to loading a bone--dry sponge with Hdry sponge with H22O by O by gradually spilling droplets of water onto it, hydrogen gradually spilling droplets of water onto it, hydrogen isotopes can actually be ‘loaded’ into hydrideisotopes can actually be ‘loaded’ into hydride--forming forming metals using different techniques, e.g., various levels of metals using different techniques, e.g., various levels of DC electric currents, pressure gradients, etc. DC electric currents, pressure gradients, etc.

Just prior to entering a metallic lattice, molecules of Just prior to entering a metallic lattice, molecules of hydrogen isotopes dissociate, become monatomic, and hydrogen isotopes dissociate, become monatomic, and then ionize by donating their electrons to the metallic then ionize by donating their electrons to the metallic electron ‘sea,’ thus becoming charged interstitial lattice electron ‘sea,’ thus becoming charged interstitial lattice protons (pprotons (p++), deuterons (d), deuterons (d++), or tritons (t), or tritons (t++) in the process ) in the process

Once formed, ions of hydrogen isotopes migrate to and Once formed, ions of hydrogen isotopes migrate to and occupy specific interstitial structural sites in metallic occupy specific interstitial structural sites in metallic hydride bulk lattices; this is a materialhydride bulk lattices; this is a material--specific propertyspecific property

Part of a longstanding Part of a longstanding mythology propagated by mythology propagated by “cold fusion” promoters is “cold fusion” promoters is that Palladium (Pd) is a that Palladium (Pd) is a uniquely suitable material for uniquely suitable material for producing LENRs; that idea producing LENRs; that idea been shown to be false been shown to be false

A number of different hydrideA number of different hydride--forming metals have forming metals have experimentally produced experimentally produced substantial amounts of substantial amounts of excess heat and nuclear excess heat and nuclear transmutations, including transmutations, including Nickel, Titanium, and Nickel, Titanium, and Tungsten, among othersTungsten, among others

Another such myth is that Another such myth is that D/Pd LENR systems typically D/Pd LENR systems typically produce excess heat and Heproduce excess heat and He--4 4 whereas H/anywhereas H/any--metal systems metal systems produce little heat, mostly produce little heat, mostly transmutations. An array of transmutations. An array of reported results demonstrate reported results demonstrate otherwise; e.g., the largest otherwise; e.g., the largest excess heat flux ever reported excess heat flux ever reported came from an Italian H/Ni gascame from an Italian H/Ni gas--phase system in 1994 phase system in 1994

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Creation of ULM neutrons on loaded hydride surfaces - II

When all available interstitial sites in the interior of a bulk When all available interstitial sites in the interior of a bulk lattice are lattice are occupied by hydrogenous ions, a metallic hydride is ‘fully loadeoccupied by hydrogenous ions, a metallic hydride is ‘fully loaded,’ i.e., d,’ i.e., saturated. At that point, a dynamic balance between loading and saturated. At that point, a dynamic balance between loading and deloading deloading begins (sobegins (so--called “breathing” mode) during which some of those ions start called “breathing” mode) during which some of those ions start ‘leaking back out’ of the bulk onto the surface. This localized ‘leaking back out’ of the bulk onto the surface. This localized deloading is a deloading is a dynamic process, occurring in discrete, islanddynamic process, occurring in discrete, island--like, micronlike, micron--scale surface scale surface ‘patches’ or ‘droplets’ (scattered randomly across the surface) ‘patches’ or ‘droplets’ (scattered randomly across the surface) comprised comprised of many contiguous p+, d+, and/or t+ ions (or admixtures thereofof many contiguous p+, d+, and/or t+ ions (or admixtures thereof) )

Homogeneous (limitedHomogeneous (limited % admixtures; large % destroy coherence) % admixtures; large % destroy coherence) collections of pcollections of p++, d, d++, or t, or t++ found in manyfound in many--body patches on loaded metallic body patches on loaded metallic hydride surfaces oscillate in unison, collectively and coherentlhydride surfaces oscillate in unison, collectively and coherently; their QM y; their QM wave functions are effectively ‘entangled.’ Such coherence has bwave functions are effectively ‘entangled.’ Such coherence has been een demonstrated in many experiments involving deep inelastic neutrodemonstrated in many experiments involving deep inelastic neutronn-- and and electronelectron--scattering measurements on loaded hydridesscattering measurements on loaded hydrides

Collective oscillations of hydrogenous ions in manyCollective oscillations of hydrogenous ions in many--body surface patches body surface patches set the stage for local breakdown of the Bornset the stage for local breakdown of the Born--Oppenheimer approximation; Oppenheimer approximation; this enables loose electromagnetic coupling between pthis enables loose electromagnetic coupling between p++, d, d++, or t, or t++ ions ions located in patches and nearby ‘covering’ surface plasmon polaritlocated in patches and nearby ‘covering’ surface plasmon polariton (SPP) on (SPP) electrons. Belectrons. B--O breakdown creates nuclearO breakdown creates nuclear--strength local electric fields strength local electric fields (above 10(above 101111 V/m) in and around such patches. Effective masses of SPP V/m) in and around such patches. Effective masses of SPP electrons (eelectrons (e--) exposed to intense local electric fields are thereby increased) exposed to intense local electric fields are thereby increased(e(e--*), enabling neutron production via e*), enabling neutron production via e--* + p* + p++, e, e--* + d* + d++, e, e--* + t* + t++ reactions reactions above key isotopeabove key isotope--specific threshold values for electric field strengthspecific threshold values for electric field strength

See: A. Bushmaker et al., See: A. Bushmaker et al., “Direct observation of “Direct observation of BornBorn--Oppenheimer Oppenheimer approximation breakdown approximation breakdown in carbon nanotubes” in in carbon nanotubes” in Nano Lett. 9 (2) pp. 607Nano Lett. 9 (2) pp. 607--611 611 Feb. 11, 2009Feb. 11, 2009

High electric fields surrounding “nanorice” – Au

coating on hematite coreElectric fields surrounding “nanorice” – Au coating on

hematite core

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In condensed matter LENRs the manyIn condensed matter LENRs the many--body ‘system’ of collective interaction is a surface ‘patch’ of body ‘system’ of collective interaction is a surface ‘patch’ of NNpp collectively oscillating protons that are electromagnetically ccollectively oscillating protons that are electromagnetically coupled to many nearby collectively oupled to many nearby collectively oscillating SPP electrons oscillating SPP electrons NNee via local breakdown of the Bornvia local breakdown of the Born--Oppenheimer approximation. After SPP Oppenheimer approximation. After SPP electron mass renormalization and neutron production via the weaelectron mass renormalization and neutron production via the weak interaction occur, the final state k interaction occur, the final state of such localized systems contains (of such localized systems contains (NNpp − 1) protons, (− 1) protons, (NNee –– 1) SPP electrons and according to the W1) SPP electrons and according to the W--L L theory, one freshly produced neutron. Such a system’s final stattheory, one freshly produced neutron. Such a system’s final state might be naively pictured as e might be naively pictured as containing an isolated free neutron at roughly thermal energies containing an isolated free neutron at roughly thermal energies with a DeBroglie wavelength with a DeBroglie wavelength λ λ of ~2 of ~2 Angstroms (2 x 10Angstroms (2 x 10--88 cm) cm) -- typical for thermalized free neutrons in condensed matter. Heretypical for thermalized free neutrons in condensed matter. Here that is not that is not the case: in a manythe case: in a many--body collective system’sbody collective system’s final state, a particular proton, say number k, has been final state, a particular proton, say number k, has been converted to a neutron. The resulting manyconverted to a neutron. The resulting many--body statebody state together with all the unconverted protons together with all the unconverted protons may be denoted by the neutron localized . However, neutromay be denoted by the neutron localized . However, neutrons produced by a manyns produced by a many--body body collective system are collective system are notnot created in a simple state. Wave functions of such a neutron in created in a simple state. Wave functions of such a neutron in a manya many--body body patch of patch of NNpp identical protons is in fact a superposition of many identical protons is in fact a superposition of many NNpp localized stateslocalized states,, best described by best described by a delocalizeda delocalized band state:band state:

Thus, the DeBroglie wavelength Thus, the DeBroglie wavelength λλ of ULM neutrons produced by a condensed matter collective of ULM neutrons produced by a condensed matter collective system must be comparable to the spatial dimensions of manysystem must be comparable to the spatial dimensions of many--proton surface ‘patches’ in which proton surface ‘patches’ in which they were produced. Wavelengths of such neutrons can be on the othey were produced. Wavelengths of such neutrons can be on the order of λ ≈ 3 x 10rder of λ ≈ 3 x 10--33 cm or more; cm or more; ultra low momentum of collectively created neutrons follows direultra low momentum of collectively created neutrons follows directly from the DeBroglie relation:ctly from the DeBroglie relation:

Technically detailed answer Technically detailed answer –– adapted from Sadapted from S--WW--L ACS 2009 “Primer” paperL ACS 2009 “Primer” paper

Why are LENR neutrons on surfaces ultra low momentum?

1

1p

N

Nk

kψ=

⟩ ≈ ∑

2hp πλ λ

= = =h h

D

k ⟩

Lattice Energy LLC


Local capture of ULM neutrons on loaded hydride surfaces


Unlike energetic neutrons produced in most nuclear Unlike energetic neutrons produced in most nuclear reactions, collectively produced LENR neutrons are reactions, collectively produced LENR neutrons are effectively ‘standing still’ at the moment of their creation in effectively ‘standing still’ at the moment of their creation in condensed matter. Since they are vastly below thermal condensed matter. Since they are vastly below thermal energies (ultra low momentum), ULM neutrons have huge energies (ultra low momentum), ULM neutrons have huge DeBroglie wavelengths and commensurately large capture DeBroglie wavelengths and commensurately large capture crosscross--sections on any nearby nuclei; virtually all will be sections on any nearby nuclei; virtually all will be locally absorbed; not detectable as ‘free’ neutronslocally absorbed; not detectable as ‘free’ neutrons

For the vast majority of stable and unstable isotopes, their For the vast majority of stable and unstable isotopes, their neutron capture crossneutron capture cross--section (relative to measurements section (relative to measurements of crossof cross--sections at thermal energies where v = 2,200 sections at thermal energies where v = 2,200 m/sec and the DeBroglie wavelength is ~ 2 Angstroms) is m/sec and the DeBroglie wavelength is ~ 2 Angstroms) is directly related to ~1/v, where v is velocity of a neutron in directly related to ~1/v, where v is velocity of a neutron in m/sec. Since v is extremely smallm/sec. Since v is extremely small for ULM neutrons, their for ULM neutrons, their capture crosscapture cross--sections on atomic nuclei will therefore be sections on atomic nuclei will therefore be correspondingly large. After being collectively created, correspondingly large. After being collectively created, virtually all ULMNs will be locally absorbed virtually all ULMNs will be locally absorbed beforebefore anyanyscattering on lattice atoms can elevate them to thermal scattering on lattice atoms can elevate them to thermal kinetic energies; per S. Lamoreaux (Yale) thermalization kinetic energies; per S. Lamoreaux (Yale) thermalization would require ~0.1 to 0.2 msec, i.e. 10would require ~0.1 to 0.2 msec, i.e. 10--44 sec., a long time on sec., a long time on typical 10typical 10--1616 –– 1010--1919 sec. timesec. time--scale of nuclear reactionsscale of nuclear reactions

Ultra low momentum Ultra low momentum neutrons have enormous neutrons have enormous absorption crossabsorption cross--sections on sections on 1/v isotopes. For example, 1/v isotopes. For example, Lattice has estimated ULMN Lattice has estimated ULMN fission capture crossfission capture cross--section section on Uon U--235 @ ~1 million barns 235 @ ~1 million barns and on Puand on Pu--239 @ 49,000 239 @ 49,000 barns (b), vs. ~586 b and barns (b), vs. ~586 b and ~752 b, respectively, for ~752 b, respectively, for neutrons @ thermal neutrons @ thermal energies. A neutron capture energies. A neutron capture expert recently estimated expert recently estimated ULMN capture on HeULMN capture on He--4 @ 4 @ ~20,000 b vs. value of <1 b ~20,000 b vs. value of <1 b for thermal neutronsfor thermal neutrons

By comparison, the highest By comparison, the highest known thermal capture cross known thermal capture cross section for any stable section for any stable isotope is Gadoliniumisotope is Gadolinium--157 @ 157 @ ~49,000 b. The highest ~49,000 b. The highest measured crossmeasured cross--section for section for any unstable isotope is any unstable isotope is XenonXenon--135 @ ~2.7 million b 135 @ ~2.7 million b

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What suppresses gamma ray emissions in LENR systems?

SPP electron masses are substantially increased by high SPP electron masses are substantially increased by high local electric fields in and around ‘patches’ of local electric fields in and around ‘patches’ of collectively oscillating protons, deuterons, or tritonscollectively oscillating protons, deuterons, or tritons

Surface ‘patches’ of heavySurface ‘patches’ of heavy--mass SPP electrons exhibit:mass SPP electrons exhibit:

““In certain nonIn certain non--equilibrium equilibrium metallic hydride systems, surface metallic hydride systems, surface heavy electrons play a dual role in heavy electrons play a dual role in allowing both Eqs. (49) for allowing both Eqs. (49) for catalyzing LENR and Eq. (50) for catalyzing LENR and Eq. (50) for absorbing the resulting hard absorbing the resulting hard prompt photons. Thus, the heavy prompt photons. Thus, the heavy surface electrons can act as a surface electrons can act as a gamma ray shield.” gamma ray shield.”

“… prompt hard gamma photons “… prompt hard gamma photons get absorbed within less than a get absorbed within less than a nanometer from the place wherein nanometer from the place wherein they were first created.” Wthey were first created.” W--L, L, 2005 (from paper below)2005 (from paper below)

See: “Absorption of Nuclear See: “Absorption of Nuclear Gamma Radiation by Heavy Gamma Radiation by Heavy Electrons on Metallic Hydride Electrons on Metallic Hydride Surfaces” arXiv:condSurfaces” arXiv:cond--mat/0509269 Widom and Larsenmat/0509269 Widom and Larsen

-- No heavy electron photoelectric effectNo heavy electron photoelectric effect –– heavy SPP electrons are heavy SPP electrons are allallconduction electrons. They do not occupy bound core states becauconduction electrons. They do not occupy bound core states because their se their energy is much too high. Incident energetic gamma photons < ~10 energy is much too high. Incident energetic gamma photons < ~10 MeV MeV coming from any direction cannot forcibly eject them from a ‘patcoming from any direction cannot forcibly eject them from a ‘patch’ch’

-- Anomalously high local surface electrical conductivityAnomalously high local surface electrical conductivity –– this anomaly this anomaly occurs as the threshold proton (or deuteron or triton) density foccurs as the threshold proton (or deuteron or triton) density for neutronor neutron--catalyzed LENRs is approached (this would be very difficult to ocatalyzed LENRs is approached (this would be very difficult to observe)bserve)

-- Compton scattering from heavy SPP electronsCompton scattering from heavy SPP electrons -- when a hard gamma when a hard gamma photon is scattered from a heavy electron, the final state of thphoton is scattered from a heavy electron, the final state of the radiation e radiation field consists of many very ‘soft’ photons. Conserving energy, afield consists of many very ‘soft’ photons. Conserving energy, a single high single high energy gamma photon can be converted directly into many lowerenergy gamma photon can be converted directly into many lower--energy energy infrared photons, sometimes with a small ‘tail’ in soft Xinfrared photons, sometimes with a small ‘tail’ in soft X--rays (this ‘tail’ has rays (this ‘tail’ has occasionally been observed experimentally, e.g., Violante, Karaboccasionally been observed experimentally, e.g., Violante, Karabut )ut )

-- Creation of heavy SPP electronCreation of heavy SPP electron--hole pairshole pairs –– in LENR systems, energy in LENR systems, energy differences between electron states in heavy electron conductiondifferences between electron states in heavy electron conduction states states increase “particleincrease “particle--hole” energy spreads up into the MeV range. Normally, hole” energy spreads up into the MeV range. Normally, metals have particlemetals have particle--hole energy spreads in the eV range near the Fermi hole energy spreads in the eV range near the Fermi surface, so they are relatively transparent to gamma rays. Unususurface, so they are relatively transparent to gamma rays. Unusually large ally large energy spreads are what enable gamma absorption in LENR systems energy spreads are what enable gamma absorption in LENR systems

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Why do LENRs create few long-lived radioactive isotopes?


While extensions of otherwise short While extensions of otherwise short halfhalf--lives have never been directly lives have never been directly observed in LENR systems, there observed in LENR systems, there are many theoretical/experimental are many theoretical/experimental papers about atomicpapers about atomic--environmental environmental densitydensity--ofof--states effects that can states effects that can alter effective halfalter effective half--lives of nuclei. lives of nuclei. Opposite retardation of continuumOpposite retardation of continuum--state decay that likely occurs in state decay that likely occurs in LENR systems, published work LENR systems, published work mainly covers mainly covers decreasingdecreasing halfhalf--lives lives of isotopes that decay via electron of isotopes that decay via electron capture or weak interaction β capture or weak interaction β processes; this encompasses topics processes; this encompasses topics such as boundsuch as bound--state betastate beta--decay decay (which even applies to neutrons): (which even applies to neutrons):

“Theory of bound“Theory of bound--state beta decay,” J. state beta decay,” J. Bahcall, Physical Review 124 pp. 495 1961 Bahcall, Physical Review 124 pp. 495 1961

“Half“Half--life measurement of the boundlife measurement of the bound--state state beta decay of beta decay of 187187ReRe75+75+,” Nuclear Physics A621 ,” Nuclear Physics A621 pp. 297c 1997 (in this remarkable experiment pp. 297c 1997 (in this remarkable experiment the measured halfthe measured half--life of fullylife of fully--ionized 187ionized 187--Re Re decreases from 4.4 x 10decreases from 4.4 x 1010 10 years to ~33 years) years to ~33 years)

“Electron“Electron--capture decay rate of capture decay rate of 77Be Be encapsulated in Cencapsulated in C6060 cages”, T. Ohtsuki, K. cages”, T. Ohtsuki, K. Hirose, and K. Ohno, J. Nuclear and Hirose, and K. Ohno, J. Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences 8 pp. A1 2007 Radiochemical Sciences 8 pp. A1 2007

“Observation of the acceleration by an “Observation of the acceleration by an electromagnetic field of nuclear beta decay”, electromagnetic field of nuclear beta decay”, H. R. Reiss, EPL 81 42001 2008H. R. Reiss, EPL 81 42001 2008

“Continuum“Continuum--state and boundstate and bound--state βstate β-- decay decay rates of the neutron,” M. Faber et al., rates of the neutron,” M. Faber et al., arXiv:0906.0959v1 [heparXiv:0906.0959v1 [hep--ph] 4 June 2009 ph] 4 June 2009

In comparison to fusion and fission,In comparison to fusion and fission, LENR systems typically emit LENR systems typically emit particles and photons at much lower energies and produce endparticles and photons at much lower energies and produce end--product product nuclei that comprise mostly stable isotopes; this distinguishingnuclei that comprise mostly stable isotopes; this distinguishing feature feature of LENRs has been observed in thousands of experiments since 198of LENRs has been observed in thousands of experiments since 19899

This happens partly because weak interactions are prominent in LThis happens partly because weak interactions are prominent in LENRs: ENRs: intermediate excited reaction products’ ‘excess’ available energintermediate excited reaction products’ ‘excess’ available energy can y can readily be ‘bledreadily be ‘bled--off’ and rapidly carried away from ‘patch’ reaction sites in off’ and rapidly carried away from ‘patch’ reaction sites in the form of MeVthe form of MeV--energy neutrino photons, which interact very little with energy neutrino photons, which interact very little with ordinary local matter and simply fly off into outer space at ordinary local matter and simply fly off into outer space at cc

Under nonequilibrium conditions in surface patches that are ‘cooUnder nonequilibrium conditions in surface patches that are ‘cooked’ ked’ with large fluxes of ULM neutrons, over time, populations of unswith large fluxes of ULM neutrons, over time, populations of unstable, table, veryvery neutronneutron--rich ‘halo’ nuclei will tend to buildrich ‘halo’ nuclei will tend to build--up; they will continue to up; they will continue to capture ULMNs as long as the Qcapture ULMNs as long as the Q--values are favorable (capture gammas values are favorable (capture gammas are converted into infrared by heavy electrons). This happens beare converted into infrared by heavy electrons). This happens because cause their halftheir half--lives are likely to be much longer than those of isolated nucleilives are likely to be much longer than those of isolated nuclei if if they are unable to emit βthey are unable to emit β-- electrons or shed neutrons (Fermions) into electrons or shed neutrons (Fermions) into unoccupied states in the local continuum. Thus, in ‘patches’ othunoccupied states in the local continuum. Thus, in ‘patches’ otherwise erwise short short ββ-- or or nn decay halfdecay half--lives ranging from milliseconds to a few days lives ranging from milliseconds to a few days may be temporarily increased (very difficult to measure experimemay be temporarily increased (very difficult to measure experimentally) ntally)

When nonequilibrium energy inputs creating large numbers of heavWhen nonequilibrium energy inputs creating large numbers of heavy y electrons and ULM neutrons cease (e.g., electric current going ielectrons and ULM neutrons cease (e.g., electric current going into an nto an LENR electrolytic cell is turnedLENR electrolytic cell is turned--off completely), large numbers of off completely), large numbers of unoccupied local states begin openingunoccupied local states begin opening--up. This will trigger serial up. This will trigger serial cascades of fast beta decays from neutroncascades of fast beta decays from neutron--rich into stable isotopes; few rich into stable isotopes; few longlong--lived radioisotopes would remain after such a process ended lived radioisotopes would remain after such a process ended

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Where does ‘excess heat’ come from in LENR systems?


“There’s no such thing “There’s no such thing as a free lunch.”as a free lunch.”Milton Friedman, famous Milton Friedman, famous Nobel prize winning Nobel prize winning economist, 1975economist, 1975

Depending on whether Depending on whether hydrogen or deuterium is hydrogen or deuterium is used as a ‘base fuel’ to used as a ‘base fuel’ to create ULM neutrons, it create ULM neutrons, it ‘costs’ either 0.78 or 0.39 ‘costs’ either 0.78 or 0.39 MeV to produce a single MeV to produce a single ULM neutron ULM neutron

Depending on exactly Depending on exactly which ‘target’ nucleus which ‘target’ nucleus serves as fuel, a single serves as fuel, a single ULM neutron can be ULM neutron can be used to release up to ~20 used to release up to ~20 MeV in clean nonMeV in clean non--fission, fission, nonnon--fusion nuclear fusion nuclear binding energy binding energy

In LENRs, ‘excess heat’ is generally measured In LENRs, ‘excess heat’ is generally measured calorimetrically; where does such heat come from? calorimetrically; where does such heat come from?

LENRs do not involve “free energy.” There is a ‘cost’ LENRs do not involve “free energy.” There is a ‘cost’ in the form of input energy needed to create neutrons in the form of input energy needed to create neutrons that release nuclear binding energy from ‘fuel’ nuclei that release nuclear binding energy from ‘fuel’ nuclei

Produced ULM neutrons act as catalytic ‘matches’ Produced ULM neutrons act as catalytic ‘matches’ needed to ‘light the logs’ of ‘fuel’ nuclei, releasing needed to ‘light the logs’ of ‘fuel’ nuclei, releasing nuclear binding energy stored in those ‘logs’ since nuclear binding energy stored in those ‘logs’ since they were created in stars many billions of years agothey were created in stars many billions of years ago

Excess heat measured in LENR systems comes from:Excess heat measured in LENR systems comes from:–– Energetic charged particles (e.g., alphas, betas, Energetic charged particles (e.g., alphas, betas,

protons, deuterons, tritons) ‘banging into’ the nearby protons, deuterons, tritons) ‘banging into’ the nearby environment, heating it by transferring kinetic energy environment, heating it by transferring kinetic energy

–– Direct conversion of gamma photons into infrared Direct conversion of gamma photons into infrared photons which are then absorbed by nearby matterphotons which are then absorbed by nearby matter

NoteNote: neutrino photons do not contribute to excess : neutrino photons do not contribute to excess heat; they bleedheat; they bleed--off excess nuclear energy into spaceoff excess nuclear energy into space

Lattice Energy LLC


No free lunch: input energy is required to initiate LENRs


Input energy is required to create nonInput energy is required to create non--equilibrium conditions equilibrium conditions necessary for producing ULM neutrons (0.78 MeV/neutron for necessary for producing ULM neutrons (0.78 MeV/neutron for H; 0.39 for D; 0.26 for T); includes (can be used together):H; 0.39 for D; 0.26 for T); includes (can be used together):

–– Electrical currents (i.e., an electron ‘beam’)Electrical currents (i.e., an electron ‘beam’)–– Ion currents across the interface on which SPP electrons Ion currents across the interface on which SPP electrons

reside (i.e., an ion ‘beam’ that can be comprised of reside (i.e., an ion ‘beam’ that can be comprised of protons, deuterons, tritons, and/or other types of charged protons, deuterons, tritons, and/or other types of charged ions); one method used to input energy is by imposing a ions); one method used to input energy is by imposing a pressure gradient (Iwamura et al. 2002) pressure gradient (Iwamura et al. 2002)

–– Coherent incident photon ‘beams’ (under the right Coherent incident photon ‘beams’ (under the right conditions, SPP electrons can be directly excited with a conditions, SPP electrons can be directly excited with a laser that is ‘tuned’ to emit at certain wavelengths); laser that is ‘tuned’ to emit at certain wavelengths); discovered by Letts and Cravens (2002)discovered by Letts and Cravens (2002)

–– Magnetic fields at very, very high current densities Magnetic fields at very, very high current densities

In condensed matter LENR systems, input energy is mainly In condensed matter LENR systems, input energy is mainly mediated by manymediated by many--body SPP electron surface ‘films;' they body SPP electron surface ‘films;' they function as a system ‘transducer’ that helps transfer or function as a system ‘transducer’ that helps transfer or transport energy to and from ‘patches’ of H, D, or T atoms transport energy to and from ‘patches’ of H, D, or T atoms

Surface Plasmon Fields Around Nanoparticles

Surface Plasmon Fields Around Nanoparticles

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Publications on the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs


Since May 2005, we have publicly released Since May 2005, we have publicly released seven papers on selected nonseven papers on selected non--proprietary proprietary basic science aspects of this theory of LENRs:basic science aspects of this theory of LENRs:

““Ultra Low Momentum Neutron Catalyzed Nuclear Reactions on Ultra Low Momentum Neutron Catalyzed Nuclear Reactions on Metallic Hydride SurfacesMetallic Hydride Surfaces””, , Eur. Phys. J. CEur. Phys. J. C 46, 107 (2006 46, 107 (2006 –– arXiv arXiv in May 2005) Widom and Larsenin May 2005) Widom and Larsen

““Absorption of Nuclear Gamma Radiation by Heavy Electrons on Absorption of Nuclear Gamma Radiation by Heavy Electrons on Metallic Hydride SurfacesMetallic Hydride Surfaces”” arXiv:condarXiv:cond--mat/0509269 mat/0509269 (Sept 2005)(Sept 2005)Widom and LarsenWidom and Larsen

““Nuclear Abundances in Metallic Hydride Electrodes of Nuclear Abundances in Metallic Hydride Electrodes of Electrolytic Chemical CellsElectrolytic Chemical Cells”” arXiv:condarXiv:cond--mat/0602472 mat/0602472 (Feb 2006)(Feb 2006)Widom and LarsenWidom and Larsen

““Theoretical Standard Model Rates of Proton to Neutron Theoretical Standard Model Rates of Proton to Neutron Conversions Near Metallic Hydride SurfacesConversions Near Metallic Hydride Surfaces”” arXiv:nuclarXiv:nucl--th/0608059v2 (Sep 2007) Widom and Larsenth/0608059v2 (Sep 2007) Widom and Larsen

““Energetic Electrons and Nuclear Transmutations in Exploding Energetic Electrons and Nuclear Transmutations in Exploding WiresWires”” arXiv:nuclarXiv:nucl--th/0709.1222 (Sept 2007) Widom, Srivastava, th/0709.1222 (Sept 2007) Widom, Srivastava, and Larsenand Larsen

““High Energy Particles in the Solar CoronaHigh Energy Particles in the Solar Corona”” arXiv:nuclarXiv:nucl--th/0804.2647 (April 2008) Widom, Srivastava, and Larsenth/0804.2647 (April 2008) Widom, Srivastava, and Larsen

““A Primer for ElectroA Primer for Electro--Weak Induced Low Energy Nuclear Weak Induced Low Energy Nuclear ReactionsReactions”” arXiv:genarXiv:gen--ph/0810.0159v1 (Oct 2008) Srivastava, ph/0810.0159v1 (Oct 2008) Srivastava, Widom, and Larsen (ACS Widom, and Larsen (ACS LENR SourcebookLENR Sourcebook 2009 2009 –– in press)in press)

“When a new truth enters “When a new truth enters the world, the first stage of the world, the first stage of reaction to it is ridicule, reaction to it is ridicule, the second stage is violent the second stage is violent opposition, and in the third opposition, and in the third stage, that truth comes to stage, that truth comes to be regarded as selfbe regarded as self--evident.”evident.” -- Arthur Arthur Schopenhauer, 1800sSchopenhauer, 1800s

“[New] Theories have four “[New] Theories have four stages of acceptance: stages of acceptance:

i) this is worthless i) this is worthless nonsense; nonsense;

ii) this is an interesting, ii) this is an interesting, but perverse, point of view. but perverse, point of view.

iii) this is true but quite iii) this is true but quite unimportant. unimportant.

iv) I always said so.”iv) I always said so.”-- J.B.S. Haldane, 1963J.B.S. Haldane, 1963

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Experimental evidence in context of theoryExperimental evidence in context of theory

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Brief recap of status of LENR experimental anomalies

Artist’s rendering : Magnetic Fields Lines Around Black Hole Artist’s rendering – black hole magnetic fields

Calorimetrically measured macroscopic excess heat effectsCalorimetrically measured macroscopic excess heat effects –– still still strongly questioned by the skeptics because no one has created astrongly questioned by the skeptics because no one has created amacroscopic LENR device that can reliably “boil a cup of tea” yemacroscopic LENR device that can reliably “boil a cup of tea” yet t

Production of gaseous helium isotopesProduction of gaseous helium isotopes –– rarely measured lately due rarely measured lately due to expense and limited funding for such difficult measurements to expense and limited funding for such difficult measurements

Production of modest fluxes of MeVProduction of modest fluxes of MeV--energy energy αα particles and protonsparticles and protons ––presently measured by many researchers with CRpresently measured by many researchers with CR--39 chips; however, 39 chips; however, only a few of them have utilized the most rigorous analytical only a few of them have utilized the most rigorous analytical protocols that can measure approximate energies and discriminateprotocols that can measure approximate energies and discriminatebetween different types of energetic charged particles between different types of energetic charged particles

Production of a broad array of different types of nuclear Production of a broad array of different types of nuclear transmutation productstransmutation products –– reported in ICCF conference proceedings reported in ICCF conference proceedings by many LENR researchers. Since it is difficult for skeptics to by many LENR researchers. Since it is difficult for skeptics to argue argue with such data on a factual basis, they simply sidestep the evidwith such data on a factual basis, they simply sidestep the evidence ence or just ignore it. Doubters still try to invoke ‘external contamor just ignore it. Doubters still try to invoke ‘external contamination’ ination’ red herring with little or no substantive justification for doinred herring with little or no substantive justification for doing sog so

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Further discussion of LENR excess heat measurements

Calorimetrically measured, deviceCalorimetrically measured, device--level macroscopic ‘excess heat’ is at level macroscopic ‘excess heat’ is at best indirect evidence for nuclear best indirect evidence for nuclear effects in LENRs; heat production all effects in LENRs; heat production all by itself does not ‘prove’ a nuclear by itself does not ‘prove’ a nuclear origin for any observed heatorigin for any observed heat

One must argue that measured One must argue that measured ‘excess’ macroscopic heat is so large ‘excess’ macroscopic heat is so large that it greatly exceeds what could that it greatly exceeds what could typically be produced by prosaic typically be produced by prosaic chemical reactionschemical reactions

Circa 2009, excess heat produced by Circa 2009, excess heat produced by LENR devices in highly successful LENR devices in highly successful experiments (still generally << 1 experiments (still generally << 1 –– 2 2 Watts) remains small relative to total Watts) remains small relative to total input power. This is not enough to input power. This is not enough to “boil tea,” so some skeptics continue “boil tea,” so some skeptics continue to contend that most reports of LENR to contend that most reports of LENR excess heat are erroneousexcess heat are erroneous Artist’s rendering : Magnetic Fields Lines Around Black Hole

““It is our view that there can be little doubt that one It is our view that there can be little doubt that one must invoke nuclear processes to account for the must invoke nuclear processes to account for the magnitudes of the enthalpy releases, although the magnitudes of the enthalpy releases, although the nature of these processes is an open question at nature of these processes is an open question at this stage.” this stage.” -- Fleischmann et al., Fleischmann et al., J. J. ElectroanalElectroanal. Chem. Chem., 287 p. 293 1990 ., 287 p. 293 1990

Largest amount and duration of excess heat ever Largest amount and duration of excess heat ever calorimetrically measured in an LENR experimental calorimetrically measured in an LENR experimental system, 44 Watts for 24 days (~ 90 Megajoules) system, 44 Watts for 24 days (~ 90 Megajoules) occurred in a Nickeloccurred in a Nickel--Light Hydrogen gasLight Hydrogen gas--phase phase system at the University of Siena in Italy in 1994. system at the University of Siena in Italy in 1994. Published in a respected refereed journal, the then Published in a respected refereed journal, the then inexplicable, spectacular results were ignored by inexplicable, spectacular results were ignored by everyone. This particular experimental device most everyone. This particular experimental device most certainly would have “boiled tea” for the skepticscertainly would have “boiled tea” for the skeptics-- See See FocardiFocardi et al., et al., Il Il NuovoNuovo CimentoCimento., 107 pp. 163 1994., 107 pp. 163 1994

Properly done calorimetry measures the sum Properly done calorimetry measures the sum total net amount of heat being produced, if any, total net amount of heat being produced, if any, in a given enclosed system over time. Such heat in a given enclosed system over time. Such heat can be created by a variety of different physical can be created by a variety of different physical processes, both chemical and/or nuclear. As processes, both chemical and/or nuclear. As such, calorimetry is a relatively crude such, calorimetry is a relatively crude macroscopic ‘thermodynamic’ measurement that macroscopic ‘thermodynamic’ measurement that says little about underlying mechanismssays little about underlying mechanisms

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Further discussion of gaseous Helium-4 measurements

Detection of significant gaseous HeDetection of significant gaseous He--4 4 production, unquestionably a nuclear production, unquestionably a nuclear product, provides excellent evidence product, provides excellent evidence that LENRs are the result of some that LENRs are the result of some type of nuclear processtype of nuclear process

However, the devil is in the details …However, the devil is in the details …

While HeWhile He--4 (= α) can be produced by 4 (= α) can be produced by fusion reactions, it can also easily be fusion reactions, it can also easily be produced in other nuclear reactions, produced in other nuclear reactions, including minor alternative branches including minor alternative branches of neutron captures and various of neutron captures and various alpha (α) particle decays, e.g., Bealpha (α) particle decays, e.g., Be--88

Thus, simply detecting gaseous HeThus, simply detecting gaseous He--4 4 production in an LENR experiment production in an LENR experiment does not say exactly which nuclear does not say exactly which nuclear process(es) actually took place in itprocess(es) actually took place in it

Well accepted ‘normal’ DWell accepted ‘normal’ D--D fusion reactions D fusion reactions produce products in three branches with produce products in three branches with ~1:1 ratio between #1 and #2:~1:1 ratio between #1 and #2:

#1 [~ 50 %] #1 [~ 50 %] #2 [~ 50 %]#2 [~ 50 %]

#3 [~ 10#3 [~ 10--55 %]%]

Contrary to mainstream physicists, “cold Contrary to mainstream physicists, “cold fusion” researchers simply assume that Hefusion” researchers simply assume that He--4 4 production observed in certain electrolytic production observed in certain electrolytic experiments only occurs via branch #3 of the experiments only occurs via branch #3 of the DD--D fusion reaction. They then ‘wave away’ D fusion reaction. They then ‘wave away’ gamma emission issue and ignore possibility gamma emission issue and ignore possibility that Hethat He--4 can also be produced via neutron 4 can also be produced via neutron capture on lithium isotopes present in LiOD capture on lithium isotopes present in LiOD found in electrolytes of same experiments: found in electrolytes of same experiments:

γ radiationHedd

nHeddptdd

+→+

+→+

+→+

42

32

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BB--1010++

ULM neutronULM neutron

LiLi--77

Helium-4 can be produced by a variety of nuclear reactions

In LENR experiments, HeIn LENR experiments, He--4 could be produced by a variety of 4 could be produced by a variety of nuclear reactions and decays besides fusion and Benuclear reactions and decays besides fusion and Be--8 α8 α--decay: decay:

He-4(α particle)

DD--D fusionD fusionPer WPer W--L, little or no fusion is L, little or no fusion is taking place in LENR systemstaking place in LENR systems

LiLi--6 + 6 + ULMULM neutronneutron

~3% of~3% of BB--1111 decaysdecaysto to LiLi--77 via (via (nn,α),α)

HH--3 3 (Tritium)(Tritium)

or βor β-- decaydecay

Per WPer W--L: tritons can be converted L: tritons can be converted back into ‘pool’ neutrons via the back into ‘pool’ neutrons via the weak interaction: weak interaction: ee** + t => 3+ t => 3nn ++ ννee

Available neutron ‘pool’Available neutron ‘pool’

HeHe--3 3 ++

ULM neutronULM neutron

Presence of HePresence of He--4 all by itself does not tell us exactly what happened 4 all by itself does not tell us exactly what happened

BeBe--8 (α8 (α--decay)decay)Per W-L, this can happen at high rates using Li as a ‘fuel’ –please see reaction sequence beginning with Li-6 on Slide #31

~2% of~2% of BB--1212decays via (decays via (nn,α),α)

Unstable isotopes of Unstable isotopes of elements with atomic elements with atomic

number > 83 commonly number > 83 commonly ddecay via α emissionecay via α emission, e.g., , e.g.,

ThTh--232232, , UU--238238, , AmAm--241241

Alternate neutronAlternate neutroncapture channelcapture channel

66Li σLi σ((nn,α) = 9.4 x 10,α) = 9.4 x 1022 bb

LiLi--8 8 can also can also decay via (decay via (nn,α),α)

Many isotopes have minor Many isotopes have minor ((nn,α) decay channels w. tiny ,α) decay channels w. tiny cross sections (mb or less)cross sections (mb or less)

that emit at least one α that emit at least one α particle, e.g., particle, e.g., PdPd--105105

Alternate neutronAlternate neutroncapture channelcapture channel

1010B σB σ((nn,α) = 3.8 x 10,α) = 3.8 x 1033 bb

σσ((nn,α) = total cross,α) = total cross--section for α decay with the capture of a single section for α decay with the capture of a single neutronneutron by a given isotopeby a given isotope

Alternate minor α decay Alternate minor α decay channelschannels::

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Pons & Fleischmann measured Helium-4 back in 1989

At the April 17, 1989, news At the April 17, 1989, news conference, “Pons announced a conference, “Pons announced a new piece of supporting evidence: new piece of supporting evidence: mass spectroscopy of the gases mass spectroscopy of the gases evolving from a working fusion cell evolving from a working fusion cell revealed the presence of revealed the presence of 44He in He in quantities consistent with the quantities consistent with the reported energy production, if all reported energy production, if all deuterondeuteron--deuteron fusions produce deuteron fusions produce 44He rather than tritium and a proton He rather than tritium and a proton or or 33He and a [energetic] neutron.” He and a [energetic] neutron.”

-- Nature News Nature News 338 pp. 691 1989338 pp. 691 1989


P&F’s claimed gaseous HeliumP&F’s claimed gaseous Helium--4 measurements in Pd/LiOD 4 measurements in Pd/LiOD cells were questioned by other scientists, e.g. Lewiscells were questioned by other scientists, e.g. Lewis

P&F’s HeP&F’s He--4 claim was subsequently retracted because of 4 claim was subsequently retracted because of intense pressure from Prof. Nathan Lewis (Caltech), who intense pressure from Prof. Nathan Lewis (Caltech), who contended that P&F had merely measured Hecontended that P&F had merely measured He--4 present in 4 present in laboratory air. The logic behind Lewis’ criticism was that: (1) laboratory air. The logic behind Lewis’ criticism was that: (1) if if the reaction D + D the reaction D + D --> He> He--4 + gamma radiation (somehow 4 + gamma radiation (somehow transformed into excess heat) were assumed to be correct ; transformed into excess heat) were assumed to be correct ; then (2) Pons’ mass spectrometer was not sensitive enough then (2) Pons’ mass spectrometer was not sensitive enough to detect the amount of Heto detect the amount of He--4 that would be produced in a P&F 4 that would be produced in a P&F cell that was generating 0.5 Watts of excess heatcell that was generating 0.5 Watts of excess heat

Since according to the WidomSince according to the Widom--Larsen theory of LENRs DLarsen theory of LENRs D--D D fusion was very likely not taking place in their experiments, fusion was very likely not taking place in their experiments, Lewis’ criticism was in error. In retrospect, P&F’s HeLewis’ criticism was in error. In retrospect, P&F’s He--4 4 measurement was probably a correct observationmeasurement was probably a correct observation

From 1989 through early 2000s, other LENR researchers (e.g., From 1989 through early 2000s, other LENR researchers (e.g., McKubre at SRI and Miles at USNMcKubre at SRI and Miles at USN--China Lake) made improved, China Lake) made improved, very well documented measurements of Hevery well documented measurements of He--4 production, 4 production, mostly in LENR heavy water LiOD Pdmostly in LENR heavy water LiOD Pd--cathode electrolytic cathode electrolytic cells. They demonstrated rough correlations between Hecells. They demonstrated rough correlations between He--4 4 and excess heat production; however, their estimates of and excess heat production; however, their estimates of energy in MeV per Heenergy in MeV per He--4 atom were inaccurate 4 atom were inaccurate

““Our cold fusion experiments show a Our cold fusion experiments show a correlation between the generation correlation between the generation of excess heat and power and the of excess heat and power and the production of He, established in the production of He, established in the absence of outside contamination. absence of outside contamination. This correlation in the palladium/DThis correlation in the palladium/D22O O system provides strong evidence system provides strong evidence that nuclear processes are occurring that nuclear processes are occurring in these electrolytic experiments. in these electrolytic experiments. The major gaseous fusion product in The major gaseous fusion product in DD22O + LiOD is HeO + LiOD is He--4 rather than He4 rather than He--3.” 3.” B. Bush and J. B. Bush and J. LagowskiLagowski, , J. J. ElectroanalElectroanal. . Chem. Chem. 304 pp. 271 304 pp. 271 –– 278 1991278 1991

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Further discussion of LENR charged particle measurements


2001 2001 -- 20022002: A. Lipson (RAS : A. Lipson (RAS –– Moscow) et al. Moscow) et al. report unambiguous detection of small fluxes report unambiguous detection of small fluxes of ~1.7 MeV protons and 13.5 of ~1.7 MeV protons and 13.5 ++ 2.5 MeV α 2.5 MeV α particles using CRparticles using CR--39 plastic detectors in P39 plastic detectors in P--F F type Htype H22SOSO44 light water electrolytic cells with light water electrolytic cells with thinthin--film Pd/Ni cathodes; clear evidence for film Pd/Ni cathodes; clear evidence for nuclear processes taking place in system nuclear processes taking place in system (Lattice(Lattice--supported work; used very rigorous supported work; used very rigorous measurement protocols to measure energies) measurement protocols to measure energies) 2002 2002 -- 20032003: using CR: using CR--39 detectors, small fluxes 39 detectors, small fluxes of MeVof MeV--energy protons and α particles with energy protons and α particles with roughly the same energies were also observed roughly the same energies were also observed by Lipson, Karabut, and others in a number of by Lipson, Karabut, and others in a number of very different types of LENR experiments that very different types of LENR experiments that included Ti included Ti --DD22O glow discharge cells, laser O glow discharge cells, laser irradiation of TiDirradiation of TiDxx and TiHand TiHxx targets, and targets, and controlled deuterium desorption from controlled deuterium desorption from Pd/PdO:DPd/PdO:Dxx heterostucturesheterostuctures2003 2003 –– 20092009: many more LENR researchers : many more LENR researchers began to measure and report charged particles, began to measure and report charged particles, mostly using CRmostly using CR--39 chips. Most notable effort 39 chips. Most notable effort was at USN SPAWAR using electrolytic Pdwas at USN SPAWAR using electrolytic Pd--DD22O O coco--deposition; published results in deposition; published results in NaturwissenschaftenNaturwissenschaften. Unfortunately, SPAWAR . Unfortunately, SPAWAR and other LENR groups did not use protocols and other LENR groups did not use protocols that can measure energies and characterize that can measure energies and characterize particles, i.e. protons vs. alphasparticles, i.e. protons vs. alphas

Measurements of charged particle production and Measurements of charged particle production and their energy spectra can provide direct evidence for their energy spectra can provide direct evidence for nuclear phenomena, especially if measured particle nuclear phenomena, especially if measured particle energies exceed an MeV (which cannot possibly be energies exceed an MeV (which cannot possibly be the result of purely chemical mechanisms in the eV the result of purely chemical mechanisms in the eV range). Commonly detected and measured heavy range). Commonly detected and measured heavy charged particles typically include protons, charged particles typically include protons, deuterons, tritons, and/or alphas (Hedeuterons, tritons, and/or alphas (He--4 nuclei). Light 4 nuclei). Light beta particles are almost never measured during beta particles are almost never measured during LENR experiments, since ~80 LENR experiments, since ~80 –– 90% of them involve 90% of them involve aqueous electrolytic cells in which energetic aqueous electrolytic cells in which energetic electrons are very rapidly attenuated in water electrons are very rapidly attenuated in water

Several different types of wellSeveral different types of well--accepted, proven accepted, proven measurement techniques can be used to measure measurement techniques can be used to measure charged particles, including various types of solidcharged particles, including various types of solid--state electronic detectors and CRstate electronic detectors and CR--39 solid plastic 39 solid plastic detectors (which inherently integrate particle counts detectors (which inherently integrate particle counts over time and can be used in electrolytic systems over time and can be used in electrolytic systems which are often unsuitable for electronic detectors) which are often unsuitable for electronic detectors)

During the past 8 years, plastic CRDuring the past 8 years, plastic CR--39 detectors have 39 detectors have become popular among LENR researchers because become popular among LENR researchers because of their low cost, ‘built in’ count integration (which is of their low cost, ‘built in’ count integration (which is helpful for measuring small fluxes of particles), and helpful for measuring small fluxes of particles), and ease of integration into various types of experimental ease of integration into various types of experimental systems. However, most LENR researchers do not systems. However, most LENR researchers do not utilize the much more rigorous protocols that are utilize the much more rigorous protocols that are required to measure energies, accurately ‘score’ pits, required to measure energies, accurately ‘score’ pits, and characterize particlesand characterize particles

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Further discussion of LENR transmutation measurements


1989 to mid1989 to mid--1990s1990s: reliable reports of nuclear : reliable reports of nuclear transmutations seen in LENR experiments began transmutations seen in LENR experiments began to surface in the early 1990s; this work was done to surface in the early 1990s; this work was done by researchers in Russia, Italy, U.S. (Bockris, by researchers in Russia, Italy, U.S. (Bockris, Dash), India, Japan (Mizuno, Ohmori)Dash), India, Japan (Mizuno, Ohmori)Circa midCirca mid--1990s1990s: Miley (US) observed a : Miley (US) observed a distinctive 5distinctive 5--peak mass spectrum of stable peak mass spectrum of stable transmutation products comprising a wide transmutation products comprising a wide variety of elements not initially present in light variety of elements not initially present in light water electrolytic cells. Mizuno subsequently water electrolytic cells. Mizuno subsequently observed very similar multiobserved very similar multi--peak mass spectrum, peak mass spectrum, only in heavy water LENR electrolytic cells. Such only in heavy water LENR electrolytic cells. Such results were inexplicable at the timeresults were inexplicable at the time20022002: at ICCF: at ICCF--9 in Beijing, China, Iwamura et al. 9 in Beijing, China, Iwamura et al. (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Japan) report on (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Japan) report on very expensive, carefully executed experiments very expensive, carefully executed experiments demonstrating transmutation of selected ‘target’ demonstrating transmutation of selected ‘target’ elements to other elements: relements to other elements: results clearly esults clearly showed that Cs was transmuted to Pr and Sr showed that Cs was transmuted to Pr and Sr was transmuted to Mo by some meanswas transmuted to Mo by some means2002 2002 –– 20092009: using a variety of different analytical : using a variety of different analytical techniques, progressively greater numbers of techniques, progressively greater numbers of LENR researchers located all over the world LENR researchers located all over the world began to measure and report reliable began to measure and report reliable observations of LENR transmutation products observations of LENR transmutation products

While qualitative and quantitative While qualitative and quantitative measurements of elements/isotopes in measurements of elements/isotopes in samples obtained from LENR experiments samples obtained from LENR experiments (e.g., metallic cathodes in electrolytic cells) (e.g., metallic cathodes in electrolytic cells) requires specialized analytical skills and lab requires specialized analytical skills and lab equipment that can be quite expensive, done equipment that can be quite expensive, done properly it provides extremely powerful properly it provides extremely powerful evidence for reality of LENR nuclear effects. evidence for reality of LENR nuclear effects. Production of new elements that were not Production of new elements that were not previously present in an experimental system, previously present in an experimental system, and/or significant changes in isotopic ratios and/or significant changes in isotopic ratios from natural abundances, simply cannot be the from natural abundances, simply cannot be the result of prosaic chemical processesresult of prosaic chemical processes

WellWell--accepted, uncontroversial techniques and accepted, uncontroversial techniques and equipment used for detecting and measuring equipment used for detecting and measuring transmutation products in LENR experiments transmutation products in LENR experiments include, for example: inductively coupled include, for example: inductively coupled plasmaplasma--mass spectroscopy (ICPmass spectroscopy (ICP--MS); MS); secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS); secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS); neutron activation analysis (NAA); scanning neutron activation analysis (NAA); scanning electron microscopes (SEM) integrated with electron microscopes (SEM) integrated with energy dispersive Xenergy dispersive X--ray spectrometers (EDX); ray spectrometers (EDX); and Xand X--ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), among others. All have various pros and consamong others. All have various pros and cons

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LENR-related transmutation measurements predate 1989


Early 1900sEarly 1900s: from about 1905 : from about 1905 -- 1927 some of the most 1927 some of the most famous people in British science (J.J. Thomson, Ramsay, famous people in British science (J.J. Thomson, Ramsay, etc.) published a number of experimental reports in etc.) published a number of experimental reports in premier refereed journals, e.g., premier refereed journals, e.g., NatureNature, , Proceedings of the Proceedings of the Royal SocietyRoyal Society, of what were with today's knowledge and of what were with today's knowledge and the Wthe W--L theory, clearly nuclear transmutation anomalies L theory, clearly nuclear transmutation anomalies that were observed during a variety of different types of that were observed during a variety of different types of electrical discharge experimentselectrical discharge experiments

19221922: Wendt and Irion, chemists at the University of : Wendt and Irion, chemists at the University of Chicago, reported results of experiments consisting of Chicago, reported results of experiments consisting of exploding tungsten wires with a very large current pulse exploding tungsten wires with a very large current pulse under a vacuum inside of flexible sealed glass 'bulbs.' under a vacuum inside of flexible sealed glass 'bulbs.' Controversy erupted when they claimed to observe Controversy erupted when they claimed to observe anomalous helium inside sealed bulbs after the tungsten anomalous helium inside sealed bulbs after the tungsten wires were exploded, suggesting that transmutation of wires were exploded, suggesting that transmutation of hydrogen into helium had somehow occurred during the hydrogen into helium had somehow occurred during the "disintegration of tungsten"disintegration of tungsten.." Their article in " Their article in Amer. Chem. Amer. Chem. Soc.Soc. 44 (1922) triggered a response from the scientific 44 (1922) triggered a response from the scientific establishment in the form of a negative critique of Wendt establishment in the form of a negative critique of Wendt and Irion's work by Sir Ernest Rutherford that promptly and Irion's work by Sir Ernest Rutherford that promptly published in published in Nature Nature 109 pp. 418 (1922). We have since 109 pp. 418 (1922). We have since determined that Rutherford was wrong determined that Rutherford was wrong –– see preprintsee preprint

See: J. J. Thomson (who discovered the See: J. J. Thomson (who discovered the electron in 1897), “On the appearance of electron in 1897), “On the appearance of Helium and Neon in Vacuum tubes,” Helium and Neon in Vacuum tubes,” where he says, “At the last meeting of where he says, “At the last meeting of the Chemical society, William Ramsay the Chemical society, William Ramsay … describes some experiments which … describes some experiments which they regard as proving the they regard as proving the transmutation of other elements into transmutation of other elements into Helium and Neon …” Helium and Neon …” Nature 90 pp. 645 Nature 90 pp. 645 -- 647 1913647 1913

"The energy produced by breaking "The energy produced by breaking down the atom is a very poor kind of down the atom is a very poor kind of thing. Anyone who expects a source of thing. Anyone who expects a source of power from the transformations of these power from the transformations of these atoms is talking moonshine." atoms is talking moonshine." --Ernest Rutherford, 1933Ernest Rutherford, 1933

More recently: “Energetic Electrons and More recently: “Energetic Electrons and Nuclear Transmutations in Exploding Nuclear Transmutations in Exploding Wires” in which we state that, “It is Wires” in which we state that, “It is presently clear that nuclear presently clear that nuclear transmutations can occur under a much transmutations can occur under a much wider range of physical conditions than wider range of physical conditions than was heretofore thought possible,” was heretofore thought possible,” arXiv:nuclarXiv:nucl--th/0709.1222 Widom, th/0709.1222 Widom, Srivastava, and Larsen 2007Srivastava, and Larsen 2007

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Any strong experimental evidence for fusion in LENRs?

Well accepted ‘normal’ DWell accepted ‘normal’ D--D D fusion reactions produce fusion reactions produce products in three branches products in three branches with ~ 1:1 ratio between 1with ~ 1:1 ratio between 1--2:2:

#1 [~ 50 %] #1 [~ 50 %] #2 [~ 50 %]#2 [~ 50 %]#3 [~ 10#3 [~ 10--55 %]%]


AnswerAnswer: no: noP&F’s hypothesis of “cold” DP&F’s hypothesis of “cold” D--D fusion immediately ran D fusion immediately ran into trouble in 1989 because, although Heliuminto trouble in 1989 because, although Helium--4 was 4 was detected, none of the other ‘normal’ products of Ddetected, none of the other ‘normal’ products of D--D D fusion were observed in the amounts and proportions fusion were observed in the amounts and proportions that would be expected based on 50 years of study on that would be expected based on 50 years of study on nuclear fusion reactions by thousands of scientistsnuclear fusion reactions by thousands of scientistsFrom 1989 through early 2000s, subsequent LENR From 1989 through early 2000s, subsequent LENR researchers (e.g., McKubre et al. at SRI and Miles at researchers (e.g., McKubre et al. at SRI and Miles at USNUSN--China Lake) continued to improve and correlate China Lake) continued to improve and correlate measurements of Pdmeasurements of Pd--D loading, HeD loading, He--4, and excess heat. 4, and excess heat. Despite all such efforts, “cold fusion” proponents have Despite all such efforts, “cold fusion” proponents have never been able to demonstrate large fluxes of tritium, never been able to demonstrate large fluxes of tritium, protons, Heprotons, He--3, neutrons, and/or gamma radiation that 3, neutrons, and/or gamma radiation that would be directly commensurate with measured excess would be directly commensurate with measured excess heat according to wellheat according to well--accepted knowledge about the accepted knowledge about the three known branches of the Dthree known branches of the D--D fusion reaction D fusion reaction

To address this issue, some LENR theorists (e.g., To address this issue, some LENR theorists (e.g., Hagelstein, Chubbs, etc.) developed ad hoc theories of Hagelstein, Chubbs, etc.) developed ad hoc theories of “cold fusion” invoking questionable ‘new physics’ to “cold fusion” invoking questionable ‘new physics’ to explain discrepancy with known Dexplain discrepancy with known D--D branching ratiosD branching ratios

γ radiationHedd

nHeddptdd

+→+

+→+

+→+

42

32

As of 2009, there is still no As of 2009, there is still no believable experimental believable experimental evidence or theoretical evidence or theoretical support for the idea that the support for the idea that the branching ratios of the Dbranching ratios of the D--D D fusion reaction change fusion reaction change appreciably at low energiesappreciably at low energies

As of 2009, “cold fusion” As of 2009, “cold fusion” theories have not achieved theories have not achieved any significant degree of any significant degree of acceptance amongst acceptance amongst members of the mainstream members of the mainstream nuclear physics communitynuclear physics community

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Any strong experimental evidence for fission in LENRs?


AnswerAnswer: no: noFission product spectra of isotopes UFission product spectra of isotopes U--235, Pu235, Pu--239239Since heavy fissile nuclei like UraniumSince heavy fissile nuclei like Uranium--235, 235,

UraniumUranium--233, and Plutonium233, and Plutonium--239 never fission 239 never fission into two fragments at exactly the same place into two fragments at exactly the same place every time, neutronevery time, neutron--catalyzed nuclear fission catalyzed nuclear fission processes usually produce complex mixtures processes usually produce complex mixtures of nuclear transmutation products that form a of nuclear transmutation products that form a characteristic twocharacteristic two--peak “fission spectrum” of peak “fission spectrum” of isotopic products statistically centered on the isotopic products statistically centered on the ‘average’ mass of each fission fragment‘average’ mass of each fission fragmentTwoTwo--peak product mass spectra are unique peak product mass spectra are unique ‘fingerprints’ of heavy element nuclear fission‘fingerprints’ of heavy element nuclear fissionResearchers have never observed twoResearchers have never observed two--peak peak product spectra in any LENR experiments, nor product spectra in any LENR experiments, nor have large fluxes of MeVhave large fluxes of MeV--energy neutrons or energy neutrons or gammas ever been reported in LENR systems gammas ever been reported in LENR systems However, in 1990s Miley and Mizuno reported However, in 1990s Miley and Mizuno reported reliable measurements of anomalous 5reliable measurements of anomalous 5--peak peak product spectra in different LENR experimentsproduct spectra in different LENR experiments

Miley’s anomalous transmutation product spectra Miley’s anomalous transmutation product spectra

20/40* 38/76*

97/194*

155/310*

6 R U N S

Production Rate vs. M ass N um ber

M ass N um ber A

Prod

. Rat

e, a

tom

s/cc

/sec

A /X * = fission center point m ass/com plexnucleus m ass

Product C ontour

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Any experimental evidence for other nuclear processes?


QuestionQuestion: Let us assume that a hypothetical LENR experiment begins with : Let us assume that a hypothetical LENR experiment begins with some some array of stable isotopes, say on the surface of a Pd cathode in array of stable isotopes, say on the surface of a Pd cathode in a LiOD electrolytic cell. a LiOD electrolytic cell. Then, postThen, post--experiment mass spectroscopy reveals the presence of new elementexperiment mass spectroscopy reveals the presence of new elements s and/or changed isotope ratios on the cathode surface that were nand/or changed isotope ratios on the cathode surface that were not present when the ot present when the experiment began; i.e., transmutation products are observed. If experiment began; i.e., transmutation products are observed. If such data were such data were correct, i.e., it was not contamination, then what could have hacorrect, i.e., it was not contamination, then what could have happened to initially ppened to initially stable isotopes that caused nuclear transmutations to occur? stable isotopes that caused nuclear transmutations to occur?

CommentComment: If fusion and heavy element fission processes are not responsi: If fusion and heavy element fission processes are not responsible for ble for creating observed transmutation products, then only a limited nucreating observed transmutation products, then only a limited number of other mber of other possibilities are reasonable explanations: neutron production/capossibilities are reasonable explanations: neutron production/capture process(es); pture process(es); and/or weak interaction process(es); and/or α / βand/or weak interaction process(es); and/or α / β-- decays of unstable isotopes decays of unstable isotopes

Answer and more questionsAnswer and more questions: absorption of neutrons by stable isotopes of elements : absorption of neutrons by stable isotopes of elements can create new stable isotopes (which may alter a given element’can create new stable isotopes (which may alter a given element’s ‘normal’ isotopic s ‘normal’ isotopic ratios) or, create unstable isotopes that undergo beta decay proratios) or, create unstable isotopes that undergo beta decay producing higherducing higher--atomicatomic--number (i.e., higher Z) elements as transmutation products; thosnumber (i.e., higher Z) elements as transmutation products; those are well e are well known phenomena. However, what sort of process is capable of creknown phenomena. However, what sort of process is capable of creating large fluxes ating large fluxes of neutrons that can be captured and cause transmutations in LENof neutrons that can be captured and cause transmutations in LENR systems? Then R systems? Then why aren't fluxes of energetic neutrons ever detected? Why aren’why aren't fluxes of energetic neutrons ever detected? Why aren’t MeVt MeV--energy energy gammas from beta decays and/or neutron captures ever observed? gammas from beta decays and/or neutron captures ever observed?

AnswerAnswer: yes, for neutron production/capture and α and/or β decays : yes, for neutron production/capture and α and/or β decays

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Why are transmutations important? What do they tell us?

Measurements of transmutation products, so called “nuclear ash,”Measurements of transmutation products, so called “nuclear ash,” if if reliably observed upon the conclusion of an LENR experiment, arereliably observed upon the conclusion of an LENR experiment, areimportant because they indicate that new chemical elements have important because they indicate that new chemical elements have somehow been produced and/or isotopic ratios of some elements somehow been produced and/or isotopic ratios of some elements previously present have been significantly altered. This providepreviously present have been significantly altered. This provides s important evidence that LENRs involve nuclear processes because:important evidence that LENRs involve nuclear processes because:

Prosaic chemical processes cannot cause transmutationsProsaic chemical processes cannot cause transmutations

Several types of well understood nuclear processes can readily Several types of well understood nuclear processes can readily produce transmutation products: strong interaction fusion reactiproduce transmutation products: strong interaction fusion reactions ons (e.g., D(e.g., D--D or DD or D--T); strong interaction fission (e.g., fissile isotopes UT); strong interaction fission (e.g., fissile isotopes U--235 or Pu235 or Pu--239); neutron captures on nuclei that produce new 239); neutron captures on nuclei that produce new elements or isotopes; α and/or β decays; and/or weak interactionelements or isotopes; α and/or β decays; and/or weak interactionneutron production via e + p neutron production via e + p --> 1n + > 1n + υυee, e + d , e + d --> 2n + > 2n + υυee, e + t , e + t --> 3n + > 3n + υυee

Accurate detection and analysis of whatever types of transmutatiAccurate detection and analysis of whatever types of transmutation on products may be produced during an LENR experiment can products may be produced during an LENR experiment can potentially allow one to determine exactly which type(s) nuclearpotentially allow one to determine exactly which type(s) nuclearprocess(es) occurred and the reaction(s) that created the producprocess(es) occurred and the reaction(s) that created the productsts

Measurement of nuclear products provides crucial technical inforMeasurement of nuclear products provides crucial technical informationmation

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20/40* 38/76*

97/194*

155/310*

6 RUNS

Production Rate vs. Mass Number

Mass Number A

Prod

. Rat

e, a

tom

s/cc

/sec

A/X* = fission center point mass/complexnucleus mass

Product Contour

W-L theory explains Miley’s transmutation product spectra

Production and capture of LENR ULM neutrons and beta decaysProduction and capture of LENR ULM neutrons and beta decaysFiveFive--peak transmutation product mass spectra peak transmutation product mass spectra reported by Miley is extremely anomalous; very reported by Miley is extremely anomalous; very different from 2different from 2--peak fission mass spectra such peak fission mass spectra such as for Uas for U--235 or Pu235 or Pu--239 (see Slide #38)239 (see Slide #38)

Miley explained observed 5 spectral peaks as Miley explained observed 5 spectral peaks as being the result of fission processes involving being the result of fission processes involving hypothesized unstable, very neutronhypothesized unstable, very neutron--rich rich compound nuclei at masses A = 40, 76, 194, and compound nuclei at masses A = 40, 76, 194, and 310, a conjectured superheavy element 310, a conjectured superheavy element

Unanswered issues with Miley’s speculative Unanswered issues with Miley’s speculative explanation were: (a.) since the cathodes were explanation were: (a.) since the cathodes were Nickel (A~58) and Palladium (A~106), what Nickel (A~58) and Palladium (A~106), what nuclear process(es) occurred that produced the nuclear process(es) occurred that produced the compound nuclei at A=194 and 310 from Pd compound nuclei at A=194 and 310 from Pd and/or Ni ?; (b.) superheavy nuclei at A=310 have and/or Ni ?; (b.) superheavy nuclei at A=310 have never been observed experimentallynever been observed experimentally

WW--L theoryL theory: successive rounds of in situ neutron : successive rounds of in situ neutron production and capture, coupled with βproduction and capture, coupled with β-- decays decays to higherto higher--A elements, can explain this data; it is A elements, can explain this data; it is similar to neutron catalyzed rsimilar to neutron catalyzed r-- and sand s--process process elemental nucleosynthesis in stars, but at vastly elemental nucleosynthesis in stars, but at vastly lower temperatures and more benign conditions lower temperatures and more benign conditions

SourceSource: : ““Possible Evidence of Anomalous Energy Effects in H/DPossible Evidence of Anomalous Energy Effects in H/D--Loaded Solids Loaded Solids -- Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs),Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs),”” Journal Journal

of New Energy, 2, No. 3of New Energy, 2, No. 3--4, pp.64, pp.6--13, (1997)13, (1997)

NoteNote: Miley’s experiments used light water P: Miley’s experiments used light water P--F electrolytic cells. F electrolytic cells. Importantly, Mizuno observed a very similar 5Importantly, Mizuno observed a very similar 5--peak peak transmutation product spectrum, only with heavy water cells. transmutation product spectrum, only with heavy water cells. This suggests same mechanism for both datasets. Neither This suggests same mechanism for both datasets. Neither Miley nor Mizuno detected any energetic gammas or neutrons Miley nor Mizuno detected any energetic gammas or neutrons

Production Rate

Atomic Mass = A (0 – 250)

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Five-peak mass-spectrum is a ‘fingerprint’ of ULM neutrons

Miley’s dataset is ‘smoking gun’ for ULM neutron absorption by nMiley’s dataset is ‘smoking gun’ for ULM neutron absorption by nuclei uclei Top chart to right is Miley’s raw data; chart Top chart to right is Miley’s raw data; chart below is same data only with results of Wbelow is same data only with results of W--L neutron optical potential model of ULMN L neutron optical potential model of ULMN neutron absorption by nuclei (yellow neutron absorption by nuclei (yellow peaks) superimposed on top of Miley’s peaks) superimposed on top of Miley’s data; very close correspondencedata; very close correspondence

Model not fitted to data: only ‘raw’ outputModel not fitted to data: only ‘raw’ output

WW--L model only generates a fiveL model only generates a five--peak peak resonant absorption spectrum at the zero resonant absorption spectrum at the zero momentum limit; neutrons at higher momentum limit; neutrons at higher energies will not produce the same result energies will not produce the same result

This means that 5This means that 5--peak product spectrum peak product spectrum experimentally observed by Miley and experimentally observed by Miley and Mizuno is a unique signature of ULM Mizuno is a unique signature of ULM neutron production/absorption in LENRsneutron production/absorption in LENRs

See: “See: “Nuclear abundances in metallic hydride Nuclear abundances in metallic hydride electrodes of electrolytic chemical cellselectrodes of electrolytic chemical cells” arXiv:cond” arXiv:cond--mat/0602472 (Feb 2006) A. Widom and L. Larsenmat/0602472 (Feb 2006) A. Widom and L. Larsen

20/40* 38/76*

97/194*

155/310*

6 RUNS

Production Rate vs. Mass Number

Mass Number A

Prod

. Rat

e, a

tom

s/cc

/sec

A/X* = fission center point mass/complexnucleus mass

Product Contour

Lattice Energy LLC


ULMN nuclear reaction networks are complex and evolving


According to WAccording to W--L theory, LENRs L theory, LENRs occur in micronoccur in micron--scale ‘patches’ of scale ‘patches’ of collectively oscillating H ions found collectively oscillating H ions found on loaded metallic hydride surfaceson loaded metallic hydride surfacesLarge fluxes of ULM neutrons Large fluxes of ULM neutrons (ULMNs) may be produced in (ULMNs) may be produced in electrolytic LENR systems; have electrolytic LENR systems; have implicitly been measured at 10implicitly been measured at 1099 --10101616 cmcm22/sec in certain well/sec in certain well--performing electrolytic cells. Highperforming electrolytic cells. High--current pulsed power systems may current pulsed power systems may be able to achieve neutron fluxes of be able to achieve neutron fluxes of 10101818 –– 10102020 cmcm22/sec. By contrast, H /sec. By contrast, H loading via pressure gradients loading via pressure gradients produces <<< smaller ULMN fluxes produces <<< smaller ULMN fluxes Over time, large ULMN fluxes will Over time, large ULMN fluxes will produce complex, rapidly evolving produce complex, rapidly evolving nuclear reaction networks as nuclear reaction networks as illustrated to the right beginning illustrated to the right beginning with a Ni ‘target’ (cutwith a Ni ‘target’ (cut--off at A = 70)off at A = 70)At micron scales, neutron ‘dose At micron scales, neutron ‘dose histories’ can have huge variations histories’ can have huge variations across an active working surfaceacross an active working surfaceProximity countsProximity counts: all nuclei inside : all nuclei inside micronmicron--scale domain of ULMN wave scale domain of ULMN wave function will ‘compete’ to absorb it function will ‘compete’ to absorb it

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W-L theory explains Iwamura et al. transmutation data - I


Production and capture of LENR ULM neutrons and beta decaysProduction and capture of LENR ULM neutrons and beta decaysIn 2002, Iwamura and colleagues at Mitsubishi Heavy In 2002, Iwamura and colleagues at Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (Japan) first reported expensive, carefully executed Industries (Japan) first reported expensive, carefully executed experiments clearly showing transmutation of selected stable experiments clearly showing transmutation of selected stable ‘target’ elements to other stable elements‘target’ elements to other stable elementsExperiments involved permeation of DExperiments involved permeation of D22 gas under 1 atm gas under 1 atm pressure gradient at 343pressure gradient at 343oo K through a Pd:Pd/CaO thinK through a Pd:Pd/CaO thin--film film heterostructure with Cs and Sr ‘target’ elements placed on the heterostructure with Cs and Sr ‘target’ elements placed on the outermost Pd surface; electric current was not used to load outermost Pd surface; electric current was not used to load Deuterium into Pd, only the applied pressure differentialDeuterium into Pd, only the applied pressure differentialResult: Cs ‘target’ transmuted to Pr; Sr transmuted to MoResult: Cs ‘target’ transmuted to Pr; Sr transmuted to MoInvoked Iwamura et al.’s EINR model (1998) to explain dataInvoked Iwamura et al.’s EINR model (1998) to explain data

Iwamura et al., Advanced Iwamura et al., Advanced Technology Research Technology Research Center, Mitsubishi Heavy Center, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, “Elemental Industries, “Elemental Analyses of Pd Complexes: Analyses of Pd Complexes: Effects of DEffects of D22 Gas Gas Permeation,” Permeation,” Japanese Japanese Journal of Applied PhysicsJournal of Applied Physics41 (July 2002) pp. 464241 (July 2002) pp. 4642--46504650

The central result of this The central result of this work was as follows:work was as follows:

Cs goes downCs goes down

Pr goes upPr goes up

Iwamura et al. make an interesting qualitative observation on ppIwamura et al. make an interesting qualitative observation on pp. . 4648 in the above paper, “…more permeating time is necessary to4648 in the above paper, “…more permeating time is necessary toconvert Sr into Mo than Cs experiments. In other words, Cs is convert Sr into Mo than Cs experiments. In other words, Cs is easier to change than Sr.”easier to change than Sr.”

The observation is consistent with WThe observation is consistent with W--L theory neutron catalyzed L theory neutron catalyzed transmutation; this result would be expected because Cstransmutation; this result would be expected because Cs--133’s 133’s neutron capture crossneutron capture cross--section of 29 barns at thermal energies is section of 29 barns at thermal energies is vastly higher than Srvastly higher than Sr--88 ‘s at 5.8 millibarns. Ceteris paribus, Cs 88 ‘s at 5.8 millibarns. Ceteris paribus, Cs transmutes faster because it absorbs neutrons more readilytransmutes faster because it absorbs neutrons more readily

Isotopes on Isotopes on samples’ samples’ surfaces are surfaces are analyzed in ‘real analyzed in ‘real time’ during the time’ during the course of the course of the experiments experiments with XPSwith XPS

88 9638 42Sr Mo→

133 14155 59 PrCs →

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W-L theory explains Iwamura et al. transmutation data - II


Production and capture of LENR ULM neutrons and beta decaysProduction and capture of LENR ULM neutrons and beta decaysQuestionQuestion: using W: using W--L theory of LENRs, are there plausibleL theory of LENRs, are there plausible nucleosynthetic pathways that have nucleosynthetic pathways that have adequate Qadequate Q--value energetics, halfvalue energetics, half--lives, and capture crosslives, and capture cross--sections that can explain the central sections that can explain the central result of Iwamura et al’s. transmutation of result of Iwamura et al’s. transmutation of 133133Cs and Cs and 8888Sr ? Yes, two are as follows: Sr ? Yes, two are as follows:

CommentsComments: neutron: neutron--rich isotopes buildrich isotopes build--up; serial neutron captures are interspersed with βup; serial neutron captures are interspersed with β--decays. Neutron capture on stable or unstable isotopes releases decays. Neutron capture on stable or unstable isotopes releases substantial nuclear binding substantial nuclear binding energy; much endsenergy; much ends--up in gamma emissions. Hard gamma and Xup in gamma emissions. Hard gamma and X--ray emissions were not ray emissions were not observed in any of these experiments, indicating that Wobserved in any of these experiments, indicating that W--L gammaL gamma--conversion mechanism is conversion mechanism is operating; 1 atm pressure gradient will only produce relatively operating; 1 atm pressure gradient will only produce relatively small fluxes of ULM neutrons small fluxes of ULM neutrons

All numbers approximate; ULMN capture cross-sections vastly higher than thermal; not all cross-sections have been measured 133 13455 55 thermal

134 135 655 55 thermal

135 13655 55 thermal

1355

Cs 1 ulm n Cs + (Q = 6.9 MeV; 2.1 yrs; σ 140b)

Cs 1 ulm n Cs + (Q = 8.8 MeV; hl 2.3 x 10 yrs; σ 8.9b)

Cs 1 ulm n Cs + (Q = 6.8 MeV; hl 13.2 days; σ ?)

γ

γ

γ

+ → =

+ → = =

+ → = =6 137

55 thermal137 138

55 55 thermal138 13955 55 thermal

13955

Cs 1 ulm n Cs + (Q = 8.3 MeV; hl 30.1 yrs; σ 0.25b)

Cs 1 ulm n Cs + (Q = 4.4 MeV; hl 33.4 min; σ ?)

Cs 1 ulm n Cs + (Q = 6.6 MeV; hl 9.3 min; σ ?)

Cs 1 ulm

γ

γ

γ

+ → = =

+ → = =

+ → = =

+ 14055 thermal

140 14155 55 thermal

141 14155 56

141 14156 57

n Cs + (Q = 4.4 MeV; hl 64 sec; σ ?)

Cs 1 ulm n Cs + (Q = 5.5 MeV; hl 25 sec; σ ?)

Cs decays 100% via Ba + (Q = 5.3 MeV; hl 18.3 min)

Ba decays 100% via

γ

γ

γβ

β

−

−

→ = =

+ → = =

→ =

→141 14157 58

141 14158 59

La + (Q = 3.2 MeV; hl 3.9 hrs)

La decays 100% via Ce + (Q = 2.5 MeV; hl 32 days)

Ce decays 100% via Pr + X-rays (Q = 580 keV; stable)

γ

γβ

β

−

−

=

→ =

→

88 8938 38

89 8938 39

89 9039 39 thermal90 9139 39

Sr 1 ulm n Sr + (Q = 6.4 MeV; 50.5 days)

Sr decays 100% via Y + X-rays (Q = 1.5 MeV; stable)

Y 1 ulm n Y + (Q = 6.9 MeV; hl 64hrs; σ 6.5b)

Y 1 ulm n Y + (Q = 7.9 MeV; h

γ

β

γ

γ

−

+ →

→

+ → = =

+ → thermal91 9239 39 thermal92 9339 39 thermal

93 93 639 40

l 59 days; σ ?)

Y 1 ulm n Y + (Q = 6.5 MeV; hl 3.5 hrs; σ ?)

Y 1 ulm n Y + (Q = 7.5 MeV; hl 10.2 hrs; σ ?)

Y decays 100% via Zr + (Q = 2.9 MeV; hl 1.5 10 yrx

γ

γ

γβ −

= =

+ → = =

+ → = =

→ = thermal

93 9440 40 thermal

94 9540 40 thermal

95 9540 41

s; σ <4b)

Zr 1 ulm n Zr + (Q = 8.2 MeV; stable; σ 0.05b)

Zr 1 ulm n Zr + (Q = 6.5 MeV; hl 64 days; σ ?)

Zr decays 100% via Nb + X-rays (Q = 1.1 MeV; hl 35 days;

γ

γ

β −

=

+ → =

+ → = =

→ = thermal

95 9641 41 thermal

96 9641 42

σ <7b)

Nb 1 ulm n Nb + (Q = 6.9 MeV; hl 23.4 hrs; σ ?)

Nb decays 100% via Mo + (Q = 5.3 MeV; stable)

γ

γβ −

=

+ → = =

→

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W-L theory: heat and transmutations with Palladium - I


Production/capture of LENR ULM neutrons on Pd and related α decaProduction/capture of LENR ULM neutrons on Pd and related α decays to Ruys to Ru

Palladium (Pd) has a long history w. LENRsPalladium (Pd) has a long history w. LENRs

Many “cold fusioneers” continue to promote Many “cold fusioneers” continue to promote a false myth that Pd has special properties a false myth that Pd has special properties that make it uniquely suitable for LENRsthat make it uniquely suitable for LENRs

While Pd readily loads large amounts of While Pd readily loads large amounts of Hydrogen, other hydrideHydrogen, other hydride--forming metals, forming metals, e.g., Ni, Ti, W, e.g., Ni, Ti, W, can can aallsoso perform well if LENR perform well if LENR device fabrication is done properly on a device fabrication is done properly on a nanoscalenanoscale according to Waccording to W--L theory; this is L theory; this is not presently being done by CF researchersnot presently being done by CF researchers

Pd has 6 stable isotopes that are closely Pd has 6 stable isotopes that are closely spaced massspaced mass--wise. Besides being a Hwise. Besides being a H--storing substrate and surface where storing substrate and surface where collectively oscillating ‘patches’ of H ions collectively oscillating ‘patches’ of H ions can form, Pd isotopes can also potentially can form, Pd isotopes can also potentially capture ULM neutrons, release nuclear capture ULM neutrons, release nuclear binding energy, and help produce excess binding energy, and help produce excess heat and Heheat and He--4. This possibility has been 4. This possibility has been totally overlooked by ‘CF’ researcherstotally overlooked by ‘CF’ researchers

ULM neutron capture on Pd isotopes can release significant ULM neutron capture on Pd isotopes can release significant amounts of binding energy; all stable Pd isotopes will have largamounts of binding energy; all stable Pd isotopes will have large e ULMN capture crossULMN capture cross--sections. Albeit having relatively small, rarely sections. Albeit having relatively small, rarely measured crossmeasured cross--sections, α (Hesections, α (He--4) decays have positive Q4) decays have positive Q--valuesvalues

102 104 105 106 108 11046 46 46 46 46 46

102 10346 46 α

103 10446 46 α

104 10546 46

Pd, Pd, Pd, Pd, Pd, Pd are stable

Pd + 1 ulm n Pd γ (Q =7.6 MeV; 17 days; Q 5.3 MeV)

Pd + 1 ulm n Pd γ (Q =10 MeV; stable; Q 7.4 MeV)

Pd + 1 ulm n

→ + =

→ + =

→ α

105 10646 46 α

106 107 646 46 α

107 10846 46

Pd γ (Q =7.1 MeV; stable; Q 4.2 MeV)

Pd + 1 ulm n Pd γ (Q =9.6 MeV; stable; Q 6.3 MeV)

Pd + 1 ulm n Pd γ (Q =6.5 MeV; 6.5 x 10 yrs; Q 3 MeV)

Pd + 1 ulm n Pd γ (Q =9.2 MeV; st

+ =

→ + =

→ + =

→ + α108 10946 46 α

109 11046 46 α

110 11146 46 α

146

able; Q 5.4 MeV)

Pd + 1 ulm n Pd γ (Q =6.2 MeV; 13.7 hrs; Q 2.1 MeV)

Pd + 1 ulm n Pd γ (Q =8.8 MeV; stable; Q 4.4 MeV)

Pd + 1 ulm n Pd γ (Q =5.7 MeV; 23.4 min; Q 1.2 MeV)

=

→ + =

→ + =

→ + =11 112

46 α

112 11346 46 α

113 11446 46 α

114 11546 46

Pd + 1 ulm n Pd γ (Q =8.4 MeV; 21 hrs; Q 3.3 MeV)

Pd + 1 ulm n Pd γ (Q =5.4 MeV; 93 sec; Q 161 keV)

Pd + 1 ulm n Pd γ (Q =7.9 MeV; 2.4 min; Q 1.9 MeV)

Pd + 1 ulm n P

→ + =

→ + =

→ + =

→ α115 11646 46 α

10546

106 102 4α 46 46

d γ (Q =5 MeV; 25 sec; Q none)

Pd + 1 ulm n Pd γ (Q =7.6 MeV; 12 sec; Q 727 keV)

Note: neutron capture on Pd has a measured

Q cross-section of 0.5 μbarns for Pd Ru + He

+ =

→ + =

→

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W-L theory: heat and transmutations with Palladium - II


Capture of LENR ULM neutrons on Pd, Ag, and Ru; related βCapture of LENR ULM neutrons on Pd, Ag, and Ru; related β-- and α decaysand α decays

In LENR systems, neutron capture on stable In LENR systems, neutron capture on stable Palladium isotopes and subsequent βPalladium isotopes and subsequent β-- decays of decays of neutronneutron--rich Pd isotopes, in conjunction with Wrich Pd isotopes, in conjunction with W--L L direct conversion of prompt neutron capture and βdirect conversion of prompt neutron capture and β--

decay gammas to locally absorbed infrared energy, decay gammas to locally absorbed infrared energy, could easily contribute to observed excess heat could easily contribute to observed excess heat production as well as to minor fluxes of Heproduction as well as to minor fluxes of He--4 4 produced by smallproduced by small--crosscross--section αsection α--decays decays

ββ-- decay of neutrondecay of neutron--rich Pd isotopes are dominant rich Pd isotopes are dominant channels, leading to production of Silver (Ag) channels, leading to production of Silver (Ag) which only has two stable isotopes: Agwhich only has two stable isotopes: Ag--107 107 (natural abundance 51.8%) and Ag(natural abundance 51.8%) and Ag--109 (48.2%)109 (48.2%)

On neutron capture, Ag also has minor αOn neutron capture, Ag also has minor α--decay decay channels for unstable neutronchannels for unstable neutron--rich Ag isotopes rich Ag isotopes that lead to production of Rhodium (Rh) which only that lead to production of Rhodium (Rh) which only has one stable isotope, Rhhas one stable isotope, Rh--103 (σ103 (σthermalthermal nn==134 b)134 b)

Ruthenium (Ru) has 7 stable isotopes: RuRuthenium (Ru) has 7 stable isotopes: Ru--96, 98, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, and 104. ULM neutrons can 99, 100, 101, 102, and 104. ULM neutrons can capture on these; unstable neutroncapture on these; unstable neutron--rich Ru rich Ru isotopes βisotopes β-- decay to Rh and then to Pd; this could decay to Rh and then to Pd; this could readily convert Ru back into various Pd isotopes readily convert Ru back into various Pd isotopes

Is there experimental evidence for such Is there experimental evidence for such conjectures based on the Wconjectures based on the W--L theory? YesL theory? Yes

For example, Passell (ICCFFor example, Passell (ICCF--10) analyzed virgin 10) analyzed virgin and reacted particulate Pd taken from hollow and reacted particulate Pd taken from hollow cores of Aratacores of Arata--ZhangZhang--type cathodes with NAA type cathodes with NAA and TOFand TOF--SIMS and found significant isotopic SIMS and found significant isotopic enrichment of: Pdenrichment of: Pd--110 vs. Pd110 vs. Pd--108; Li108; Li--7 vs. Li7 vs. Li--6; 6; and of Agand of Ag--109 (Ag109 (Ag--107 was not measured). This 107 was not measured). This is evidence for ULM neutron capturesis evidence for ULM neutron captures

While Ru is not often detected as an LENR While Ru is not often detected as an LENR transmutation product as did K. Wolf at Texas transmutation product as did K. Wolf at Texas A&M in 1992, several researchers have reported A&M in 1992, several researchers have reported observations of significant amounts of Rh on Pd observations of significant amounts of Rh on Pd surfaces in various experiments surfaces in various experiments

For example, Karabut (Phys. Lett. A. 170 pp. 265 For example, Karabut (Phys. Lett. A. 170 pp. 265 1992) detected unstable isotopes of Rh and Pd1992) detected unstable isotopes of Rh and Pd--109, as well as He109, as well as He--3 and He3 and He--4, in an experiment 4, in an experiment involving an electric discharge in gaseous involving an electric discharge in gaseous deuterium with a Pd cathode ‘target’deuterium with a Pd cathode ‘target’

Ag often reported as transmutation product on Ag often reported as transmutation product on Pd surfaces: e.g. Pd surfaces: e.g. MileyMiley papers; Zhang/Dash on papers; Zhang/Dash on Slide #69. All such observations are evidence for Slide #69. All such observations are evidence for ULM neutron captures on Pd. Rh data suggests ULM neutron captures on Pd. Rh data suggests that Hethat He--4 decay channels may sometimes have 4 decay channels may sometimes have anomalously higher crossanomalously higher cross--sections in LENRssections in LENRs

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He-4 production not necessarily evidence for D-D fusion

WW--L theory suggests substantial HeL theory suggests substantial He--44 production via nonproduction via non--fusion processesfusion processes

Over the past 20 years, vast majority (probably at Over the past 20 years, vast majority (probably at least 80%) of all LENR experiments conducted least 80%) of all LENR experiments conducted worldwide used electrolytic cells w. Pd cathodes worldwide used electrolytic cells w. Pd cathodes

In most LENR experiments to date, the primary In most LENR experiments to date, the primary objective was to produce and measure macroscopic objective was to produce and measure macroscopic excess heat via calorimetry; serious postexcess heat via calorimetry; serious post--experiment measurements of various types of experiment measurements of various types of transmutation products were pursued by only a transmutation products were pursued by only a relatively small subset of LENR researchersrelatively small subset of LENR researchers

Only a relative handful of LENR researchers, e.g., Only a relative handful of LENR researchers, e.g., McKubre, Miles, De Ninno, etc., had sufficient McKubre, Miles, De Ninno, etc., had sufficient funding and analytical skills to accurately measure funding and analytical skills to accurately measure gaseous Hegaseous He--4 production in their experiments4 production in their experiments

Only a few LENR researchers, e.g., Bockris, Dash, Only a few LENR researchers, e.g., Bockris, Dash, Miley, Mizuno and some others, made strenuous Miley, Mizuno and some others, made strenuous attempts to exhaustively detect/measure as many attempts to exhaustively detect/measure as many transmutation products as practically possible transmutation products as practically possible (besides gaseous He(besides gaseous He--4) post4) post--experimentallyexperimentally

Thus, reported experimental data on transmutation Thus, reported experimental data on transmutation products from LENRs is spotty and nonproducts from LENRs is spotty and non--systematicsystematic

That having been said, several things are presently That having been said, several things are presently clear about Pd ‘targets’ used in most LENR clear about Pd ‘targets’ used in most LENR experiments:experiments:

ULM neutron captures on Pd can produce ULM neutron captures on Pd can produce substantial amounts of excess heat that will be substantial amounts of excess heat that will be included in sensitive calorimetry measurementsincluded in sensitive calorimetry measurements

Minor decay channels of unstable Pd isotopes Minor decay channels of unstable Pd isotopes produced by neutron capture on Pd can also produced by neutron capture on Pd can also produce Heproduce He--4; there is some reported experimental 4; there is some reported experimental evidence that these typically minor decay channels evidence that these typically minor decay channels may be unexpectedly ‘wider’ in some LENR may be unexpectedly ‘wider’ in some LENR systems; many pathways potentially produce Hesystems; many pathways potentially produce He--44

As seen in Slide #32, presence of Li or B anywhere As seen in Slide #32, presence of Li or B anywhere near an LENRnear an LENR--active surface (e.g., in electrolyte or active surface (e.g., in electrolyte or cathode) may result in significant production of cathode) may result in significant production of excess heat and Heexcess heat and He--4 by various non4 by various non--fusion fusion neutron capture and related α, βneutron capture and related α, β-- decay processesdecay processes

If true, then McKubre, Miles, and De If true, then McKubre, Miles, and De Ninno’sNinno’sestimates of energy in MeV per observed Heestimates of energy in MeV per observed He--4 atom: 4 atom: ~21~21––31; 2531; 25––88; and 8888; and 88--124, respectively, are 124, respectively, are probably inaccurate because their calculations probably inaccurate because their calculations assume that D + D assume that D + D --> He> He--4 + heat is the ONLY 4 + heat is the ONLY nuclear reaction taking place in their systems. If nuclear reaction taking place in their systems. If neutrons are present, that assumption is clearly neutrons are present, that assumption is clearly wrong; they all overestimate energy in MeV/Hewrong; they all overestimate energy in MeV/He--44

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Extensive evidence for transmutations via W-L mechanism


Utilizing the WUtilizing the W--L theory of LENRs, readers are L theory of LENRs, readers are encouraged to examine reported experimental encouraged to examine reported experimental data and evaluate evidence for transmutations data and evaluate evidence for transmutations and nuclear energy releases in LENR systemsand nuclear energy releases in LENR systemsIn doing so, please be aware that:In doing so, please be aware that:

–– Any element or isotope present in LENR Any element or isotope present in LENR experimental apparatus having an opportunity to experimental apparatus having an opportunity to move into close physical proximity to surfaces or move into close physical proximity to surfaces or nanoparticles on which ULM neutrons are being nanoparticles on which ULM neutrons are being created can potentially ‘compete’ with other nuclei created can potentially ‘compete’ with other nuclei (that are located within the same micron(that are located within the same micron--scale scale domains of spatially extended ULM neutron wave domains of spatially extended ULM neutron wave functions) to absorb produced ULMNs functions) to absorb produced ULMNs

–– Some reported transmutation products may Some reported transmutation products may appear mystifying until one determines exactly appear mystifying until one determines exactly what elements/isotopes were initially present in what elements/isotopes were initially present in the apparatus when an experiment began. In many the apparatus when an experiment began. In many cases, materials located inside systems are cases, materials located inside systems are poorly characterized; thus, ‘starting points’ for poorly characterized; thus, ‘starting points’ for ULMN captures on nuclei may be unclear ULMN captures on nuclei may be unclear

There is an extensive body of There is an extensive body of experimental data on LENRs. Some of experimental data on LENRs. Some of it can be found via the following it can be found via the following resources:resources:

–– References cited in publications References cited in publications by Widom, Larsen, and by Widom, Larsen, and Srivastava on the WSrivastava on the W--L theory of L theory of LENRsLENRs

–– Go to the free website Go to the free website www.lenrwww.lenr--canr.orgcanr.org Several Several hundred .hundred .pdfpdf downloadable downloadable papers are available on sitepapers are available on site

–– Go to the free website Go to the free website www.newenergytimes.comwww.newenergytimes.comInvestigative articles and news, Investigative articles and news, as well as number of as well as number of downloadable papers on sitedownloadable papers on site

–– Query Internet search engines Query Internet search engines like Google using various key like Google using various key words such as: “low energy words such as: “low energy nuclear reactions”, “cold fusion nuclear reactions”, “cold fusion energy energy ––Adobe” , “cold fusion”, Adobe” , “cold fusion”, and so forthand so forth

http://www.lenr-canr.org/

http://www.newenergytimes.com/

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QQvv =6.4 MeV=6.4 MeV

Cascades of rapid, energetic βCascades of rapid, energetic β--decays are a feature of LENR systems decays are a feature of LENR systems

Acc. to WAcc. to W--L theory, over time, L theory, over time, large fluxes of ULM neutrons large fluxes of ULM neutrons will result in a buildwill result in a build--up of up of large populations of unstable, large populations of unstable, very neutronvery neutron--rich isotopes rich isotopes

At some point, all such nAt some point, all such n--rich rich isotopes will decay, mainly by isotopes will decay, mainly by series of rapid βseries of rapid β-- cascadescascades

ββ-- decays release energetic β decays release energetic β particles (electrons) that particles (electrons) that transfer kinetic energy to local transfer kinetic energy to local matter, heating it upmatter, heating it up

Depending on halfDepending on half--lives, βlives, β--

chains can rapidly traverse chains can rapidly traverse rows of the periodic table, rows of the periodic table, terminating in production of terminating in production of stable, higherstable, higher--Z elements. Z elements. LongLong--running experiments running experiments with large ULMN fluxes can with large ULMN fluxes can produce many elements produce many elements

Representative examples of βRepresentative examples of β-- decay cascades:decay cascades:

β- chains: neutron-rich nuclei decay into stable isotopes

46Pd-117HL = 4.3 sec

47Ag-117HL = 73 sec

48Cd-117HL = 2.5 hrs

49In-117HL = 43 min

50Sn-117Stable

QQvv = 5.7 MeV= 5.7 MeV




Total QTotal Qvv = 13.9 MeV= 13.9 MeVSum of HLs = 3.2 hrsSum of HLs = 3.2 hrs

47Ag-121HL = 4.3 sec

48Cd-121HL = 73 sec

49In-121HL = 2.5 hrs

50Sn-121HL = 27 hrs

51Sb-121Stable



QQvv = .39 MeV= .39 MeV

Total QTotal Qvv = 15.1 MeV= 15.1 MeVSum of HLs = 29.5 hrsSum of HLs = 29.5 hrs

28Ni-68HL = 19 sec

29Cu-68HL = 31 sec

30Zn-68Stable



Total QTotal Qvv = 6.6 MeV= 6.6 MeVSum of HLs = 50 secSum of HLs = 50 sec

ββ--

ββ--

ββ--

ββ--

ββ--

ββ--

ββ--

ββ--

ββ--

ββ--

Using Deuterium as a ‘base Using Deuterium as a ‘base fuel’, it ‘costs’ a total of 7 fuel’, it ‘costs’ a total of 7 ULM neutrons to make PdULM neutrons to make Pd--117 from Pd117 from Pd--110 at 0.39 110 at 0.39 MeV/neutron (total of 2.73 MeV/neutron (total of 2.73 MeV) MeV) –– the cascade releases the cascade releases 13.9 MeV, a net gain of ~11.2 13.9 MeV, a net gain of ~11.2 MeV. It costs 12 ULMNs and MeV. It costs 12 ULMNs and 4.7 MeV to make Ag4.7 MeV to make Ag--121 121 from Agfrom Ag--109; cascade 109; cascade releases 15.1 MeV, etc.releases 15.1 MeV, etc.

Lattice Energy LLC


Possibilities for energy production with LENR devices - I


Being nuclear, future commercial versions of LENRBeing nuclear, future commercial versions of LENR--based based portable and stationary power sources should be able to portable and stationary power sources should be able to achieve effective energy densities that are much higher achieve effective energy densities that are much higher than competing chemical energy technologies:than competing chemical energy technologies:

Eq. 30 in WEq. 30 in W--L’s 2006 L’s 2006 EPJCEPJC paper provides an example of a practical fuel cycle paper provides an example of a practical fuel cycle that can produce substantial excess heat from a series of LENR rthat can produce substantial excess heat from a series of LENR reactions eactions beginning with Lithiumbeginning with Lithium--6 as a 'target fuel‘ which is in summary: 6 as a 'target fuel‘ which is in summary:

LithiumLithium--6 + 2 neutrons => 2 Helium6 + 2 neutrons => 2 Helium--4 + beta particle + neutrinos + 26.9 MeV4 + beta particle + neutrinos + 26.9 MeV

Value of ~27 MeV comparable to energy releases from DValue of ~27 MeV comparable to energy releases from D--D or DD or D--T fusionT fusion

Conversion of net energy release from above LiConversion of net energy release from above Li--6 based reactions into Joules 6 based reactions into Joules is: 26.9 MeV/cmis: 26.9 MeV/cm22/sec = 4.28 x 10/sec = 4.28 x 10--1212 J/cmJ/cm22/sec (1 eV = 1.602 x 10/sec (1 eV = 1.602 x 10--1919 J)J)

Assume that ‘haircut’ for energy losses to neutrino emissions isAssume that ‘haircut’ for energy losses to neutrino emissions is fully fully compensated by energy production from ULMN captures on other ‘tacompensated by energy production from ULMN captures on other ‘target’ rget’ elements that are present on the surface of a hypothetical LENR elements that are present on the surface of a hypothetical LENR devicedevice

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Possibilities for energy production with LENR devices - II


Now assume that: the 'base fuel' used to produce ULM Now assume that: the 'base fuel' used to produce ULM neutrons in a hypothetical LENR device is deuterium and, neutrons in a hypothetical LENR device is deuterium and, the device has an active working surface area of 1 cmthe device has an active working surface area of 1 cm22 ::

Assume that there are ~ 10Assume that there are ~ 101414 of these 26.9 MeV energy releases taking place of these 26.9 MeV energy releases taking place per second on the 1 cmper second on the 1 cm22 LENR device; this value is consistent with measured LENR device; this value is consistent with measured rates in some electrolytic cells and Wrates in some electrolytic cells and W--L’s theoretical calculations L’s theoretical calculations

Total energy release is thus 4.28 x 10Total energy release is thus 4.28 x 10--1212 J/cmJ/cm22/sec x 10/sec x 101414 = 428 J /cm= 428 J /cm22/sec/sec

This number represents 428 Watts/cmThis number represents 428 Watts/cm2 2 for thefor the device, a large power density device, a large power density

At lower ULMN production rate of 1 x 10At lower ULMN production rate of 1 x 101212/cm/cm22/sec, overall rate of device heat /sec, overall rate of device heat production drops down to 4.28 J/cmproduction drops down to 4.28 J/cm22/sec or 4.28 W/cm/sec or 4.28 W/cm22

At an even lower ULMN production rate of 1 x 10At an even lower ULMN production rate of 1 x 101111/cm/cm22/sec, device heat /sec, device heat production would drop further to ~0.428 J/cmproduction would drop further to ~0.428 J/cm22/sec or 0.428 W/cm/sec or 0.428 W/cm22; ; interestingly, this value is similar to excess heat outputs thatinterestingly, this value is similar to excess heat outputs that have in fact have in fact been observed in some LENR experiments to datebeen observed in some LENR experiments to date

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Large energy releases have occurred in LENR experiments


There have been sporadic reports of dramatic energy There have been sporadic reports of dramatic energy releases in LENR experiments, the first being Pons and releases in LENR experiments, the first being Pons and Fleischmann’s unattended overnight experiment in 1985 Fleischmann’s unattended overnight experiment in 1985 that endedthat ended--up melting entirely through the apparatus and a up melting entirely through the apparatus and a laboratory bench on which it rested (see C. Beaudette)laboratory bench on which it rested (see C. Beaudette)

In his 1998 book, Mizuno describes a D/Pd P&FIn his 1998 book, Mizuno describes a D/Pd P&F--type type electrolytic experiment that occurred in 1991, “An electrolytic experiment that occurred in 1991, “An Anomalous Heat Burst,” that ultimately produced a roughly Anomalous Heat Burst,” that ultimately produced a roughly estimated 1.14 x 10estimated 1.14 x 1088 Joules of excess heat Joules of excess heat

In 1992, a violent energy release occurred in an experiment In 1992, a violent energy release occurred in an experiment at SRI that was later explained as a hydrogenat SRI that was later explained as a hydrogen--oxygen oxygen recombination explosion ignited by hot Pd metal recombination explosion ignited by hot Pd metal

Rapid, anomalously large macroscopic energy releases Rapid, anomalously large macroscopic energy releases occurring in 1991 and 2004 were reported by Zhang and occurring in 1991 and 2004 were reported by Zhang and Biberian, respectively. USN SPAWAR even reported Biberian, respectively. USN SPAWAR even reported evidence for frequent microevidence for frequent micro--explosions (circa 2003) explosions (circa 2003)

While most of the largeWhile most of the large--scale, rare macroscopic events scale, rare macroscopic events were sketchily documented at best and could not be were sketchily documented at best and could not be reproduced, Mizuno saw a large heat release in a 2005 reproduced, Mizuno saw a large heat release in a 2005 electrolytic experiment with tungsten cathode/Kelectrolytic experiment with tungsten cathode/K22COCO33 light light water cell that he was able to document and report. We will water cell that he was able to document and report. We will briefly analyze his observations in the light of Wbriefly analyze his observations in the light of W--L theory L theory

C. Beaudette, “Excess Heat C. Beaudette, “Excess Heat –– Why Cold Fusion Why Cold Fusion Research Prevailed,” on pp. 35Research Prevailed,” on pp. 35--3737 in a subsection in a subsection titled, “The meltdown,” 2nd Edition, Oak Grove titled, “The meltdown,” 2nd Edition, Oak Grove Press, LLC, South Bristol, ME 2002Press, LLC, South Bristol, ME 2002

T. Mizuno, “Nuclear Transmutation T. Mizuno, “Nuclear Transmutation –– The Reality of The Reality of Cold Fusion,” on pp. 66Cold Fusion,” on pp. 66--70 in a subsection titled,70 in a subsection titled,“An anomalous heat burst,”“An anomalous heat burst,” Infinite Energy Press, Infinite Energy Press, Concord, NH 1998Concord, NH 1998

S. Smedley et al., “The January 2, 1992, Explosion in S. Smedley et al., “The January 2, 1992, Explosion in a Deuteriuma Deuterium--Palladium Electrolytic System at SRI Palladium Electrolytic System at SRI International,” Frontiers of Cold Fusion; Proc. 3rd International,” Frontiers of Cold Fusion; Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Cold Fusion, Nagoya, 1992, Universal Int. Conf. Cold Fusion, Nagoya, 1992, Universal Academy Press, Tokyo, 1993Academy Press, Tokyo, 1993

X. Zhang et al., “On the Explosion in a DeuteriumX. Zhang et al., “On the Explosion in a Deuterium--Palladium Electrolytic System,” Frontiers of Cold Palladium Electrolytic System,” Frontiers of Cold Fusion; Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Cold Fusion, Nagoya, Fusion; Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Cold Fusion, Nagoya, 1992, Universal Academy Press, Tokyo, 19931992, Universal Academy Press, Tokyo, 1993

JJ--P. Biberian, “Unexplained Explosion During an P. Biberian, “Unexplained Explosion During an Electrolysis Experiment in an Open Cell Mass Flow Electrolysis Experiment in an Open Cell Mass Flow Calorimeter, “ J. Calorimeter, “ J. CondCond. Mat. . Mat. NucNuc. . SciSci. 2 pp. 1 . 2 pp. 1 –– 6 May 6 May 2009 2009

PowerPoint presentation by S. Szpak et al. of USN PowerPoint presentation by S. Szpak et al. of USN SPAWAR dated May 2009 and titled, “Twenty Year SPAWAR dated May 2009 and titled, “Twenty Year History in LENR Research Using Pd/D CoHistory in LENR Research Using Pd/D Co--deposition” in slide titled, “deposition” in slide titled, “Piezoelectric Response: Piezoelectric Response: Evidence of MiniEvidence of Mini--Explosions and Heat GenerationExplosions and Heat Generation””http://research.missouri.edu/vcr_seminar/U%20of%2http://research.missouri.edu/vcr_seminar/U%20of%20Mo/spawar.ppt0Mo/spawar.ppt

http://research.missouri.edu/vcr_seminar/U of Mo/spawar.ppt

http://research.missouri.edu/vcr_seminar/U of Mo/spawar.ppt

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Implications of W-L theory on small length scales - I


According to WAccording to W--L theory, LENRs are a surface and L theory, LENRs are a surface and nearnear--surface phenomenon on substratessurface phenomenon on substrates

NuclearNuclear--active sites on loaded metallic hydrides occur active sites on loaded metallic hydrides occur at locations in which there are manyat locations in which there are many--body body homogeneous, collectively oscillating ‘patches’ of homogeneous, collectively oscillating ‘patches’ of protons, deuterons, or tritons protons, deuterons, or tritons

Therefore, all other things being equal, the larger the Therefore, all other things being equal, the larger the effective surface area, the greater the opportunity will effective surface area, the greater the opportunity will be for hydrogenous manybe for hydrogenous many--body patches to form body patches to form spontaneously on such surfacesspontaneously on such surfaces

When enough input energy, say in the form of an When enough input energy, say in the form of an electric current, has been ‘injected’ to drive local electric current, has been ‘injected’ to drive local electric fields in micronelectric fields in micron--scale patches past required scale patches past required thresholds for ULM neutron production, neutron thresholds for ULM neutron production, neutron captures on nearby nuclei and direct conversion of captures on nearby nuclei and direct conversion of promptprompt--capture gammas can begincapture gammas can begin

All of these WAll of these W--L effects are nanoscale, occurring in L effects are nanoscale, occurring in and around certain types of surface features and and around certain types of surface features and nanoparticles on length scales ranging from a few nanoparticles on length scales ranging from a few nanometers to perhaps as much as 100 microns or nanometers to perhaps as much as 100 microns or so; that being the case, effectiveso; that being the case, effective surface area relevant surface area relevant to LENRs is much larger than it would be for a to LENRs is much larger than it would be for a perfectly smooth surfaceperfectly smooth surface

See: T. Mizuno and Y. Toriabe, “Anomalous See: T. Mizuno and Y. Toriabe, “Anomalous energy generation during conventional energy generation during conventional electrolysis,” on pp. 65 electrolysis,” on pp. 65 -- 74 in “Condensed 74 in “Condensed Matter Nuclear Science Matter Nuclear Science –– Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Cold Fusion,” 12th International Conference on Cold Fusion,” A. Takahashi, K. Ota, and Y. Iwamura, eds., A. Takahashi, K. Ota, and Y. Iwamura, eds., World Scientific 2006 World Scientific 2006

A free version of this interesting paper along A free version of this interesting paper along with additional PowerPoint slides is available at: with additional PowerPoint slides is available at: http://www.lenrhttp://www.lenr--canr.org/acrobat/MizunoTanomalouse.pdfcanr.org/acrobat/MizunoTanomalouse.pdf

Importantly, on a nanoscale the surfaces of Importantly, on a nanoscale the surfaces of LENR devices, e.g., metallic cathodes in LENR devices, e.g., metallic cathodes in electrolytic cells, are electrolytic cells, are fractalfractal. That being the . That being the case, effective working surface area can be case, effective working surface area can be much larger than a very smooth surface when much larger than a very smooth surface when viewed on larger lengthviewed on larger length--scales. Area of a fractal scales. Area of a fractal surface a la Mandelbrot described by:surface a la Mandelbrot described by:

where where AA is the area, is the area, AA00 a constant, a constant, l l the length the length scale, and scale, and DDss the fractal dimension (~2.5 for Pd)the fractal dimension (~2.5 for Pd)

Nanoscale surface roughening, as occurs Nanoscale surface roughening, as occurs during normal electrolysis, can dramatically during normal electrolysis, can dramatically increase reactive surface area of cathodesincrease reactive surface area of cathodes

( 2)0

sDA A l− −≈

http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/MizunoTanomalouse.pdf


Lattice Energy LLC


Implications of W-L theory on small length scales - II


To date, no LENR researchers have used both To date, no LENR researchers have used both advanced nanotech fabrication techniques and advanced nanotech fabrication techniques and types of experimental systems (most have used types of experimental systems (most have used aqueous electrolytic environments that are aqueous electrolytic environments that are vastly more difficult to keep in the ‘sweet spot’ vastly more difficult to keep in the ‘sweet spot’ of the nuclearof the nuclear--active LENR parameter space active LENR parameter space than gasthan gas--phase systems) in which they have phase systems) in which they have truly had nanoscale control over geometry and truly had nanoscale control over geometry and composition of surfaces and relevant operating composition of surfaces and relevant operating parameters during fabrication as well as during parameters during fabrication as well as during the course of extended experimental runsthe course of extended experimental runs

That having been said, many experimentalists That having been said, many experimentalists occasionally get lucky and windoccasionally get lucky and wind--up with a wellup with a well--performing device in which key parameters have performing device in which key parameters have spontaneously ‘linedspontaneously ‘lined--up’ at random in such a up’ at random in such a manner that a significant portion of the surface manner that a significant portion of the surface area is nucleararea is nuclear--active for sufficient time to active for sufficient time to generate significant fluxes of excess heatgenerate significant fluxes of excess heat

Mizuno was very fortunate in this case and Mizuno was very fortunate in this case and importantly, managed to document the event importantly, managed to document the event wellwell--enough so that further analysis and some enough so that further analysis and some simple calculations could be done on his results simple calculations could be done on his results

Two papers and one US patent application are Two papers and one US patent application are relevant to our discussion of Mizuno’s heat event:relevant to our discussion of Mizuno’s heat event:

A. Arvia, R. Salvarezza, and W. Triaca, “Noble metal A. Arvia, R. Salvarezza, and W. Triaca, “Noble metal surfaces and electrocatalysis surfaces and electrocatalysis –– Review and Review and perspectives,” J. New. Mat. Electrochem. Systems 7 perspectives,” J. New. Mat. Electrochem. Systems 7 pp. 133pp. 133--143 2004. They note that, “… the comparison 143 2004. They note that, “… the comparison of the voltammetric charge for rough and massive of the voltammetric charge for rough and massive palladium confirms the substantial increase in surface palladium confirms the substantial increase in surface area for roughened palladium.” area for roughened palladium.”

X. Cui et al., “Electrochemical deposition and X. Cui et al., “Electrochemical deposition and characterization of conducting polymer characterization of conducting polymer polypyrrole/PSS on multichannel neutral probes,” polypyrrole/PSS on multichannel neutral probes,” Sensors and Actuators A 93 pp. 8Sensors and Actuators A 93 pp. 8--18 200118 2001

Dao Min Zhou, ELECTRODE SURFACE COATING AND Dao Min Zhou, ELECTRODE SURFACE COATING AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME, United METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME, United States Patent Application No. US 2007/0092750 A1 States Patent Application No. US 2007/0092750 A1 filed August 17, 2006, and published April 26, 2007, in filed August 17, 2006, and published April 26, 2007, in which the abstract reads, “ An electrode surface which the abstract reads, “ An electrode surface coating and method for manufacturing the electrode coating and method for manufacturing the electrode surface coating comprising a conductive substrate; surface coating comprising a conductive substrate; and one or more surface coatings comprising one or and one or more surface coatings comprising one or more of the following metals titanium, niobium, more of the following metals titanium, niobium, tantalum, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, palladium, or tantalum, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, palladium, or gold, or an alloy … or metal layers thereof having an gold, or an alloy … or metal layers thereof having an increase in the surface area of 5 times to 500 times of increase in the surface area of 5 times to 500 times of the corresponding surface area resulting from the the corresponding surface area resulting from the basic geometric shape.” basic geometric shape.”

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W-L theory sheds light on Mizuno’s large energy release - I


For details on the heat event, see paper by For details on the heat event, see paper by Mizuno & Toriabe cited in Slide #54Mizuno & Toriabe cited in Slide #54SummarizingSummarizing: over ~25 seconds, a 1.5 mm : over ~25 seconds, a 1.5 mm dia. tungsten cathode wire with 3 cm of it dia. tungsten cathode wire with 3 cm of it being exposed to 0.2 M Kbeing exposed to 0.2 M K22COCO33 electrolyte, electrolyte, released an estimated total of ~132,000 released an estimated total of ~132,000 Joules (1.32 x 10Joules (1.32 x 1055 J) as heat. J) as heat. Nominal surface area for 3 cm of exposed Nominal surface area for 3 cm of exposed W cathode as a perfectly smooth cylinder W cathode as a perfectly smooth cylinder was ~0.1021 cmwas ~0.1021 cm22. However, per citations . However, per citations on the previous slide, effective reactive on the previous slide, effective reactive surface area for LENRs on Mizuno’s W surface area for LENRs on Mizuno’s W cathode is estimated to be ~10x larger: cathode is estimated to be ~10x larger: 1.021 cm1.021 cm22,, i.e. roughly one square cmi.e. roughly one square cmSee assumptions/calculations to rightSee assumptions/calculations to rightUsing WUsing W--L theory, we calculate a rough L theory, we calculate a rough ordersorders--ofof--magnitude agreement with magnitude agreement with Mizuno’s estimated heat release. This Mizuno’s estimated heat release. This suggests that his estimates were likely suggests that his estimates were likely more or less correct; Wmore or less correct; W--L may thus L may thus provide useful insights into dramatic provide useful insights into dramatic energy releases occasionally seen in some energy releases occasionally seen in some LENR systems. However, we still need to LENR systems. However, we still need to try to resolve an apparent 100try to resolve an apparent 100--fold fold discrepancy between the number of discrepancy between the number of neutrons that can be made with 300 J input neutrons that can be made with 300 J input power vs. the number of W atoms that power vs. the number of W atoms that apparently reacted w. neutrons; that issue apparently reacted w. neutrons; that issue will be addressed in the next slide will be addressed in the next slide

1 Joule = 6.2415 x 101 Joule = 6.2415 x 101212 MeV; 1.3 x 10MeV; 1.3 x 105 5 J = 8.2388 x 10J = 8.2388 x 1017 17 MeV Depending on lattice structure MeV Depending on lattice structure exposed at a surface, ‘virgin’ W metal will average ~6 x 10exposed at a surface, ‘virgin’ W metal will average ~6 x 1014 14 tungsten atoms per cmtungsten atoms per cm22 of surface of surface area area

Isotopically weightedIsotopically weighted--average Qaverage Q--value for ULM neutron captures on stable W isotopes is ~6.0 value for ULM neutron captures on stable W isotopes is ~6.0 MeV; for stable K isotopes it is ~7.8 MeV (this will be further MeV; for stable K isotopes it is ~7.8 MeV (this will be further discussed in the next slide)discussed in the next slide)

Fractal increase in effective W cathode surface area is conservaFractal increase in effective W cathode surface area is conservatively estimated at 10 times. tively estimated at 10 times. In Table 2 of cited patent application by D. Zhou, five experimeIn Table 2 of cited patent application by D. Zhou, five experiments with electrolytically nts with electrolytically roughened Pd produced surface area increases of 10, 56, 73, 70, roughened Pd produced surface area increases of 10, 56, 73, 70, and 60x; Zhou claims 5x and 60x; Zhou claims 5x minimum. Note that substantial surface roughening and ablation (minimum. Note that substantial surface roughening and ablation (loss of material) are clearly loss of material) are clearly visible in the postvisible in the post--explosion image of the W cathode in Fig. 9 of Mizuno’s paper andexplosion image of the W cathode in Fig. 9 of Mizuno’s paper and additional additional SEM images of the cathode at: SEM images of the cathode at: http://www.lenrhttp://www.lenr--canr.org/acrobat/MizunoTanomalouse.pdfcanr.org/acrobat/MizunoTanomalouse.pdf

Mizuno estimated the event‘s heat release at 8.2388 x 10Mizuno estimated the event‘s heat release at 8.2388 x 1017 17 MeV. Simply assuming that all such MeV. Simply assuming that all such heat resulted from neutron captures on surface W atoms would impheat resulted from neutron captures on surface W atoms would imply that (dividing 8.2388 x ly that (dividing 8.2388 x 101017 17 MeV by 6.0 x 10MeV by 6.0 x 1000MeV) about 1.373 x 10MeV) about 1.373 x 1017 17 tungsten atoms reacted with neutrons; at least tungsten atoms reacted with neutrons; at least that number of neutrons would have to be produced over the 25 sethat number of neutrons would have to be produced over the 25 second period. Since cond period. Since effective surface area of Mizuno’s W cathode was ~1 cmeffective surface area of Mizuno’s W cathode was ~1 cm22, dividing 1.373 x 10, dividing 1.373 x 1017 17 by .25 x 10by .25 x 1022 sec sec implies ULMN production rate of 5.49 x 10implies ULMN production rate of 5.49 x 1015 15 cmcm2/2/sec., which is theoretically reasonable and sec., which is theoretically reasonable and consistent with the range of experimentally measured rates in LEconsistent with the range of experimentally measured rates in LENR electrolytic cells NR electrolytic cells

Per WPer W--L, neutron capture on W atoms can produce intense local heating L, neutron capture on W atoms can produce intense local heating to > 4,000 to > 4,000 -- 6,0006,000oo K, K, which drastically reworks and roughens cathode surfaces on a nanwhich drastically reworks and roughens cathode surfaces on a nanoscale, increasing oscale, increasing effective surface area and removing reacted W atoms from the sureffective surface area and removing reacted W atoms from the surface by ablation. Thus face by ablation. Thus ‘fresh’ unreacted tungsten atoms are exposed on new surface and ‘fresh’ unreacted tungsten atoms are exposed on new surface and can then react with can then react with produced neutrons. Dividing 1.373 x 10produced neutrons. Dividing 1.373 x 1017 17 by 6 x 10by 6 x 1014 14 surface W atomssurface W atoms implies that 0.229 x 10implies that 0.229 x 1033

or ~229 atomic layers of tungsten atoms were reacted and removedor ~229 atomic layers of tungsten atoms were reacted and removed from the surface. Since from the surface. Since W’s unit cell is 3.165 Angstroms, this implies that on average W’s unit cell is 3.165 Angstroms, this implies that on average ~725 Angstroms (72.5 ~725 Angstroms (72.5 nanometers or 0.00000725 cm) was removed from the ‘virgin’ tungsnanometers or 0.00000725 cm) was removed from the ‘virgin’ tungsten cathode’s surface, ten cathode’s surface, which is very plausible when you view Mizuno’s SEM images of thewhich is very plausible when you view Mizuno’s SEM images of the cathode in Slide #59cathode in Slide #59

Lastly, Mizuno independently very roughly estimated input power Lastly, Mizuno independently very roughly estimated input power for the heat event at ~300 for the heat event at ~300 Joules or 1.87 x 10Joules or 1.87 x 101515 MeV. According to WMeV. According to W--L theory, it ‘costs’ 0.78 MeV to produce one ULM L theory, it ‘costs’ 0.78 MeV to produce one ULM neutron in a light water LENR system; therefore 300 J would be eneutron in a light water LENR system; therefore 300 J would be enough energy to make ~2.4 x nough energy to make ~2.4 x 101015 15 neutrons, which is a factor of ~100 less than our estimate of 1.neutrons, which is a factor of ~100 less than our estimate of 1.373 x 10373 x 101717 neutrons neutrons produced in the event. How might one reconcile this apparent difproduced in the event. How might one reconcile this apparent difference? ference?


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Begin ULM neutron captures on K-39; most common isotope Natural abundance is 93.3%Net cumulative Q-value = total sum of Q's in nucleosynthetic chain minus 0.78 MeV 'cost' per neutronValues for energy ro th

39 4019 19 net α40 4119 19

unded to nearest 10 ; begin neutron capture to create very neutron-rich K isotopes

K+1 ulm n K+γ (Q=7.8-0.78MeV; Q =7.0MeV; stablenat.ab. ~0.01%;Q 1.4 MeV)

K+1 ulm n K+γ (Q=10.1-0.7

→ =

→ net α41 4219 19 net α42 4319 19 net α

8 MeV; Q =16.3 MeV; stable nat. ab. 6.7%;Q 3.9 MeV)

K+1 ulm n K+γ (Q=7.5-0.78 MeV; Q =23.0 MeV;hl =12.4hrs ;Q none)

K + 1 ulm n K + γ (Q=9.6-0.78 MeV; Q =31.8 MeV; hl =22.3hrs ;Q

=

→ =

→ =43 4419 19 net α

44 4519 19 net α45 4619 19

425 keV)

K + 1 ulm n K + γ (Q=7.3-0.78 MeV; Q =38.3 MeV; hl =22.1 min;Q none)

K + 1 ulm n K + γ (Q=8.9-0.78 MeV; Q =46.4 MeV; hl =17.3 min;Q none)

K + 1 ulm n K + γ (Q=6.9-0.78

→ =

→ =

→ net α46 4719 19 net α

47 4819 19 net α4819

MeV; Q =52.5 MeV; hl =105 sec;Q none)

K + 1 ulm n K + γ (Q=8.4-0.78 MeV; Q =60.1 MeV; hl =17.5 sec;Q none)

K + 1 ulm n K + γ (Q=4.5-0.78 MeV; Q =63.8 MeV; hl =6.8 sec;Q none)

K

=

→ =

→ =4919 net α

49 5019 19 net α

+ 1 ulm n K + γ (Q=6.3-0.78 MeV; Q =69.3 MeV; hl =1.26 sec;Q none)

K + 1 ulm n K + γ (Q=3.1-0.78 MeV; Q =71.6 MeV; hl =472 msec;Q none)

Now begin β weak interaction decaycascade down to−

→ =

→ =

( )50 50 4919 20 20

stable elements:K's β decay has two branches: (1) to Ca (71%) and (2) to Ca + n 29%

Because of densely occupied local fermionic states, hard to emit a neutron via branch #2Thus, in this sit

−

50 5019 20 net50 5020 21 net521

uation we will assume that branch #1 will be very strongly favored K Ca + γ (Q=14.2-0.78 MeV; Q =85.0 MeV; hl =13.9 sec)

Ca Sc + γ (Q=5.0-0.78 MeV; Q =89.2 MeV; hl =102.5 sec)

→

→0 50

22 net

39 5019 22

Sc Ti + γ (Q=6.9-0.78 MeV; Q =95.3 MeV; stable)Over ~25 seconds, this energetic ULM neutron-catalyzed nucleosynthetic chain:Stable K +11 ulm neutrons stable Ti 95.3 MeV

→

→ +

W-L theory sheds light on Mizuno’s large energy release - II

First issueFirst issue -- Mizuno’s estimate of total input Mizuno’s estimate of total input power of ~300 J may be low: examining his power of ~300 J may be low: examining his Fig. 7 and text above it (“Fig. 7 and text above it (“Input power was Input power was supplied for 10 ssupplied for 10 s …”), it appears that he …”), it appears that he counted/calculated input power only while V counted/calculated input power only while V and I were constant, which was for ~ 10 and I were constant, which was for ~ 10 seconds. In fact, power was supplied to the seconds. In fact, power was supplied to the cell for a total of ~25 sec. If one accounts for cell for a total of ~25 sec. If one accounts for added power input while the current was added power input while the current was rising and falling (over additional period of 15 rising and falling (over additional period of 15 sec), one endssec), one ends--up with somewhat larger up with somewhat larger estimate of input power of roughly 540 J estimate of input power of roughly 540 J

Second issueSecond issue –– further analyzing the ~100further analyzing the ~100--fold discrepancy noted on previous slide; fold discrepancy noted on previous slide; several clues provide hints toward a several clues provide hints toward a resolution: (1) K was observed on the resolution: (1) K was observed on the cathode surface cathode surface -- like Li, significant like Li, significant admixtures of K on cathode surface would be admixtures of K on cathode surface would be expected; (2) substantial amounts of Ca is expected; (2) substantial amounts of Ca is observed on cathode with mass spec observed on cathode with mass spec –– this this suggests transmutations via neutron suggests transmutations via neutron captures on surface K; (3) Ti is also observed captures on surface K; (3) Ti is also observed on cathode but in lesser amounts on cathode but in lesser amounts –– more more evidence for neutron captures and betaevidence for neutron captures and beta--decay cascades of neutrondecay cascades of neutron--rich isotopes, i.e., rich isotopes, i.e., a nucleosynthetic pathway that follows: K a nucleosynthetic pathway that follows: K --> > Ca Ca --> Sc > Sc --> Ti > Ti

See assumptions/calculations to right where See assumptions/calculations to right where we explore a potential sequence of nuclear we explore a potential sequence of nuclear reactions that may help resolve our issue reactions that may help resolve our issue

NoteNote: all of these neutron captures and beta decays have positive Q: all of these neutron captures and beta decays have positive Q--valuesvalues

If ULMN flux is high enough, path can release net total of 95.3 If ULMN flux is high enough, path can release net total of 95.3 MeV quickly MeV quickly

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Revised estimate of total energy inputRevised estimate of total energy input::

540 J = 5.4 x 10540 J = 5.4 x 1022

Convert to MeV = (5.4 x 10Convert to MeV = (5.4 x 1022) x (6.2415 x 10) x (6.2415 x 101212) = 33.7 x 10) = 33.7 x 101414

(3.37 x 10(3.37 x 101515) divided by (0.78 x 10) divided by (0.78 x 1000) = 4.32 x 10) = 4.32 x 101515 neutronsneutronsSo, 540 J of input energy can produce ~ 4.32 x 10So, 540 J of input energy can produce ~ 4.32 x 1015 15 ULMNs ULMNs

Revised estimate of total number of atoms that capture ULM Revised estimate of total number of atoms that capture ULM neutronsneutrons::

Previously, we simply assumed that all neutron captures took Previously, we simply assumed that all neutron captures took place on Tungsten nuclei and released an average ~6.0 MeV. place on Tungsten nuclei and released an average ~6.0 MeV. Now, we will instead assume that all neutron captures take placeNow, we will instead assume that all neutron captures take placeon Potassium (K) and that subsequent nuclear reactions proceed on Potassium (K) and that subsequent nuclear reactions proceed along the nucleosynthetic path outlined in the previous slide. along the nucleosynthetic path outlined in the previous slide.

Recalling that Mizuno’s rough estimate of total heat release wasRecalling that Mizuno’s rough estimate of total heat release was~8.2388 X 10~8.2388 X 101717 MeV. Dividing that number by the estimated value MeV. Dividing that number by the estimated value for total net energy release for neutron captures starting with for total net energy release for neutron captures starting with KK--39, we take (8.2388 x 1039, we take (8.2388 x 101717) divided by (0.95 x 10) divided by (0.95 x 1022) and obtain an ) and obtain an estimated 8.7 x 10estimated 8.7 x 101515 K atoms that could have reacted with ULM K atoms that could have reacted with ULM neutrons; this is within a factor of two of 4.32 x 10neutrons; this is within a factor of two of 4.32 x 101515, which is the , which is the estimated number of neutrons that could be created with 540 J ofestimated number of neutrons that could be created with 540 J ofinput energy; this would appear to be a reasonable agreement. input energy; this would appear to be a reasonable agreement. Dividing (8.7 x 10Dividing (8.7 x 101515) by (.25 x 10) by (.25 x 1022) = ULMN estimated production ) = ULMN estimated production rate of ~3.5 x 10rate of ~3.5 x 101414 neutrons/cmneutrons/cm22/sec, which is reasonable /sec, which is reasonable

Obviously, not all produced neutrons captured on K atoms; the Obviously, not all produced neutrons captured on K atoms; the point of this exercise is to show how it is plausible that extrepoint of this exercise is to show how it is plausible that extremely mely energetic nuclear reaction networks can be taking place in LENR energetic nuclear reaction networks can be taking place in LENR systems over very short time spans. Importantly, there are hintssystems over very short time spans. Importantly, there are hintsin the observed transmutation products that suggest in the observed transmutation products that suggest moremore such such processes occurred during Mizuno’s experiment … there is some processes occurred during Mizuno’s experiment … there is some fragmentary evidence for a heavy element transmutation chain Ba fragmentary evidence for a heavy element transmutation chain Ba --> La > La --> Ce .> Pr > Ce .> Pr --> Nd > Nd --> Pm > Pm --> Sm; it is unclear where the ‘seed’ > Sm; it is unclear where the ‘seed’ for this path came from. S could have come from captures on for this path came from. S could have come from captures on SiSileached from vessel walls or on F from PTFE sleeve on cathode leached from vessel walls or on F from PTFE sleeve on cathode

Per WPer W--L theory once ULM neutron production begins at high L theory once ULM neutron production begins at high rates, populations of unstable, very neutronrates, populations of unstable, very neutron--rich ‘halo’ rich ‘halo’ isotopes buildisotopes build--up locally on ~2up locally on ~2--D surfaces. As explained in D surfaces. As explained in Slide #24, such nuclei likely have somewhat retarded decays Slide #24, such nuclei likely have somewhat retarded decays because they can have a difficult time emitting beta electrons because they can have a difficult time emitting beta electrons or neutrons (both of which are fermions) into locally or neutrons (both of which are fermions) into locally unoccupied states. Consequently, these unstable halo nuclei unoccupied states. Consequently, these unstable halo nuclei will continue capturing ULM neutrons (which is in fact will continue capturing ULM neutrons (which is in fact energetically favorable energetically favorable –– see K example in previous slide) until see K example in previous slide) until they finally get so neutronthey finally get so neutron--rich, or a previously occupied local rich, or a previously occupied local state opensstate opens--up, that ‘something breaks’ and beta decay up, that ‘something breaks’ and beta decay cascades ending in stable isotopes can begin cascades ending in stable isotopes can begin

Importantly, as one can see with K isotopes, the neutronImportantly, as one can see with K isotopes, the neutron--capture phase can release substantial amounts of nuclear capture phase can release substantial amounts of nuclear binding energy, much of it in the form of prompt and delayed binding energy, much of it in the form of prompt and delayed gammas. Unique to LENR systems and according to Wgammas. Unique to LENR systems and according to W--L L theory, those gammas are converted directly to infrared by theory, those gammas are converted directly to infrared by heavy SPP electrons present on surfaces in LENR systems heavy SPP electrons present on surfaces in LENR systems

As explained in Slide #50, betaAs explained in Slide #50, beta-- decay cascades of unstable decay cascades of unstable isotopes with short halfisotopes with short half--lives can proceed very rapidly, release lives can proceed very rapidly, release relatively large amounts of energy, and can produce complex relatively large amounts of energy, and can produce complex arrays of different transmutation products that rapidly traversearrays of different transmutation products that rapidly traverserows of the periodic table; Mizuno went from K to Fe in <2 min rows of the periodic table; Mizuno went from K to Fe in <2 min

Please see assumptions/calculations to the rightPlease see assumptions/calculations to the right

In the end, we have reduced the apparent discrepancy from In the end, we have reduced the apparent discrepancy from factor of ~100x to roughly 2x. Considering all the uncertaintiesfactor of ~100x to roughly 2x. Considering all the uncertaintiesand unknowns in the experimental measurements, this may be and unknowns in the experimental measurements, this may be a relatively reasonable agreement under the circumstances, a relatively reasonable agreement under the circumstances, illustrating how Willustrating how W--L can help provide insights into such data L can help provide insights into such data

W-L theory sheds light on Mizuno’s large energy release - III

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W-L theory sheds light on Mizuno’s large energy release - IV


All four All four images are images are taken from taken from Mizuno’s Mizuno’s paper and paper and

PowerPoint PowerPoint slidesslides

Virgin W cathode (note smooth surface)Virgin W cathode (note smooth surface) SEM image of tip of exploded W cathode SEM image of tip of exploded W cathode Note huge amount of surface roughening and ablation Note huge amount of surface roughening and ablation –– the surface is now clearly fractal with a much larger the surface is now clearly fractal with a much larger surface area than at the beginning of the experimentsurface area than at the beginning of the experiment

Sometimes a picture is truly worth a thousand wordsSometimes a picture is truly worth a thousand words

Post explosion W cathode (note ablation)Post explosion W cathode (note ablation)

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ULMN catalyzed LENR network starting from 56Ba130 - I

Dynamic evolution and production of neutronDynamic evolution and production of neutron--rich isotopes followed by βrich isotopes followed by β--decays decays

Applying WApplying W--L theory, we will now outline a L theory, we will now outline a hypothetical Bariumhypothetical Barium--seeded ULM neutronseeded ULM neutron--catalyzed LENR network model that has many catalyzed LENR network model that has many possible nucleosynthetic pathways through it possible nucleosynthetic pathways through it

This LENR network model will illustrate a matrix This LENR network model will illustrate a matrix of energetically permissible of energetically permissible possibilitiespossibilities that that could occur in experimental systems; in the ‘real could occur in experimental systems; in the ‘real world,’ nucleosynthetic pathways actually taken world,’ nucleosynthetic pathways actually taken through it and final stable products produced can through it and final stable products produced can vary greatly between experiments and even on vary greatly between experiments and even on micronmicron--scales across a given device surface scales across a given device surface

Hypothetical BariumHypothetical Barium--seeded LENR network is seeded LENR network is only a static qualitative picture of what only a static qualitative picture of what couldcouldhappen; a dynamic quantitative modeling happen; a dynamic quantitative modeling approach having some degree of predictive approach having some degree of predictive capability of what capability of what willwill happen requires complex, happen requires complex, spatiallyspatially--aware computerized nuclear reaction aware computerized nuclear reaction network codes with est. values for capture crossnetwork codes with est. values for capture cross--sections and halfsections and half--lives, many of which have lives, many of which have never been measured for one reason or anothernever been measured for one reason or another

ULM neutronULM neutron--catalyzed LENR networks catalyzed LENR networks occur in nuclearoccur in nuclear--active ‘patches’ that active ‘patches’ that form spontaneously on surfaces form spontaneously on surfaces

LENR networks are very dynamic: over LENR networks are very dynamic: over time they appear, run for a short while time they appear, run for a short while producing/capturing neutrons and producing/capturing neutrons and unstable/stable products, and then ‘die’ unstable/stable products, and then ‘die’

During course of a long experiment, a During course of a long experiment, a given microngiven micron--scale surface location may scale surface location may have had none, one, or many local have had none, one, or many local episodes of nucleosynthesis taking episodes of nucleosynthesis taking place on it. In case of multiple episodes, place on it. In case of multiple episodes, each in turn ‘pickseach in turn ‘picks--up’ where the up’ where the previous LENR network leftprevious LENR network left--off, with the off, with the transmutation products of the prior transmutation products of the prior networks serving as input ‘target seeds’ networks serving as input ‘target seeds’ for the next. They are born and rebornfor the next. They are born and reborn

Thus, at the end of an experiment, Thus, at the end of an experiment, depending on the size/duration of ULM depending on the size/duration of ULM neutron fluxes and specifics of local neutron fluxes and specifics of local nucleosynthetic ‘seeds,’ an LENR device nucleosynthetic ‘seeds,’ an LENR device surface may have substantial variations surface may have substantial variations in final stable products that are in final stable products that are distributed randomly across its surfacedistributed randomly across its surface

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ULMN catalyzed LENR network starting from 56Ba130 - II

NeutronNeutron--driven nucleosynthesis in LENRs akin to stars, but with differendriven nucleosynthesis in LENRs akin to stars, but with differences ces In some ways, LENR networks strongly resemble soIn some ways, LENR networks strongly resemble so--called rcalled r-- and sand s--processes thought to account processes thought to account for nucleosynthesis of elements in stars wherein large neutron ffor nucleosynthesis of elements in stars wherein large neutron fluxes also capture on ‘seed’ luxes also capture on ‘seed’ nuclei, creating a variety of neutronnuclei, creating a variety of neutron--rich isotopes that ultimately decay into stable elementsrich isotopes that ultimately decay into stable elements

In fact, neutron fluxes of condensed matter LENRs and stars appeIn fact, neutron fluxes of condensed matter LENRs and stars appear to be comparable:ar to be comparable:

ss--process process -- thought to occur in AGB stars, e.g., red giants (10thought to occur in AGB stars, e.g., red giants (1055 to 10to 101111 n/cmn/cm22/sec)/sec)

rr--process process -- thought by astrophysicists to occur in supernova explosions (~1thought by astrophysicists to occur in supernova explosions (~1002222 n/cmn/cm22/sec)/sec)

LENR electrolytic cells (implicitly measured at 10LENR electrolytic cells (implicitly measured at 1099 to 10to 101616 n/cmn/cm22/sec)/sec)

HighHigh--current pulsed, magneticcurrent pulsed, magnetic--regime dominated LENR systems such as exploding wires regime dominated LENR systems such as exploding wires and apparatus such as Protonand apparatus such as Proton--21 in Kiev, Ukraine (estimated to be ~1021 in Kiev, Ukraine (estimated to be ~101818 to 10to 102020 n/cmn/cm22/sec)/sec)

Condensed matter LENR networks differ significantly from stars iCondensed matter LENR networks differ significantly from stars in that they: n that they:

Are much more ‘onAre much more ‘on--andand--off’ than stars, which burn moreoff’ than stars, which burn more--oror--less continuously except in the less continuously except in the case of supernova explosions that are thought to take place overcase of supernova explosions that are thought to take place over 1 to 100 seconds1 to 100 seconds

Typically occur in smaller ‘natural’ spatial volumes under much Typically occur in smaller ‘natural’ spatial volumes under much ‘milder’ physical conditions‘milder’ physical conditions

Produce longProduce long--wavelength ULM neutrons that have vastly larger capture crosswavelength ULM neutrons that have vastly larger capture cross--sections sections

Suffer much less from (gamma, n) photodissociation reactions, maSuffer much less from (gamma, n) photodissociation reactions, mainly because heavy SPP inly because heavy SPP electrons absorb gammas from ~0.5 MeV to ~10.0 MeV that are prodelectrons absorb gammas from ~0.5 MeV to ~10.0 MeV that are produced in various types uced in various types of nuclear reactions, including most neutron captures and some bof nuclear reactions, including most neutron captures and some but not all, beta decays ut not all, beta decays

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Legend:Legend:ULM neutron captures proceed from ULM neutron captures proceed from left to right; Qleft to right; Q--value of capture value of capture reaction in MeV is on top of green reaction in MeV is on top of green horizontal arrow as follows:horizontal arrow as follows:

Beta decays proceed from top to Beta decays proceed from top to bottom; denoted w. blue vertical bottom; denoted w. blue vertical arrow with Qarrow with Q--value to right:value to right:

Totally stable isotopes are indicated Totally stable isotopes are indicated by green boxes; some with extremely by green boxes; some with extremely long halflong half--lives are labeled “~stable”; lives are labeled “~stable”; natural abundances denoted in %natural abundances denoted in %

Unstable isotopes are indicated by Unstable isotopes are indicated by purplish boxes; when measured, purplish boxes; when measured, halfhalf--lives are shown as “HL = xx” lives are shown as “HL = xx”

ULMN catalyzed LENR network starting from 56Ba130 - III

56Ba-137Stable 11.2%

56Ba-138Stable 71.7%

56Ba-139HL= 1.4 hrs

QQvv=2.3 MeV=2.3 MeV

57La-139Stable 99.9%

ββ--

56Ba-140HL=12.8 days


57La-140HL=1.7 days

56Ce-140Stable 88.5%

ββ--

QQvv=3.8 MeV=3.8 MeVββ--

56Ba-141HL= 18.3 min


57La-141HL=3.9 hrs

58Ce-141HL=33 days

59Pr-141Stable 100%

ββ--



56Ba-142HL= 10.6 min


57La-142HL=4.3 sec

56Ce-142Stable 11%

59Pr-142HL=4.3 sec

60Nd-142Stable 27%

ββ--



56Ba-143HL= 14.5 sec


57La-143HL=14.2 min

58Ce-143HL=1.4 days

59Pr-143HL=13.6 days

60Nd-143Stable 12.2%

ββ--




8.68.6 4.74.7 6.46.4 4.54.5 6.26.2 4.24.2 5.95.9

5.25.2 6.76.7 5.25.2 6.26.2 4.84.8

5.45.4 7.27.2 5.15.1 6.96.9

5.85.8 7.47.4 5.85.8

6.16.1 7.87.8

56Ba-130Stable 0.1%

56Ba-131HL= 11.5 days

56Ba-132Stable 0.1%

56Ba-133HL= 10.5 yrs

56Ba-134Stable 2.4%

56Ba-135Stable 6.6%

56Ba-136Stable 7.9%

7.57.5 9.89.8 7.27.2 9.59.5 7.07.0 9.19.1 6.96.9

‘‘Target’ seed nuclei on or very near surface: BaTarget’ seed nuclei on or very near surface: Ba--130, Ba130, Ba--132, Ba132, Ba--134, Ba134, Ba--135, Ba135, Ba--136, Ba136, Ba--137, and Ba137, and Ba--138138

ULM neutron capture on ‘seeds,’ neutronULM neutron capture on ‘seeds,’ neutron--rich isotope production, and βrich isotope production, and β--decays decays

7.57.5

ββ-- QQvv=2.3 MeV=2.3 MeV

Start with ULM neutron captures on ‘seed’ nucleiStart with ULM neutron captures on ‘seed’ nuclei

NoteNote: beta decays of : beta decays of 6666BaBa--131 and 131 and 6666BaBa--133 133 and subsequent nuclear reactions with their and subsequent nuclear reactions with their products are omitted from chart because of products are omitted from chart because of tiny abundances of tiny abundances of 6666BaBa--130 and 130 and 6666BaBa--132 132

Increasing values of AIncreasing values of A

Increasing values of ZIncreasing values of Z

Network continues to next slideNetwork continues to next slide

Mizuno reported Mizuno reported fragmentary observations of fragmentary observations of this LENR network; see my this LENR network; see my comments on Slide #58comments on Slide #58

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ULMN catalyzed LENR network starting from 56Ba130 - IV

56Ba-143HL= 14.5 sec


57La-143HL=14.2 min

58Ce-143HL=1.4 days

59Pr-143HL=13.6 days


ββ--




56Ba-144HL= 11.5 sec


57La-144HL=40.8 sec

58Ce-144HL=285 days

59Pr-144HL=17.3 min


ββ--




56Ba-145HL= 4.3 sec


57La-145HL=24.8 sec

58Ce-145HL=3.0 min

59Pr-145HL=6.0 hrs

60Nd-145Stable 8.3%

ββ--




56Ba-146HL= 2.2 sec


57La-146HL= 6.3 sec

58Ce-146HL= 13.5 min

59Pr-146HL= 24.2 min


ββ--




56Ba-147HL= 0.9 sec


57La-147HL=4.0 sec

58Ce-147HL=56.4 sec

59Pr-147HL=13.4 min

60Nd-147HL= 11 days

61Pm-147HL=2.6 yrs

62Sm-147~Stable 15%

ββ--






56Ba-148HL= 0.6 sec


57La-148HL=1.3 sec

58Ce-148HL=56 sec

59Pr-148HL=2.3 min

60Nd-148Stable 5.8%

ββ--




56Ba-149HL= 0.3 sec


57La-149HL=1.1 sec

58Ce-149HL=5.3 sec

59Pr-149HL=2.3 min

60Nd-149HL=1.7 hrs

61Pm-149HL=2.2 days

ββ--






56Ba-150HL= 300 msec


57La-150HL=510 msec

58Ce-150HL=4.0 sec

59Pr-150HL=6.2 sec

60Nd-150~Stable 5.6%

ββ--




61Pm-148HL=5.4 days

61Pm-150HL=2.7 hrs

62Sm-150Stable 7,4%

QQvv=2.5 MeV=2.5 MeVββ-- QQvv=3.5 MeV=3.5 MeVββ--

5.95.9

4.84.8

6.96.9

5.65.6

7.87.8

3.73.7

6.26.2

4.74.7

7.07.0

5.85.8

5.75.7 3.73.7 5.55.5 3.53.5 5.25.2

4.24.2 5.85.8 4.44.4 5.85.8 4.34.3

6.76.7 4.44.4 4.44.46.46.4 6.26.2

5.25.2

7.67.6

6.86.8

5.35.3

5.25.2

7.37.3

5.95.9

8.18.1

6.66.6

5.05.0

7.37.3

5.95.9

5.35.3

7.47.4

5.65.6

8.08.0

3.33.3

5.35.3

4.84.8

5.35.3

7.97.9

5.65.6

6.56.5

5.95.9

4.84.8

6.96.9

5.85.8

7.87.8

ββ--

ULMN capture on products, neutronULMN capture on products, neutron--rich isotope production, and βrich isotope production, and β--decays decays

NoteNote: in many cases, Q: in many cases, Q--values for ULM neutron capture values for ULM neutron capture reactions are significantly larger than Qreactions are significantly larger than Q--values for ‘competing’ values for ‘competing’ beta decay reactions. Also, neutron capture processes are beta decay reactions. Also, neutron capture processes are much, much faster than beta decays; if ULM neutron fluxes much, much faster than beta decays; if ULM neutron fluxes are high enough, neutronare high enough, neutron--rich isotopes of a given element can rich isotopes of a given element can buildbuild--up (move along same row to right on the above chart) up (move along same row to right on the above chart) much faster than beta decays can transmute them to different much faster than beta decays can transmute them to different chemical elements (move downward to other rows on chart) chemical elements (move downward to other rows on chart)

Network continues to next slideNetwork continues to next slide

62Sm-148~Stable 11.3%

62Sm-149~Stable 13.8%

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ULMN catalyzed LENR network starting from 56Ba130 - V



57La-150HL=0.5 sec

58Ce-150HL=4.4 sec

59Pr-150HL=6.2 sec

60Nd-150~Stable 5.6%

61Pm-150HL=2.7 hrs

62Sm-150Stable 7.4%

ββ--







57La-151HL=0.3 sec

58Ce-151HL=1.0 sec

59Pr-151HL=22.4 sec

60Nd-151HL=12.4 min

61Pm-151HL=28.4 hrs

62Sm-151HL=90 yrs

ββ--








57La-152HL=150 nsec

58Ce-152HL=1.4 sec

59Pr-152HL=3.2 sec

60Nd-152HL=11.4 min

61Pm-152HL=4.1 min

62Sm-152Stable 26.7%

ββ--






56Ba-153HL= 2.2 sec


57La-153HL=150 nsec

58Ce-153HL>150 nsec

59Pr-153HL= 4.3 sec

60Nd-153HL= 31.6 sec

61Pm-153HL=5.3 min

62Sm-153HL=46.3 hrs

ββ--






57La-154HL=100 msec

58Ce-154HL>150 nsec

59Pr-154HL=2.3 sec

60Nd-154HL= 25.9 sec

61Pm-154HL=1.7 min

62Sm-154Stable 22.7%






57La-155HL=60 msec

58Ce-155HL> 150 nsec

59Pr-155HL=1 sec

60Nd-155HL= 8.9 sec

61Pm-155HL=41.5 sec

62Sm-155HL=22.3 min






QQvv=76.6 keV=76.6 keVββ-- QQvv=0.8 MeV=0.8 MeVββ-- QQvv=1.6 MeV=1.6 MeVββ--

63Eu-151~Stable 47.8%

63Eu-152HL= 13.5 yrs

63Eu-153Stable 52.2%

63Eu-154HL= 8.6 yrs

63Eu-155HL= 4.8 yrs

4.94.93.33.3

5.35.3

4.84.8

6.56.5

5.35.3

7.97.9

5.65.6

3.93.9

3.13.1

4.94.9 3.53.5 4.54.5

5.75.7 4.34.3 5.45.4 3.83.8

5.15.1 5.95.9 4.64.6 5.75.7

5.35.37.37.3

5.95.9

8.38.3

6.36.3

5.95.9

7.57.5

8.68.6

6.46.4

5.95.9

8.08.0

6.46.4

4.94.9

6.66.6

5.85.8

8.28.2

6.16.1

4.24.2

5.15.1

Neutron capture on

Ba ends

5.35.3

7.27.2

6.36.3

QQvv=0.3 MeV=0.3 MeVββ--QQvv=2.0 MeV=2.0 MeVββ--QQvv=1.8 MeV=1.8 MeV28%28% ββ--

0.0 Network can continue furtherNetwork can continue furtherto even higher values of Ato even higher values of A

5.25.2

4.34.3

6.26.2

5.35.3

7.47.4

5.65.6

8.08.0

NoteNote: unlike stars, : unlike stars, photodissociation or photodissociation or photonuclear reactions by photonuclear reactions by energetic gammas from ~0.5 up energetic gammas from ~0.5 up to ~10.0 MeV that can ‘knockto ~10.0 MeV that can ‘knock--off’ off’ neutrons from neutronneutrons from neutron--rich nuclei rich nuclei (thus hampering their quickly (thus hampering their quickly reaching higher values of A) are reaching higher values of A) are not much of an issue in certain not much of an issue in certain LENR networks, thanks to LENR networks, thanks to gamma conversion by heavy gamma conversion by heavy electrons. This effect is very electrons. This effect is very important for neutronimportant for neutron--rich rich isotopes, especially those with isotopes, especially those with A>~140A>~140 of Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, of Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, and Sm, and EuEu that are present in that are present in this Bathis Ba--seeded LENR networkseeded LENR network

For details on this issue please For details on this issue please see: “see: “Photonuclear reactions for Photonuclear reactions for astrophysical applications,astrophysical applications,” B. S. ” B. S. Dolbilkin, which can be found at Dolbilkin, which can be found at http://nucl.sci.hokudai.ac.jp/~omehttp://nucl.sci.hokudai.ac.jp/~omeg07/pdf/Dobilking07/pdf/Dobilkin--084.pdf084.pdf

Neutron capture on

La ends

0.0

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Iwamura et al. experiments with 56Ba130-138 ‘target seeds’ - I

Reported results in 2004 claiming transmutation of Ba to Reported results in 2004 claiming transmutation of Ba to 6262SmSm149149 and and 6262SmSm150150

Used experimental setUsed experimental set--up very similar to what was utilized up very similar to what was utilized in the work reported in 2002 in the work reported in 2002 JJAPJJAP paper (see Slide #44) paper (see Slide #44)

Natural abundance Ba as well as BaNatural abundance Ba as well as Ba--137 enriched ‘targets’ 137 enriched ‘targets’ were electrochemically deposited on the surfaces of thinwere electrochemically deposited on the surfaces of thin--film “Pdfilm “Pd--complex” device heterostructures complex” device heterostructures

Ba ‘targets’ subjected to a DBa ‘targets’ subjected to a D++ ion flux for 2 weeks; flux ion flux for 2 weeks; flux created by forcing Dcreated by forcing D22 gas to permeate/diffuse through the gas to permeate/diffuse through the thinthin--film structure via a pressure gradient imposed between film structure via a pressure gradient imposed between the target side and a mild vacuum on the otherthe target side and a mild vacuum on the other

Central results of their LENR experiments were the Central results of their LENR experiments were the observations of Ba isotopes being transmuted to Samarium observations of Ba isotopes being transmuted to Samarium isotopes isotopes 6262SmSm149149 and and 6262SmSm150 150 over a period of two weeks over a period of two weeks (see documents cited to the right for experimental details)(see documents cited to the right for experimental details)

XPS and SIMS were used to detect elements and isotopesXPS and SIMS were used to detect elements and isotopes

Among other things, they concluded that, “ Among other things, they concluded that, “ … a very thin … a very thin surface region up to 100 angstrom seemed to be active surface region up to 100 angstrom seemed to be active transmutation zonetransmutation zone,” which is consistent with W,” which is consistent with W--L theory L theory

SeeSee: Iwamura et al., Advanced : Iwamura et al., Advanced Technology Research Center, Technology Research Center, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, “Observation of nuclear “Observation of nuclear transmutation reactions induced transmutation reactions induced by Dby D22 gas permeation through Pd gas permeation through Pd complexes,” complexes,” Condensed Matter Condensed Matter Nuclear Science Nuclear Science –– Proceedings of Proceedings of the 11the 11thth International Conference International Conference on Cold Fusionon Cold Fusion, J, J--P. Biberian, ed., P. Biberian, ed., World Scientific 2006 ISBN 981World Scientific 2006 ISBN 981--256256--640640--66

This paper is also available online This paper is also available online in the form of their original in the form of their original conference PowerPoint slides at: conference PowerPoint slides at: http://www.lenrhttp://www.lenr--canr.org/acrobat/IwamuraYobservcanr.org/acrobat/IwamuraYobservatioc.pdfatioc.pdf

and online as Proceedings paper and online as Proceedings paper published by World Scientific at: published by World Scientific at: http://www.lenrhttp://www.lenr--canr.org/acrobat/IwamuraYobservcanr.org/acrobat/IwamuraYobservatiob.pdfatiob.pdf

http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/IwamuraYobservatioc.pdf



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Iwamura et al. experiments with 56Ba130-138 ‘target seeds’ - II

Central results/conclusions of Iwamura et al. Central results/conclusions of Iwamura et al. consistent with ULM neutron captures per Wconsistent with ULM neutron captures per W--L L theory and related Batheory and related Ba--seed LENR network model; it seed LENR network model; it is both feasible and energetically favorable for Ba is both feasible and energetically favorable for Ba isotopes to be transmuted to isotopes to be transmuted to 6262SmSm149149 and and 6262SmSm150 150

over two weeks by a flux of Dover two weeks by a flux of D++ ions produced by an ions produced by an externally imposed pressure gradientexternally imposed pressure gradient

XPS postXPS post--experiment spectral scan of device experiment spectral scan of device surface with ‘natural’ Ba targets (see Figure 4 from surface with ‘natural’ Ba targets (see Figure 4 from their paper to right) shows presence of Pd, Ba, Sm, their paper to right) shows presence of Pd, Ba, Sm, and C, and C, but no other metallic elementsbut no other metallic elements. Based on . Based on LENR network model, since La, Ce, Pr, Nd, and Pm LENR network model, since La, Ce, Pr, Nd, and Pm were were notnot detected/reported, their data suggests detected/reported, their data suggests that ULM neutron captures on Ba isotopes reached that ULM neutron captures on Ba isotopes reached at least as far as Baat least as far as Ba--147 before beta decays began 147 before beta decays began

Hard to imagine nuclear process besides ULMNs Hard to imagine nuclear process besides ULMNs and production of neutronand production of neutron--rich Ba isotopes that rich Ba isotopes that can explain stable product ‘gap’ from Ba to Sm and can explain stable product ‘gap’ from Ba to Sm and lack of Pm; all Pm isotopes have lack of Pm; all Pm isotopes have hugehuge capture capture cc--ss

EuEu was was notnot detected/reported; based on network detected/reported; based on network model, their published data would suggest that Bamodel, their published data would suggest that Ba--153 was probably 153 was probably notnot produced in significant produced in significant quantities during Iwamura et al.’s experimentsquantities during Iwamura et al.’s experiments

Discussion of Mitsubishi’s published results in light of LENR neDiscussion of Mitsubishi’s published results in light of LENR network modeltwork model

PostPost--experiment XPS spectral scan of surface w. ‘natural’ Ba seed ‘taexperiment XPS spectral scan of surface w. ‘natural’ Ba seed ‘target’rget’NoteNote: Iwamura et al. could not get clear spectrum w. Ba: Iwamura et al. could not get clear spectrum w. Ba--137 enriched seed137 enriched seed

Initially, there would be very roughly 8 x 10Initially, there would be very roughly 8 x 101414 atoms/cmatoms/cm22 on the on the ‘target’ surface of Iwamura et al’s. experimental device. Thus, ‘target’ surface of Iwamura et al’s. experimental device. Thus, there could be ~5.6 x 10there could be ~5.6 x 1099 atoms potentially involved in a atoms potentially involved in a hypothetical LENR nuclearhypothetical LENR nuclear--active surface ‘patch’ that was 30 active surface ‘patch’ that was 30 microns in diameter. Now the shortest halfmicrons in diameter. Now the shortest half--life of any Ba life of any Ba isotope is about 0.1 seconds (see model: it is Baisotope is about 0.1 seconds (see model: it is Ba--152 @ 100 152 @ 100 msec). This means that an ULM neutron flux of about 10 msec). This means that an ULM neutron flux of about 10 ULMNs/atom/sec would be just sufficient to allow the model ULMNs/atom/sec would be just sufficient to allow the model LENR network to produce BaLENR network to produce Ba--153, after which neutron capture 153, after which neutron capture is energetically unfavorable. Within the reference frame of a 30is energetically unfavorable. Within the reference frame of a 30micron nuclearmicron nuclear--active patch, this would imply an effective active patch, this would imply an effective ULM neutron flux of ~5.6 x 10ULM neutron flux of ~5.6 x 1010 10 /sec, which seems reasonable /sec, which seems reasonable

XPS spectra Figure 4 from Iwamura et al. paper cited on Slide #6XPS spectra Figure 4 from Iwamura et al. paper cited on Slide #65 5

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Iwamura et al. experiments with 56Ba130-138 ‘target seeds’ - III

Mitsubishi’s results consistent with WMitsubishi’s results consistent with W--L theory and related LENR network modelL theory and related LENR network model

SIMS spectra in Figure 6 from Iwamura et al. paper cited on SlidSIMS spectra in Figure 6 from Iwamura et al. paper cited on Slide #65 e #65

SIMS spectra in Figure 5 from Iwamura et al. paper cited on SlidSIMS spectra in Figure 5 from Iwamura et al. paper cited on Slide #65 e #65 In their paper, they comment, “In their paper, they comment, “The The 138138Ba for Ba for unused and used samples does not match. We unused and used samples does not match. We assume this is because the Ba deposition is not assume this is because the Ba deposition is not uniformuniform.” While this prosaic explanation is very .” While this prosaic explanation is very reasonable, their data is also consistent with ULM reasonable, their data is also consistent with ULM neutron captures on lowerneutron captures on lower--mass Ba isotopes, mass Ba isotopes, which would tend to increase which would tend to increase 138138Ba counts, exactly Ba counts, exactly as observed in their experiments as observed in their experiments

Some SIMS peaks attributed to BaO could well be Some SIMS peaks attributed to BaO could well be Sm isotopes besides Sm isotopes besides 149149--150150Sm. For example, see Sm. For example, see their Fig. 6 (a) and (b) where an entirely new peak their Fig. 6 (a) and (b) where an entirely new peak appears at A=152 (red color in Fig.); this could appears at A=152 (red color in Fig.); this could potentially be Smpotentially be Sm--152, which is a stable isotope152, which is a stable isotope

While they could well be BaO, significant postWhile they could well be BaO, significant post--experiment increases in SIMS peak counts for A = experiment increases in SIMS peak counts for A = 150 (Fig.6b), 153 (Fig.6b) and 155 (Fig. 6b) are also 150 (Fig.6b), 153 (Fig.6b) and 155 (Fig. 6b) are also consistent with production of consistent with production of 150150Sm, Sm, 153153Sm, and Sm, and 155155Sm respectively, according to LENR network Sm respectively, according to LENR network model. In Fig. 5 (b), model. In Fig. 5 (b), 149149Sm is absent; however, Sm is absent; however, significant postsignificant post--experiment increases occur in the experiment increases occur in the SIMS peak counts for A = 150, 151, 152, 153, and SIMS peak counts for A = 150, 151, 152, 153, and 154 that could be Sm isotopes. 154 that could be Sm isotopes. NoteNote: such isotopic : such isotopic variations between experiments would in fact be variations between experiments would in fact be expectedexpected w. dynamic, evolving LENR networks w. dynamic, evolving LENR networks

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Experimental evidence for W-L theory on small length scales


.

.

According to WAccording to W--L theory, LENRs can L theory, LENRs can produce huge amounts of clean produce huge amounts of clean nuclear heat in tiny ‘hot spots’ (that nuclear heat in tiny ‘hot spots’ (that correspond to nanometer up to correspond to nanometer up to micronmicron--scale, collectively oscillating scale, collectively oscillating patches of protons, deuterons, or patches of protons, deuterons, or tritons) located on the surfaces of tritons) located on the surfaces of loaded metallic hydride substratesloaded metallic hydride substrates

WW--L have calculated the ‘noise L have calculated the ‘noise temperature’ for LENR ‘hot spots’ to temperature’ for LENR ‘hot spots’ to be ~4,000be ~4,000oo to 6,000to 6,000oo K, comparable K, comparable to temperature on the surface of the to temperature on the surface of the sun and above the boiling point of sun and above the boiling point of any known metal. This theoretical any known metal. This theoretical result is also consistent with many result is also consistent with many experimental observationsexperimental observations

See: See: ““Theoretical Standard Model Rates of Theoretical Standard Model Rates of Proton to Neutron Conversions Near Metallic Proton to Neutron Conversions Near Metallic Hydride SurfacesHydride Surfaces”” arXiv:nuclarXiv:nucl--th/0608059v2 th/0608059v2 (Sep 2007) Widom and Larsen(Sep 2007) Widom and Larsen

There is direct experimental evidence for the There is direct experimental evidence for the existence of such hot spots in beforeexistence of such hot spots in before--andand--after scanning electron microscope (SEM) after scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the surfaces of experimental LENR images of the surfaces of experimental LENR devices, many of which also exhibit surface devices, many of which also exhibit surface transmutations. In posttransmutations. In post--experiment SEM experiment SEM images, a host of new, weird looking micronimages, a host of new, weird looking micron--scale structures are observed scattered scale structures are observed scattered randomly across metallic surfaces. Various randomly across metallic surfaces. Various researchers have described these unusual researchers have described these unusual surface structural features as resembling surface structural features as resembling “craters”, “volcanoes”, melted and cooled “craters”, “volcanoes”, melted and cooled “puddles,” “gas holes”, “ejecta from craters”, “puddles,” “gas holes”, “ejecta from craters”, “cauliflowers”, etc. Based on their “cauliflowers”, etc. Based on their morphology, some features appear to result morphology, some features appear to result from explosive ‘flash’ melting or boiling of the from explosive ‘flash’ melting or boiling of the surface in small sites at many locations surface in small sites at many locations

US Navy SPAWAR imaged an operating US Navy SPAWAR imaged an operating cathode with a high speed infrared camera: cathode with a high speed infrared camera: tiny surface hot spots looked like fireflies tiny surface hot spots looked like fireflies ‘blinking’ on and off in a field at night‘blinking’ on and off in a field at night

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Transmutation products correlated with surface structures

Please see Zhang and Dash paper for detailsPlease see Zhang and Dash paper for detailsWith Palladium (Pd) as a 'target element' present on With Palladium (Pd) as a 'target element' present on Pd cathode surface, Silver (Ag) is experimentally Pd cathode surface, Silver (Ag) is experimentally observed; likely to be direct product of ULM neutron observed; likely to be direct product of ULM neutron captures on Pd with beta decays to Ag isotopescaptures on Pd with beta decays to Ag isotopesIn a SEM image from their paper (copied below) they In a SEM image from their paper (copied below) they directly correlate LENR transmutation products with directly correlate LENR transmutation products with specific sites on postspecific sites on post--experiment surface structures:experiment surface structures:

See: W. Zhang and J. Dash, “Excess heat See: W. Zhang and J. Dash, “Excess heat reproducibility and evidence of anomalous reproducibility and evidence of anomalous elements after electrolysis in Pd/Delements after electrolysis in Pd/D22O + HO + H22SOSO44electrolytic cells” in The 13th International electrolytic cells” in The 13th International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, Science, SochiSochi, Russia 2007, Russia 2007

Free copy of paper available at: Free copy of paper available at: http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ZhangWSexcessheat.pdf

NoteNote: Their observations of Nickel (Ni) on the Pd : Their observations of Nickel (Ni) on the Pd cathode surfaces, if correct, may have resulted cathode surfaces, if correct, may have resulted from LENR ULM neutron captures on Iron (Fe) that from LENR ULM neutron captures on Iron (Fe) that somehow 'leachedsomehow 'leached--out’ of the walls of the Pyrex out’ of the walls of the Pyrex glass vessel comprising the cell containing the glass vessel comprising the cell containing the electrolyte. It is well known that metallic elements electrolyte. It is well known that metallic elements that are compositionally present in Pyrex can that are compositionally present in Pyrex can leach from glass during extended exposure to hot leach from glass during extended exposure to hot electrolytes under such experimental conditions. electrolytes under such experimental conditions. Fe is known to be a minor constituent in many Fe is known to be a minor constituent in many types of Pyrex, e.g., Corning #7740 Fetypes of Pyrex, e.g., Corning #7740 Fe22OO33 = 0.04%. = 0.04%. Such embedded Fe could potentially leach out of Such embedded Fe could potentially leach out of the walls of a Pyrex electrolytic cell into the the walls of a Pyrex electrolytic cell into the electrolyte and migrate to the cathode surface, electrolyte and migrate to the cathode surface, where it could provide yet another local 'target where it could provide yet another local 'target element' able to absorb LENR ULM neutrons and element' able to absorb LENR ULM neutrons and be transmuted be transmuted Fig. 8 on p. 14: “Fig. 8 on p. 14: “most common finding is that Ag occurs in cratersmost common finding is that Ag occurs in craters””

Nuclear products associated with intense localized heat productiNuclear products associated with intense localized heat production on

http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ZhangWSexcessheat.pdf

http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ZhangWSexcessheat.pdf

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Can’t boil tea, but LENRs can boil metals on a nanoscale


While LENR devices cannot “boil a cup of tea” yet, While LENR devices cannot “boil a cup of tea” yet, CirilloCirillo and and IorioIorio have reported results wherein posthave reported results wherein post--experiment SEM images show unusual surface experiment SEM images show unusual surface structures that appear to have resulted from flash structures that appear to have resulted from flash boiling of Tungsten cathodes (MP = 3,410 C; BP = boiling of Tungsten cathodes (MP = 3,410 C; BP = 5,666 C) in roughly circular 50 5,666 C) in roughly circular 50 –– 100 micron patches100 micron patches

With W’s high boiling point, it is unlikely that such With W’s high boiling point, it is unlikely that such features were produced by oxidative chemical features were produced by oxidative chemical processes, since the hottest known chemical ‘flames’ processes, since the hottest known chemical ‘flames’ are cyanogenare cyanogen--oxygen under pressure at 4,367oxygen under pressure at 4,367OO C; C; carbon subnitride burning in pure Ocarbon subnitride burning in pure O22 at 4,987at 4,987OO CC

One might argue that such heating was caused by One might argue that such heating was caused by local electrical discharges (prosaic arcing). Perhaps, local electrical discharges (prosaic arcing). Perhaps, but micronbut micron--scale arcing events result in somewhat scale arcing events result in somewhat different surface morphologies (see next slide). More different surface morphologies (see next slide). More importantly, in the same experiments Rhenium (Re), importantly, in the same experiments Rhenium (Re), Osmium (Os), and Gold (Au) were observed as nuclear Osmium (Os), and Gold (Au) were observed as nuclear transmutation products on the cathode surfacetransmutation products on the cathode surface

According to WAccording to W--L theory, ULM neutron production and L theory, ULM neutron production and successive ULM neutron captures interspersed with successive ULM neutron captures interspersed with beta decays would be expected to produce W beta decays would be expected to produce W --> Re > Re --> > Os Os --> Au, which are in fact observed> Au, which are in fact observed

See: D. See: D. CirilloCirillo and V. and V. IorioIorio, “Transmutation of metal , “Transmutation of metal at low energy in a confined plasma in water" on pp. at low energy in a confined plasma in water" on pp. 492492--504 in “Condensed Matter Nuclear Science 504 in “Condensed Matter Nuclear Science ––Proceedings of the 11th International Conference Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Cold Fusion,” Jon Cold Fusion,” J--P. Biberian, ed., World P. Biberian, ed., World Scientific 2006 Scientific 2006

Free copy of paper available at: Free copy of paper available at: http://www.lenrhttp://www.lenr--canr.org/acrobat/CirilloDtransmutat.pdfcanr.org/acrobat/CirilloDtransmutat.pdf

NoteNote: unbeknownst to the experimenters, they may : unbeknownst to the experimenters, they may have had either Barium (Ba) have had either Barium (Ba) titanatetitanate and/or and/or Dysprosium (Dysprosium (DyDy) as component(s) in the ) as component(s) in the composition of the dielectric ceramic sleeve that composition of the dielectric ceramic sleeve that was partially covering the cathode immersed in the was partially covering the cathode immersed in the electrolyte; Ba and/or electrolyte; Ba and/or DyDy are often present in such are often present in such ceramics. Under the stated experimental ceramics. Under the stated experimental conditions, Ba and conditions, Ba and DyDy could easily 'leachcould easily 'leach--out' from out' from the surface of the ceramic into the electrolyte, the surface of the ceramic into the electrolyte, creating yet another 'target' element that could creating yet another 'target' element that could migrate onto the surface of their Tungsten cathode. migrate onto the surface of their Tungsten cathode. Since none of the potential intermediate Since none of the potential intermediate transmutation products such as Nd (Neodymium), transmutation products such as Nd (Neodymium), Sm (Samarium), and Sm (Samarium), and GdGd (Gadolinium) were (Gadolinium) were observed/reported, it is possible that there may observed/reported, it is possible that there may have been LENR ULM neutron captures starting have been LENR ULM neutron captures starting with with DyDy --> Er (Erbium) > Er (Erbium) --> Tm (Thulium) > Tm (Thulium) -->>YbYb(Ytterbium) which are transmutation products that (Ytterbium) which are transmutation products that were in fact observed in their experimentswere in fact observed in their experiments

http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CirilloDtransmutat.pdf

http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CirilloDtransmutat.pdf

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Micro-arcing events produce slightly different morphologies

Artist’s rendering – black hole magnetic fields

N. Jeanvoine and F. Muecklich, N. Jeanvoine and F. Muecklich, ““FEM FEM Simulation of the temperatureSimulation of the temperaturedistribution and power density atdistribution and power density atplatinum cathode craters caused by platinum cathode craters caused by high voltage ignition dischargeshigh voltage ignition discharges”” J. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42 035203 2009Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42 035203 2009

N. Jeanvoine et al., N. Jeanvoine et al., ““Microstructure characterisation Microstructure characterisation of electrical discharge craters of electrical discharge craters using FIB/SEM dual beam using FIB/SEM dual beam techniquestechniques”” Adv. Eng. Materials Adv. Eng. Materials 10 pp. 97310 pp. 973--977 2008977 2008

N. Jeanvoine et al, N. Jeanvoine et al, ““Investigation of the arc and glow phase Investigation of the arc and glow phase fractions of ignition discharges in air and nitrogen for Ag, fractions of ignition discharges in air and nitrogen for Ag, Pt, Cu and Ni electrodesPt, Cu and Ni electrodes”” 28th ICPIG, Prague, Czech 28th ICPIG, Prague, Czech Republic, July 15Republic, July 15--20, 200720, 2007

Jeanvoine et al. provide support for the Jeanvoine et al. provide support for the idea that the unusual structural features idea that the unusual structural features observed on LENR device surfaces are observed on LENR device surfaces are most likely the result of intense local most likely the result of intense local heating of the surface in micronheating of the surface in micron--scale scale regions over very short time periodsregions over very short time periods

Morphological features of micronMorphological features of micron--scale ‘beam’ discharges differ from LENRs scale ‘beam’ discharges differ from LENRs While electron/ion While electron/ion ‘‘beamsbeams’’ and LENRs both heat and melt and LENRs both heat and melt ‘‘spotsspots’’ on metal surfaces, morphologies differ. on metal surfaces, morphologies differ. Jeanvoine et al.Jeanvoine et al.’’s (2009) s (2009) detailed simulation for creation of such structures used an: iondetailed simulation for creation of such structures used an: ion beam with mean energy 26beam with mean energy 26--29 eV; surface E29 eV; surface E--field strength of 1field strength of 1--5 x 105 x 1099

V/m; power densities of 10V/m; power densities of 101010 –– 10101212 W/mW/m22 over durations of 0.1 over durations of 0.1 –– 10 10 μμsec, found that spot temperatures sec, found that spot temperatures ‘‘saturatedsaturated’’ at 5,000 at 5,000 –– 5,5005,500oo K K

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SEM images of LENR post-experiment surface features


Readers encouraged to examine reported SEM images of LENR surfacReaders encouraged to examine reported SEM images of LENR surface featurese features

To find more images, please go to the free website: To find more images, please go to the free website: www.lenrwww.lenr--canr.orgcanr.orgas noted before, several hundred downloadable papers are availabas noted before, several hundred downloadable papers are available thereonle thereon

Here are additional examples of SEM images from various LENR resHere are additional examples of SEM images from various LENR researchers:earchers:

Pd surface: image source is Energetics Pd surface: image source is Energetics Technologies, Omer, IsraelTechnologies, Omer, Israel

Pd surface: image source is US Navy SPAWAR Pd surface: image source is US Navy SPAWAR (San Diego, CA)(San Diego, CA)

W surface: image source is D. W surface: image source is D. CirilloCirillo and V. and V. IorioIorio, , LaboratorioLaboratorio M. M. RutaRuta, 81100, , 81100, CasertaCaserta, Italy, Italy

View the evidence and form your own conclusions about such strucView the evidence and form your own conclusions about such structures tures

http://www.lenr-canr.org/

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Lattice’s road to commercializationLattice’s road to commercialization

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W-L theory helps enable more productive R&D on LENRs


Since 1989, most “cold fusion” researchers have focused primarilSince 1989, most “cold fusion” researchers have focused primarily on y on the ‘holy grail’ goal of creating macroscopicthe ‘holy grail’ goal of creating macroscopic LENR devices that can LENR devices that can produce substantial fluxes of calorimetrically measured excess hproduce substantial fluxes of calorimetrically measured excess heateatAbsent a usable theory of LENRs and a detailed understanding of Absent a usable theory of LENRs and a detailed understanding of nanoscale device physics, achieving ‘success’ with such an appronanoscale device physics, achieving ‘success’ with such an approach ach is at best a random, hitis at best a random, hit--oror--miss proposition. It is a bit like trying to miss proposition. It is a bit like trying to fabricate modern microprocessor chips with subfabricate modern microprocessor chips with sub--micron feature sizes micron feature sizes on silicon dies using machinists’ Ton silicon dies using machinists’ T--squares, rulers and scribes rather squares, rulers and scribes rather than utilizing advanced lithography and CMOS process technologiethan utilizing advanced lithography and CMOS process technologiessEven when substantial macroscopic excess heat is achieved in a 1Even when substantial macroscopic excess heat is achieved in a 1 cmcm22

device, heat as the sole metric of successdevice, heat as the sole metric of success provides little or no insight provides little or no insight into underlying mechanisms of heat production or what one might into underlying mechanisms of heat production or what one might do to do to improve the quantity and duration of heat output in future devicimprove the quantity and duration of heat output in future devicesesFor example, exhaustive detection/identification of all nuclear For example, exhaustive detection/identification of all nuclear reaction reaction products to whatever extent possible is crucial technical informproducts to whatever extent possible is crucial technical information ation Unguided, random Edisonian exploration of LENRs’ vast physics anUnguided, random Edisonian exploration of LENRs’ vast physics and d materials parameter space is very likely responsible for the lacmaterials parameter space is very likely responsible for the lack of k of readily reproducible experimental results and limited R&D progrereadily reproducible experimental results and limited R&D progress and ss and that have characterized the field of LENRs for the past 20 yearsthat have characterized the field of LENRs for the past 20 years

Lattice Energy LLC


Lattice’s unique approach to LENR R&D is nanocentric


At the present stage of LENR technology (TRLAt the present stage of LENR technology (TRL--2), trying to fabricate cm2), trying to fabricate cm--scale and scale and larger devices that can reliably and controllably produce macroslarger devices that can reliably and controllably produce macroscopically large copically large fluxes of excess heat, i.e., “boil a cup of tea,” is putting thefluxes of excess heat, i.e., “boil a cup of tea,” is putting the cart before the horse cart before the horse

Unlike its competitors, Lattice plans to use its unique proprietUnlike its competitors, Lattice plans to use its unique proprietary knowledge of LENR ary knowledge of LENR devices and key operating parameters (e.g., achieving and maintadevices and key operating parameters (e.g., achieving and maintaining very high ining very high local surface electric fields) to first get key LENR effects local surface electric fields) to first get key LENR effects ------ such as excess heat, such as excess heat, transmutations transmutations ------ working well microscopically; that is, to be able to cause themworking well microscopically; that is, to be able to cause them to to occur reproducibly on specific nanoparticulate structures with doccur reproducibly on specific nanoparticulate structures with dimensions ranging imensions ranging from nanometers to microns that are fabricated using existing, ofrom nanometers to microns that are fabricated using existing, offff--thethe--shelf shelf nanotechnology techniques/methods and deliberately emplaced, alonanotechnology techniques/methods and deliberately emplaced, along with suitable ng with suitable ‘target fuel’ nuclei (e.g., Lithium) in close proximity, at spec‘target fuel’ nuclei (e.g., Lithium) in close proximity, at specific types of sites located ific types of sites located on loaded metallic hydride surfaceson loaded metallic hydride surfaces

Once this technical goal has been successfully achieved, scalingOnce this technical goal has been successfully achieved, scaling--up total deviceup total device--level heat outputs could then be achieved simply by increasing tlevel heat outputs could then be achieved simply by increasing the total number of he total number of nuclearnuclear--active LENR ‘hot spot’ sites per cmactive LENR ‘hot spot’ sites per cm2 2 of effective working surface areaof effective working surface area

Lattice’s nanocentric approach to R&D is unique in that it is hiLattice’s nanocentric approach to R&D is unique in that it is highly interdisciplinary, ghly interdisciplinary, being guided by various aspects of the Wbeing guided by various aspects of the W--L theory and applying relevant knowledge L theory and applying relevant knowledge derived from advanced materials science, plasmonics, and nanotecderived from advanced materials science, plasmonics, and nanotechnology hnology

Lattice Energy LLC


Straightforward scale-up of LENR system power outputs


LENRs can presently boil metals in relatively limited numbersLENRs can presently boil metals in relatively limited numbers of localized 'hot of localized 'hot spots' on laboratory device surfaces. That being the case, it isspots' on laboratory device surfaces. That being the case, it is not a huge stretch to not a huge stretch to imagine that, given further device engineering and substantial Rimagine that, given further device engineering and substantial R&D programs, it &D programs, it should eventually be possible for Lattice to design and manufactshould eventually be possible for Lattice to design and manufactureure optimized, optimized, highhigh--performance heat sources that can reliably and controllably prodperformance heat sources that can reliably and controllably produce largeuce largefluxes of devicefluxes of device--level macroscopic excess heat that is scaledlevel macroscopic excess heat that is scaled--up by fabricating up by fabricating larger arealarger area--densitiesdensities of LENR 'hot spots' on commercial device surfacesof LENR 'hot spots' on commercial device surfaces

In LENRIn LENR--based power generation systems, nuclear reactions would be used based power generation systems, nuclear reactions would be used to to produce environmentally clean heat which could then be convertedproduce environmentally clean heat which could then be converted into usable into usable power by separate, integrated energy conversion subsystemspower by separate, integrated energy conversion subsystems

A variety of offA variety of off--thethe--shelf energy conversion subsystems could be integrated with shelf energy conversion subsystems could be integrated with LENRLENR--based heat sources to meet applicationbased heat sources to meet application--specific requirements for total specific requirements for total system power output and dutysystem power output and duty--cycle duration. They involve various types of heatcycle duration. They involve various types of heat--toto--electricity conversion, heatelectricity conversion, heat--toto--shaftshaft--rotation, heating of working fluids, etc.rotation, heating of working fluids, etc.

Available energy conversion subsystems that could potentially beAvailable energy conversion subsystems that could potentially be used with used with commercial LENR heat sources include: thermoelectrics or thermiocommercial LENR heat sources include: thermoelectrics or thermionics; Stirling nics; Stirling engines; steam engines; steam turbines; microturbines; boilers aengines; steam engines; steam turbines; microturbines; boilers and various types nd various types of steam plants. Other more speculative possibilities involve neof steam plants. Other more speculative possibilities involve new types of direct w types of direct energy conversion technologies still under development, e.g., IRenergy conversion technologies still under development, e.g., IR rectenna systems rectenna systems

Lattice Energy LLC


Lattice Energy LLC’s road ahead


Lattice’s unique understanding of LENRs should enable the Lattice’s unique understanding of LENRs should enable the development of safe, revolutionarydevelopment of safe, revolutionary nuclear power sources, nuclear power sources, initially for use in distributed power generation applications, initially for use in distributed power generation applications, including small batteryincluding small battery--like devices for portable electronicslike devices for portable electronics

Lattice’s proprietary breakthroughs could enable a radically Lattice’s proprietary breakthroughs could enable a radically different, better nuclear power generation technology based different, better nuclear power generation technology based mainly on environmentally friendly weak interactions, not on mainly on environmentally friendly weak interactions, not on strong interaction fusion or heavy element fission processesstrong interaction fusion or heavy element fission processes

LENRLENR--based power sources could potentially have substantial based power sources could potentially have substantial competitive advantages in energy density, longevity, and competitive advantages in energy density, longevity, and cost/kWh over systemcost/kWh over system duty cyclesduty cycles compared to chemicallycompared to chemically--based batteries, fuel cells, and fossil fuel microgeneratorsbased batteries, fuel cells, and fossil fuel microgenerators

The company’s long term business goal is to commercialize The company’s long term business goal is to commercialize LENRLENR--based integrated power generation systems for a broad based integrated power generation systems for a broad range of important, highrange of important, high--unitunit--volume market applications:volume market applications:

Lattice Energy LLC


The future of LENR technology


““No single solution will defuse more of the EnergyNo single solution will defuse more of the Energy--Climate Era’s Climate Era’s problems at once than the invention of a source of single solutiproblems at once than the invention of a source of single solution on abundant, clean, reliable, and cheap electrons. Give me abundantabundant, clean, reliable, and cheap electrons. Give me abundant clean, clean, reliable, and cheap electrons, and I will give you a world that reliable, and cheap electrons, and I will give you a world that can can continue to grow without triggering unmanageable climate change.continue to grow without triggering unmanageable climate change. Give Give me abundant clean, reliable, and cheap electrons, and I will givme abundant clean, reliable, and cheap electrons, and I will give you e you water in the desert from a deep generatorwater in the desert from a deep generator--powered well. Give me powered well. Give me abundant clean, reliable, and cheap electrons, and I will put evabundant clean, reliable, and cheap electrons, and I will put every ery petrodictator out of business. Give me abundant clean, reliable,petrodictator out of business. Give me abundant clean, reliable, and and cheap electrons, and I will end deforestation from communities cheap electrons, and I will end deforestation from communities desperate for fuel and I will eliminate any reason to drill in Mdesperate for fuel and I will eliminate any reason to drill in Mother other Nature’s environmental cathedrals. Give me abundant clean, reliaNature’s environmental cathedrals. Give me abundant clean, reliable, ble, and cheap electrons, and I will enable millions of the earth’s pand cheap electrons, and I will enable millions of the earth’s poor to get oor to get connected, to refrigerate their medicines, to educate their womeconnected, to refrigerate their medicines, to educate their women, and to n, and to light up their nights.”light up their nights.”

Thomas Friedman in “Hot, Flat, and CrThomas Friedman in “Hot, Flat, and Crowded” 2008owded” 2008

Lattice Energy LLC-Technical Overview-June 25 2009

Technology

Transcript of Lattice Energy LLC-Technical Overview-June 25 2009