Latin Loans. into Germanic into Old English into Middle English into Early Modern English.
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Transcript of Latin Loans. into Germanic into Old English into Middle English into Early Modern English.
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Latin Loans
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Latin Loans
• into Germanic
• into Old English
• into Middle English
• into Early Modern English
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Latin cuprum, OE copor, Engl. copperHow do we know this is a loanword?
Latin Loans: dating
Indo-Europeank – p - r
Latincuprum
Germanich – f - r
Grimm'sLaw
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Latin cuprum, OE copor, Engl. copperHow do we know this is a loanword into early Germanic?
Latin Loans: dating
English copper
German Kupfer
Dutch koper
Dan - Nor kobber
Swedish koppar
Icelandic kopar
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Latin in Gaul changed -pr- to -vr- in 7th cent. - Modern French cuivre
So it must have come into Germanic earlier than the 7th cent.
Latin cuprum, OE copor, Engl. copperHow do we know this is a loanword into early Germanic?
Latin Loans: dating
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1. Latin Loans: into GermanicLatin OE
balteus 'girdle' belt
puteus 'pit' pytt
crédo 'i believe' créda 'creed'
uncia 'twelfth part' ynce 'inch'
diaconus 'deacon' diacon
Sagéna 'Seine' Segne
pulvinus 'cushion' pyle 'pillow'
sabbatum 'sabbath' sabat
cucina 'kitchen' cycene 'kitchen'
catillus 'small dish' cetel 'kettle'
**
*
*
**
*
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1. Latin Loans: into Germanicvowel mutation, umlaut, hljóðvarp
dagur-dögum, krati krötum, land lönd
i-mutation:
u – mutation:
dagur degi, fótur fæti
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1. Latin Loans: into Germanicvowel mutation, umlaut, hljóðvarp
Do not confuse with:vowel gradation, ablaut, hljóðskipti
sing sang songbjóða beið buðum boðið
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1. Latin Loans: into Germanicvowel mutation, umlaut, hljóðvarp
i-mutation occurred before the earliest extant records of OE in 6th cent.
words that underwent this change must have arrived in English before that date.
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æ > e
a > e á > ǽ
o > e ó > é
u > y ú > ý
ea > ie > y éa > íe > ý
eo > ie > y éo > íe > ý
io > ie > y ío > íe > ý
i-mutation in Old English, before 6th cent.
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1. Latin Loans: into GermanicLatin OE
balteus 'girdle' belt
puteus 'pit' pytt
crédo 'i believe' créda 'creed'
uncia 'twelfth part' ynce 'inch'
diaconus 'deacon' diacon
Sagéna 'Seine' Segne
pulvinus 'cushion' pyle 'pillow'
sabbatum 'sabbath' sabat
cucina 'kitchen' cycene 'kitchen'
catillus 'small dish' cetel 'kettle'
**
*
*
**
*
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a → ea / ___ rC, lC, h
“a becomes ea beforer+consonant, l+consonant, and h”
half > healf
early in the OE period (before records)
1. Latin Loans: into Germanicbreaking
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1. Latin Loans: into Germanic
Latin OE
vallum 'wall' weall
arca 'chest' earc
calcem 'lime' cealc 'chalk
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abbadem 'abbot' abbad
camélus camel
sanctus sanct 'saint'
abbadem 'abbot' abbad
camélus camel
sanctus sanct 'saint'
1. Latin Loans: into Germanic
Compare with later loans:
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For more words from this period:
Baugh §58 p. 79“Continental Borrowing (Latin Influences of the Zero Period)”
1. Latin Loans: into Germanic
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2. Latin Loans: into Old English
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i-mutationbreaking
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2. Latin Loans: into Old English
Latin loans which do not show i-mutation or breaking must have entered the language after the 6th century.
Before the OE period OE period
Germanic
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Latin OE
moneta 'money' mynet 'mint'
cometa 'comet' cometa
coquina 'kitchen' cycene
coquus 'cook' cóc
Before or during the OE period?
abbadem 'abbot' abbad
camélus camel
sanctus sanct 'saint'
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Before or during the OE period?
LATIN
moneta
cometa
OLD ENGLISH
mynet
comet
i-mutation
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Before or during the OE period?
LATIN
coquina
cōcus
OLD ENGLISH
cycene
cóc
i-mutation
??
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2. Latin Loans: into Old English
OE period
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2. Latin Loans: into Old English
• Baugh §59 p. 81
Latin through Celtic (Latin Influence of the First Period)
castra ‘camp' -ceaster Manchester,Doncaster
vicus ‘village, district' wíc Norwich, Greenwich,
Sandwich, Berwick
vinum ‘wine' wín
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2. Latin Loans: into Old English
• Baugh §60-62 p. 82-87
Latin Influence of the Second Period: the Christianizing of Britain
candela candel
nona hora ‘ninth hour' nón ‘three o’clock in the afternoon’
presbyter ‘priest' préost
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2. Latin Loans: into Old English
• Baugh §63-5 p. 87-91
Later borrowings: Christianity, science
apostle cantor prophethistory paper termcucumber ginger cyprus fig laurelcancer plaster
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Middle English
3. Latin Loans: into Middle English
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3. Latin Loans: into Middle English
• This process continues in Middle English as science and technology progresses.
• Both French and English took learned words from Latin; it is not always possible to say whether a loan into English comes through French or straight from Latin.
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3. Latin Loans: into Middle English
• Baugh § 142 p.184 “Latin Borrowings in Middle English”
adjacent frustrate genius incredible index interrupt quiet solitary suppress testimony
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3. Latin Loans: into Middle English
• § 143 p.185 “Aureate Terms”conscious introduction of ornate and unusual words which have since died out:
abusion dispone diurne
- although some have been retained
mediation oriental
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3. Latin Loans: into Middle English
• § 144 p.186 “Synonyms on three levels”
fire – flame – conflagrationtime – age - epoch
• Saxon – “strong, simple, direct”• French – stylistic• Latin – learned, bookish
Baugh points out that large numbers of French words are no less robust and powerful than English ones, and that this distinction is to some extent based on prejudice
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Baugh p. 186
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Baugh 144 continued –
ignore the many hundreds of words from French which are equally simple and as capable of conveying a vivid image, idea, or emotion-nouns like bar, beak, cell, cry, fool, frown, fury, glory, guile, gullet, horror, humor, isle, pity, river, rock, ruin, stain, stuff, touch, wreck, or adjectives such as calm, clear, cruel, eager, fierce, gay, mean, rude, safe, tender, to take examples almost at random. The truth is that many of the most vivid and forceful words in English are French, and even where the French and Latin words are more literary or learned, as indeed they often are, they are no less valuable and important.
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continued ..
The richness of English in synonyms is largely due to the happy mingling of Latin, French, and native elements. It has been said that we have a synonym at each level-popular, literary, and learned. Although this statement must not be pressed too hard, a difference is often apparent, as in rise-mount ascend, ask-question-interrogate, goodness-virtue-probity, fast-firm secure, fire-flame-conflagration, fear-terror-trepidation, holy-sacred consecrated, time-age-epoch. In each of these sets of three words the first is English, the second is from French, and the third from Latin. The difference in tone between the English and the French words is often slight; the Latin word is generally more bookish. However, it is more important to recognize the distinctive uses of each than to form prejudices in favor of one group above another.
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Early Modern English
4. Latin Loans: into Early Modern English
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• The beginning of the end for Latin as a scientific language.
• Number of Latin loans increases as the use of Latin as a written language begins to decline
(cf French loanwords)
4. Latin Loans: into Early Modern English
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• Shakespeare’s 20 years in LondonEffectual effectuous effectful effectuating effective
– Many of the words objected to have now become common
– Often different meanings when first introducedexpect (wait) enlargement (freedom) humorous (wet,
damp)
4. Latin Loans: into Early Modern English
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Baugh §157 p. 214
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Baugh §157 p. 216-7
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• “Inkhorn terms” § 158 p. 217
4. Latin Loans: into Early Modern English
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Baugh § 158 p.217Sir John Cheke, 1561
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Thomas Wilson, Arte of Rhetorique 1553Baugh p.218
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• “Inkhorn terms” § 158 p. 217– read particularlythe quote frm Thomas
Wilson’s Arte of Rhetorique on p.218– and the next 2 sections, § 159 The Defense of
Borrowing and § 160 Compromise.
4. Latin Loans: into Early Modern English
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Baugh p.221, George Pettie:
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