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Transcript of Lattice Energy LLC-Addendum to May 19 2012 Technical Overview-1927 Caltech Experiments-May 26 2012
Lattice Energy LLC
Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements
Low Energy Neutron Reactions (LENRs)
Addendum to May 19, 2012 Technical Overview
regarding a WLT Tungsten
74W180-seed LENR neutron-catalyzed
transmutation network: Pb → Hg ; Bi → Tl http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-lenr-transmutation-networks-can-produce-goldmay-19-2012
Lewis Larsen
President and CEO
Lattice Energy LLC
May 26, 2012
Unstable 82Pb210
Half-life = ~22.2 years
Alpha decay
Unstable 83Bi210
Half-life = ~5 days
Unstable 80Hg206
Half-life = ~8.2 minutes
Unstable 81Tl206
Half-life = ~4.2 minutes
Alpha decay
Lead
Mercury
Bismuth
Thallium
In above LENR network, unstable isotopes of Lead and Bismuth will spontaneously transmute
into unstable isotopes of Mercury and Thallium, respectively, which could be detected
Apparently observed by L. Thomassen in experimental work for his PhD at Caltech in 1927
May 26, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved
Transmutations
Lattice Energy LLC
Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements
Low Energy Neutron Reactions (LENRs)
Addendum to May 19, 2012 Technical Overview http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-lenr-transmutation-networks-can-produce-goldmay-19-2012
Unstable 81Tl206
Half-life = ~4.2 minutes
In hypothetical LEN R network, unstable isotopes of Lead and Bismuth will spontaneously
transmute into unstable isotopes of Mercury and Thallium, respectively, which could be detected
Apparently observed by L. Thomassen in experimental work for his PhD at Caltech in 1927
Documents:
“Low Energy Neutron Reactions (LENRs): in theory, neutron-catalyzed
LENR transmutations can produce Gold; already observed
experimentally; may also occur naturally in the earth --- Might process
be scalable and economic; if so, what are long-term implications for
Gold price?”
Lewis Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC [66 PowerPoint slides – not peer-
reviewed]
May 19, 2012 --- published on SlideShare.net
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-lenr-transmutation-
networks-can-produce-goldmay-19-2012
“The Transmutation of Elements”
Lars Thomassen
PhD Thesis, Caltech
August 1927 [totals 21 pages – copy is included within this document]
http://thesis.library.caltech.edu/843/1/Thomassen_l_1927.pdf
Somewhat shorter version of Thomassen’s PhD thesis was eventually
published as a peer-reviewed journal paper:
“Transmutation of Elements”
L. Thomassen [acknowledged input from R. Millikan, Nobel Prize 1923]
Physical Review 33 pp. 229 – 238 (1929)
http://authors.library.caltech.edu/2524/1/THOpr29.pdf
May 26, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved
Lattice Energy LLC
Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements
Low Energy Neutron Reactions (LENRs)
Addendum to May 19, 2012 Technical Overview http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-lenr-transmutation-networks-can-produce-goldmay-19-2012
Unstable 81Tl206
Half-life = ~4.2 minutes
May 26, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved
Documents:
“Discovery of the thallium, lead, bismuth, and polonium isotopes”
C. Fry and M. Thoennessen
Cornell physics preprint archive
January 21, 2012 [totals 50 pages]
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1201.4474v1.pdf
Source of Figure is above-cited preprint
Fig. 3: Lead isotopes as a function of time when they were discovered. The different production methods are indicated.
Lattice Energy LLC
Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements
Low Energy Neutron Reactions (LENRs)
Addendum to May 19, 2012 Technical Overview http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-lenr-transmutation-networks-can-produce-goldmay-19-2012
In hypothetical LEN R network, unstable isotopes of Lead and Bismuth will spontaneously
transmute into unstable isotopes of Mercury and Thallium, respectively, which could be detected
Apparently observed by L. Thomassen in experimental work for his PhD at Caltech in 1927
Brief comments on Thomassen’s ca. 1927 experiments:
Please note, existence of the neutron was not truly verified for another 5 years (Chadwick, 1932), so
the concept of neutron-catalyzed nuclear transmutation reactions was unknown to researchers at
that point in time. Although Rutherford had discovered beta-minus decay in 1899, it was not at all
understood until Fermi published his seminal theory papers on subject of beta-decay in 1934
Although Pb210 had been discovered in 1900 and Bi210 in 1905, Tl206 was only first discovered in
1935 and Hg206 not until 1961 (for a history of Mercury isotopes see
http://www.nscl.msu.edu/~thoennes/2009/mercury-adndt.pdf ); so Thomassen and other
contemporary researchers of that era would have been unaware of possibility that some of the
alpha-decay paths into unstable Mercury and Thallium isotopes that are known today, 85 years later
Please note Thomassen’s frequent comments about experimentalists having great difficulty in
repeating experimental results in transmutation experiments; does that gnarly, contentious issue of
adequate experimental reproducibility sound familiar? Plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose!
Thomassen and his contemporaries had no idea or clue whatsoever that the Mercury and Thallium
transmutation products they were attempting to observe and measure were in fact relatively short-
lived isotopes (please see LENR network diagrams and isotope half-life data provided therein)
Spectroscopic analytical techniques can reveal the presence of reasonable quantities of new
elements (and even short-lived unstable isotopes) fast enough before they can decay. By contrast,
in case of the other type of time-laborious wet-chemical analytical technique described later in
Thomassen’s thesis, it would have been a race against time to finish the analytical procedures
before unstable isotopes of chemical elements of interest had decayed below the limits of detection
To create neutrons via the WLT e + p electroweak reaction, Hydrogen (protons) must be present in
some chemical form, if only in trace amounts, somewhere inside experimental apparatus. In many
of these 1920s experiments, quantity of hydrogen (protons) internally available to make neutrons
may have been a limiting factor controlling quantities of transmutation products and contributed to
variability of results; Nagaoka inadvertently solved this issue by arcing in transformer oil, CnH2n+2
Note that Thomassen cited Nagaoka but not Wendt & Irion; the credibility of their exploding wire
work published 1922 had already been destroyed by Rutherford’s critique in Nature; we have since
determined that Rutherford was wrong: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0709/0709.1222v1.pdf
Conclusion: even given above comments and length of time since these early
experiments were conducted (85 years), it appears that Thomassen’s reported
results were consistent with operation of a WLT neutron-catalyzed LENR process
May 26, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved
Phys. Rev. 33, 229 (1929): Transmutation of Elements
http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v33/i2/p229_1[5/26/2012 1:31:18 PM]
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Phys. Rev. 33, 229–238 (1929)
Transmutation of Elements
L. Thomassen
Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics, California Institute, Pasadena, California
Received 25 September 1928; published in the issue dated February 1929
Test for the transmutation in the tungsten target of an x-ray tube.—X-
ray spectrograms of the tungsten target of a deep-therapy x-ray tube were taken before
and after operating it for about 80 hours at 2-3 ma and 207 kv peak voltage. No lines
other than those due to tungsten were found before or after.
Test for transmutation of lead in a lead arc.—The experiments of Smits and
Karssen with the lead arc were duplicated as nearly as possible. Under no conditions of
current density was there any spectroscopic evidence of a transmutation of the lead to
mercury.
Test for transmutation of lead in a high potential discharge between lead electrodes in
CS2.—The experiments of Smits and Karssen were carefully repeated. Some evidence
of Hg in the residue from the electrodes was found. The indications are however, that
the mercury comes from the electrodes, the carbon bisulphide or dust particles rather
than from a transmutation of lead.
© 1929 The American Physical Society
URL: http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.33.229
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRev.33.229
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Latt
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En
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i.e
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as
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d n
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rre
str
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bu
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icate
d w
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% s
ym
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ote
th
at
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100
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10
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LC
A
ll R
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ts R
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20
Latt
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En
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LC
Co
mm
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ican
tly lo
wer
than
th
e r
-pro
cess, L
EN
R n
eu
tro
n c
ap
ture
cro
ss
-secti
on
s a
re v
astl
y h
igh
er
than
tho
se in
ste
llar
en
vir
on
men
ts;
on
bala
nce it’
s e
ssen
tially ‘a w
ash
’, s
o L
EN
Rs c
an
eff
ecti
vely
mim
ic
the r
-pro
cess.
Th
us, is
oto
pes in
LE
NR
s c
an
po
ten
tially c
ap
ture
ad
dit
ion
al n
eu
tro
ns (
i.e., b
eco
me
mo
re n
eu
tro
n-r
ich
iso
top
es o
f th
e s
am
e e
lem
en
t) b
efo
re b
eta
decay t
ran
sm
ute
s t
hem
in
to o
ther
hig
her-
Z e
lem
en
ts f
ou
nd
in
th
e P
eri
od
ic T
ab
le. T
his
is w
hy t
he ‘h
ot’
astr
op
hysic
al r-
pro
cess c
an
make h
eav
ier
ele
men
ts t
han
th
e s
-pro
cess (
i.e., g
o b
eyo
nd
Bis
mu
th):
wit
h m
uch
hig
her
pro
du
ced
neu
tro
n f
luxes, th
e r
-pro
cess c
an
su
ccessfu
lly t
rav
ers
e a
nd
‘b
rid
ge’ key r
eg
ion
s o
f v
ery
sh
ort
-liv
ed
iso
top
es t
hat
are
fo
un
d i
n u
ltra
-neu
tro
n-r
ich
, h
igh
-Z r
each
es o
f v
ast
nu
cle
ar
iso
top
ic lan
dscap
e
Netw
ork
may p
ote
nti
all
y c
on
tin
ue ‘
up
ward
’ to
even
hig
her
valu
es o
f A
;
Th
is d
ep
en
ds o
n U
LM
neu
tro
n f
lux i
n c
m2/s
ec
75R
e-1
85
Stab
le 3
7.4
%
75R
e-1
86
HL
= 3
.7 d
ays
76O
s-1
86
Stab
le 1
.58
%
6.2
6.3
Increasing values of Z
73Ta
-18
1
Stab
le 9
9.9+
%
73Ta
-182
HL
= 11
4 d
ays
73T
a-1
84
HL
= 8
.6 h
rs
73Ta
-18
5
HL
= 4
9.3
min
7.4
6
.9
5.6
74W
-18
0
Stab
le 0
.12%
7
4W
-182
Stab
le 2
6.5%
7
4W
-183
Stab
le 1
4.3
%
74W
-18
4
Stab
le 3
0.6
%
74W
-18
5
HL
= 7
5.1
day
s
8.1
6
.2
5.8
73Ta
-183
HL
= 5.
1 d
ays
74W
-18
6
Stab
le 2
8.4
%
Inc
rea
sin
g v
alu
es
of
A
6.1
6.7
7
.4
7.2
5
.5
7.4
1.8
1.1
2.9
2.0
5.4
73Ta
-18
6
HL
= 1
0.5
min
3.9
6.2
433 k
eV
1
.1
BR
92.5
%
7.2
74W
-18
1
HL
= 12
1 d
ays
ε 1
88 k
eV
B
R =
100%
ε
579
keV
BR
=
7.5
%
Sta
rt w
ith
sta
ble
Tu
ng
ste
n ‘seed
s’
of
pu
re W
meta
l
74W
18
0-s
eed
LE
NR
neu
tro
n-c
ata
lyzed
tra
nsm
uta
tio
n n
etw
ork
Alt
ern
ati
ve
ly,
on
e c
ou
ld
sta
rt w
ith
73T
a1
81
‘se
ed
’
T
un
gs
ten
It s
ho
uld
als
o b
e n
ote
d t
ha
t a
ll o
f th
e m
an
y a
tom
s lo
ca
ted
wit
hin
a 3
-D r
eg
ion
of
sp
ac
e t
ha
t e
nc
om
pa
ss
es
a g
ive
n U
LM
ne
utr
on
’s s
pa
tia
lly e
xte
nd
ed
De
Bro
glie
wa
ve
fu
nc
tio
n (
wh
os
e d
ime
ns
ion
s c
an
ra
ng
e f
rom
2 n
m t
o 1
00
mic
ron
s)
will ‘c
om
pe
te’
wit
h e
ac
h o
the
r to
ca
ptu
re s
uc
h n
eu
tro
ns
. U
LM
ne
utr
on
ca
ptu
re is
th
us
a d
ec
ide
dly
ma
ny
-bo
dy s
ca
tte
rin
g p
roc
es
s, n
ot
few
-
bo
dy s
ca
tte
rin
g s
uc
h a
s t
ha
t w
hic
h c
ha
rac
teri
ze
s c
ap
ture
of
ne
utr
on
s a
t th
erm
al e
ne
rgie
s in
co
nd
en
se
d m
att
er
in w
hic
h t
he
De
Bro
glie
wa
ve
fu
nc
tio
n o
f a
th
erm
al n
eu
tro
n is
on
th
e o
rde
r o
f ~
2 A
ng
str
om
s.
Th
is e
xp
lain
s w
hy v
as
t m
ajo
rity
of
pro
du
ce
d
ne
utr
on
s a
re c
ap
ture
d lo
ca
lly a
nd
are
on
ly r
are
ly d
ete
cte
d a
t a
ny e
ne
rgie
s d
uri
ng
co
urs
e o
f L
EN
R e
xp
eri
me
nts
; it
als
o c
lea
rly
ex
pla
ins
wh
y h
um
an
-le
tha
l M
eV
-en
erg
y n
eu
tro
n f
lux
es
are
ch
ara
cte
ris
tic
ally n
ot
pro
du
ce
d in
co
nd
en
se
d m
att
er
LE
NR
sys
tem
s.
M
ay 1
9, 2
01
2 C
op
yri
gh
t 2
01
2, L
att
ice E
nerg
y L
LC
A
ll R
igh
ts R
ese
rve
d
21
Latt
ice
En
erg
y L
LC
Co
mm
erc
iali
zin
g a
next-
gen
era
tio
n s
ou
rce o
f valu
ab
le s
tab
le e
lem
en
ts
75R
e-1
88
HL
= 17
hrs
76O
s-1
88
Stab
le 1
3.3
%
6.8
5.9
74W
-187
HL
= 2
3.7
hrs
75R
e-1
87
~Sta
ble
10
10 y
rs
UL
M N
eu
tro
n
C
ap
tu
re
E
nd
s o
n T
a
Do
tte
d g
ree
n a
rro
w d
en
ote
s U
LM
N c
ap
ture
pro
du
cts
co
min
g f
rom
lo
we
r va
lue
s o
f A
75R
e-19
0
HL
= 3.
2 m
in
75R
e-1
89
HL
= 1
day
76O
s-18
9
Stab
le 1
6.1%
76O
s-19
1
HL
= 15
.4 d
ays
76O
s-19
0
Stab
le 2
6.4%
76O
s-1
92
~Sta
ble
41
.0%
7
6O
s-1
93
HL
= 1.
3 d
ays
76O
s-1
94
HL
= 6
.0 y
rs
77Ir
-191
Stab
le 3
7.3%
77Ir
-19
3
Stab
le 6
2.7
%
77Ir
-19
4
HL
= 1
9.3
hrs
78P
t-19
2
Stab
le 0
.79
%
78P
t-1
93
HL
= 5
1 y
rs
78P
t-1
94
Stab
le 3
2.9
%
4.9
7.0
5.7
6.9
8.0
6.2
6.3
8
.4
6.1
1.8
1.6
Inc
rea
sin
g v
alu
es
of
A
Increasing values of Z
Netw
ork
may p
ote
nti
all
y c
on
tin
ue ‘
up
ward
’ to
even
hig
her
valu
es o
f A
;
Th
is d
ep
en
ds o
n U
LM
neu
tro
n f
lux i
n c
m2/s
ec
73Ta
-18
7
HL
= 1.
7 m
in
75R
e-1
92
HL
= 1
6 s
ec
75R
e-1
93
HL
= 3
0 s
ec
75R
e-19
4
H L
= 2
sec
74W
-190
HL
= 30
min
7
4W
-191
HL
= 20
sec
6.3
5.5
6.2
7.4
5.1
74W
-189
HL
= 11
.6 m
in
74W
-18
8
HL
= 69
.8 d
ays
76O
s-18
7
Stab
le 1
.6%
75R
e-19
1
HL
= 9.
8 m
in
UL
M N
eu
tro
n
C
ap
tu
re
E
nd
s o
n W
UL
M N
eu
tro
n
C
ap
tu
re
E
nd
s o
n R
e
3.1
6.9
4.9
5.4
6
.7
5.3
7.8
5.9
5.8
7.6
5.6
7
.1
5.3
7.8
6
.1
1.5
BR
95.1
%
1.0
3.1
2.1
4.2
3.1
313 k
eV
B
R 1
00%
2..1
73Ta
-189
HL
= 3
sec
73Ta
-190
HL=
3 x
10
2 m
sec
73T
a-18
8
HL
= 2
0 se
c
4.9
3.7
5.6
74W
-19
2
HL
= 1
0 s
ec
ε
1..1
B
R =
4.9
%
77Ir
-19
2
HL
= 73
.8 d
ays
1.1
ε
57 k
eV
BR
= 1
00%
74W
18
0-s
eed
LE
NR
neu
tro
n-c
ata
lyzed
tra
nsm
uta
tio
n n
etw
ork
1.3
349 k
eV
2.5
1.3
3.2
2.1
4.9
97 k
eV
2.2
7.2
6.1
4.9
6.7
Pro
du
ce P
lati
nu
m
As s
ho
wn
in
th
ese n
etw
ork
ch
art
s, m
ore
neu
tro
n-r
ich
, u
nsta
ble
beta
-decayin
g iso
top
es t
en
d t
o h
av
e m
ore
en
erg
eti
c d
ecays a
nd
sh
ort
er
half
-liv
es. E
lectr
ic c
urr
en
t-d
riv
en
LE
NR
UL
M n
eu
tro
n
pro
du
cti
on
an
d c
ap
ture
pro
cesses c
an
occu
r at
mu
ch
faste
r ra
tes
than
decay r
ate
s o
f b
eta
-/e.c
.-u
nsta
ble
iso
top
es in
th
is n
etw
ork
.
Th
us, if
lo
cal U
LM
ne
utr
on
pro
du
cti
on
rate
s in
a g
iven
‘p
atc
h’ are
hig
h e
no
ug
h,
larg
e d
iffe
ren
ces in
rate
s o
f b
eta
decay v
s. n
eu
tro
n c
ap
ture
pro
cesses m
ean
s t
hat
larg
ish
po
pu
lati
on
s o
f u
nsta
ble
, v
ery
neu
tro
n-r
ich
iso
top
es c
an
accu
mu
late
lo
cally
du
rin
g 3
00 n
an
osec lif
eti
me o
f an
LE
NR
-acti
ve p
atc
h, p
rio
r to
its
bein
g d
estr
oyed
.
M
ay 1
9, 2
01
2 C
op
yri
gh
t 2
01
2, L
att
ice E
nerg
y L
LC
A
ll R
igh
ts R
ese
rve
d
22
Latt
ice
En
erg
y L
LC
Co
mm
erc
iali
zin
g a
next-
gen
era
tio
n s
ou
rce o
f valu
ab
le s
tab
le e
lem
en
ts
76O
s-1
96
HL
= 34
.8 m
in
77Ir
-196
HL
= 52
sec
78P
t-19
6
Stab
le 2
5.3%
6.7
7
6O
s-1
95
HL
= 6
.5 m
in
77Ir
-19
5
HL
= 2
.5 h
rs
Do
tte
d g
ree
n a
rro
w d
en
ote
s U
LM
N c
ap
ture
pro
du
cts
co
min
g f
rom
lo
we
r va
lue
s o
f A
77Ir
-199
HL
= 20
sec
7
7Ir
-198
HL
= 8
sec
78P
t-19
7
HL
= 19
.9 h
rs
78P
t-19
9
HL
= 30
.8 m
in
78P
t-19
8
Stab
le 7
.2%
78P
t-2
00
HL
= 1
3 h
rs
79A
u-1
97
Stab
le 1
00%
7
9A
u-1
99
HL
= 3
.1 d
ays
79A
u-2
00
HL
= 48
min
7
9A
u-2
01
HL
= 2
7 m
in
5.8
6
.9
5.6
6
.9
5.9
7
.6
5.6
7.3
5.2
6.9
6.5
7.6
6.3
7
.2
6.1
6
.8
2.0
1.
3
0.6
1.7
666 k
eV
2.7
1.8
Inc
rea
sin
g v
alu
es
of
A
Increasing values of Z
Netw
ork
may p
ote
nti
all
y c
on
tin
ue ‘
up
ward
’ to
even
hig
her
valu
es o
f A
;
Th
is d
ep
en
ds o
n U
LM
neu
tro
n f
lux i
n c
m2/s
ec
78P
t-19
5
Stab
le 3
3.8%
UL
M N
eu
tro
n
C
ap
tu
re
E
nd
s o
n Ir
5.3
7.2
6.1
7
8P
t-2
02
HL
= 1
.9 d
ays
79A
u-2
02
HL
= 2
8.8
sec
UL
M N
eu
tro
n
C
ap
tu
re
E
nd
s o
n O
s
80H
g-19
8
Stab
le 9
.8%
8
0H
g-19
9
Stab
le 1
6.9%
80H
g-2
01
Stab
le 1
3.2%
8
0H
g-2
00
Stab
le 2
3.1
%
80H
g-2
02
Stab
le 2
9.9
%
79A
u-1
98
HL
= 2
.7 d
ays
78P
t-2
01
HL
= 2
.5 m
in
1.4
4
52 k
eV
719 k
eV
1.3
2.2
3.0
77Ir
-197
HL
= 5.
8 m
in
2.2
4.1
3.0
1.2
1.1
3.2
6.7
8
.0
6.2
7
.8
6.0
7.9
UL
M N
eu
tro
n
C
ap
tu
re
E
nd
s o
n P
t
Pro
du
ce G
old
74W
18
0-s
eed
LE
NR
neu
tro
n-c
ata
lyzed
tra
nsm
uta
tio
n n
etw
ork
80H
g-1
96
Stab
le 0
.15%
8
0H
g-19
7
HL
= 2.
7 d
ays
ε
600 k
eV
BR
= 1
00%
6.8
8
.5
Ple
ase n
ote
th
at:
Q-v
alu
e f
or
neu
tro
n c
ap
ture
on
a g
iven
beta
-un
sta
ble
iso
top
e is o
ften
larg
er
than
th
e Q
-valu
e f
or
the a
ltern
ati
ve β
-
decay p
ath
way, so
in
ad
dit
ion
to
bein
g a
faste
r p
rocess t
han
beta
decay it
can
als
o b
e e
nerg
eti
cally m
ore
fav
ora
ble
. T
his
can
als
o
co
ntr
ibu
te t
o c
reati
ng
fle
eti
ng
yet
su
bsta
nti
al lo
cal p
op
ula
tio
ns o
f sh
ort
-liv
ed
, n
eu
tro
n-r
ich
iso
top
es. T
here
is in
dir
ect
exp
eri
men
tal
ev
iden
ce t
hat
su
ch
neu
tro
n-r
ich
iso
top
es c
an
be p
rod
uced
in
co
mp
lex U
LM
neu
tro
n-c
ata
lyzed
LE
NR
nu
cle
osyn
theti
c (
tran
sm
uta
tio
n)
netw
ork
s t
hat
set-
up
an
d o
pera
te d
uri
ng
bri
ef
life
tim
e o
f an
LE
NR
-acti
ve ‘p
atc
h’;
see C
arb
on
-seed
netw
ork
on
Slid
es #
11 -
12 a
nd
esp
. o
n S
lid
e #
55 in
htt
p:/
/ww
w.s
lid
esh
are
.net/
lew
isg
lars
en
/latt
ice
-en
erg
y-l
lcte
ch
nic
al-
overv
iew
carb
on
-seed
-len
r-n
etw
ork
ssep
t-3-2
009
M
ay 1
9, 2
01
2 C
op
yri
gh
t 2
01
2, L
att
ice E
nerg
y L
LC
A
ll R
igh
ts R
ese
rve
d
23
Latt
ice
En
erg
y L
LC
Co
mm
erc
iali
zin
g a
next-
gen
era
tio
n s
ou
rce o
f valu
ab
le s
tab
le e
lem
en
ts
79A
u-2
04
HL
= 3
9.8
sec
80H
g-2
04
Stab
le 6
.9%
81Tl
-204
HL=
3.8
yrs
82P
b-2
04
Stab
le 1
.4%
5.7
7.5
81Tl
-20
3
Stab
le 2
9.5%
Do
tte
d g
ree
n a
rro
w d
en
ote
s U
LM
N c
ap
ture
pro
du
cts
co
min
g f
rom
lo
we
r va
lue
s o
f A
80H
g-20
6
HL
= 8.
2 m
in
80H
g-20
5
HL
= 5.
2 m
in
80H
g-20
7
HL
= 2.
8 m
in
81Tl
-205
Stab
le 7
0.5%
81Tl
-207
HL
= 4.
8 m
in
81Tl
-206
HL
= 4.
2 m
in
81T
l-2
08
HL
= 3
.1 m
in
81Tl
-20
9
HL
= 2
.2 m
in
81Tl
-21
0
HL
= 1
.3 m
in
82P
b-2
05
HL=
1.5
x 1
07 y
rs
82P
b-2
07
Stab
le 2
2.1%
8
2P
b-2
06
Stab
le 2
4.1%
82P
b-2
08
Stab
le 5
2.4
%
83B
i-2
09
~Sta
ble
10
0%
2.1
5.7
6
.7
3.3
6.7
7
.6
6.5
6
.9
3.8
5.0
3
.7
6.7
8
.1
6.7
7
.4
3.9
5
.2
3.8
4.6
5.1
1.3
644 k
eV
Inc
rea
sin
g v
alu
es
of
A
Increasing values of Z
Netw
ork
may p
ote
nti
all
y c
on
tin
ue ‘
up
ward
’ to
even
hig
her
valu
es o
f A
;
Th
is d
ep
en
ds o
n U
LM
neu
tro
n f
lux i
n c
m2/s
ec
80H
g-2
08
HL
= 4
2 m
in
UL
M N
eu
tro
n
C
ap
tu
re
E
nd
s o
n A
u
UL
M N
eu
tro
n
C
ap
tu
re
E
nd
s o
n H
g
6.8
6.0
8
0H
g-2
03
HL=
46.
6 d
ays
82P
b-2
09
HL
= 3
.3 h
rs
82P
b-2
10
HL=
22
.2 y
rs
6.1
7
9A
u-2
05
HL
= 31
sec
80H
g-2
09
HL
= 3
7 s
ec
80H
g-2
10
HL
= 1
0 m
in
492 k
eV
344 k
eV
BR
2.9
%
ε
344 k
eV
B
R =
97.1
%
79A
u-2
03
HL=
53
sec
4.9
ε 51 k
eV
B
R =
100%
63 k
eV
BR
99.9
%
1.4
1.5
5.0
4.0
5.5
3.9
3.5
84P
o-2
10
HL=
13
8 d
ays
83B
i-2
10
HL=
5 d
ays
1.2
B
R
99.9
%
1.5
1.3
4.8
3.7
5.3
4.1
74W
18
0-s
eed
LE
NR
neu
tro
n-c
ata
lyzed
tra
nsm
uta
tio
n n
etw
ork
4.9
3
.3
4.8
Beg
inn
ing
wit
h s
o-c
alled
‘seed
’ o
r ‘t
arg
et’
sta
rtin
g n
ucle
i u
po
n w
hic
h U
LM
neu
tro
n
cap
ture
s a
re in
itia
ted
, co
mp
lex, v
ery
dyn
am
ically c
han
gin
g L
EN
R n
ucle
osyn
theti
c
netw
ork
s a
re e
sta
blish
ed
in
tin
y L
EN
R-a
cti
ve ‘p
atc
hes.’
Th
ese U
LM
neu
tro
n-c
ata
lyzed
LE
NR
netw
ork
s e
xis
t fo
r life
tim
es o
f th
e p
art
icu
lar
‘patc
hes’ in
wh
ich
th
ey w
ere
cre
ate
d;
excep
t fo
r an
y s
till-d
ecayin
g t
ran
sm
uta
tio
n p
rod
ucts
th
at
may lin
ge
r, s
uc
h
netw
ork
s t
yp
ically ‘
die
’ alo
ng
wit
h t
he L
EN
R-a
cti
ve ‘p
atc
h’ th
at
ori
gin
ally g
av
e b
irth
to
them
. ‘S
eed
’ n
ucle
i fo
r su
ch
netw
ork
s c
an
co
mp
rise a
ny a
tom
s i
n a
su
bstr
ate
un
derl
yin
g a
n L
EN
R-a
cti
ve p
atc
h a
nd
/or
inclu
de a
tom
s lo
cate
d n
earb
y i
n v
ari
ou
s t
yp
es
of
su
rface n
an
op
art
icle
s o
r n
an
ostr
uctu
res e
lectr
om
ag
neti
cally c
on
necte
d t
o a
‘p
atc
h.’
M
ay 1
9, 2
01
2 C
op
yri
gh
t 2012, L
att
ice E
nerg
y L
LC
A
ll R
igh
ts R
ese
rve
d
24