Latin American Revolutions 1800’s
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Transcript of Latin American Revolutions 1800’s
European Empires in Latin European Empires in Latin America: 1660sAmerica: 1660s
Spain
Portugal
France
Peninsulares (men born in Spain)
Creoles (Spaniards born in Latin America)
Mestizos (mixed European & Indian ancestry)
Mulattos (mixed European & African ancestry)
Africans (majority enslaved)
Indians (of little economic value)
Early Social ClassEarly Social Classin Latin Americain Latin America
Early Social ClassEarly Social Classin Latin Americain Latin America
Colonial society was divided into six classes based on birth
Economy: based on the ideas of “Mercantilism”• Africans & American Indians used as slave labor• Lands are used for natural resources
(harvested/mined and traded)
The Economy inThe Economy incolonial Latin Americacolonial Latin America
The Economy inThe Economy incolonial Latin Americacolonial Latin America
Causes of Latin AmericanCauses of Latin AmericanRevolutionsRevolutions
1. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas
2. Creole discontent
3. Motivated by the “successful” American and French Revolutions.
4. Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal in fighting in other wars (the Napoleonic Wars)
5. Economic policies benefited Europeans at the expense of the native Latin Americans
EnlightenmentEnlightenmentThinkersThinkers
New ideas about freedom, rights, and liberty!
Creole DiscontentCreole Discontent
Want a voice in government and economy but are not allowed due to birth!
Inspiration of American & Inspiration of American & French RevolutionsFrench Revolutions
Declaration of Declaration of Independence, 1776Independence, 1776
Declaration of the Declaration of the Rights of Man & of Rights of Man & of the Citizen, 1789the Citizen, 1789
Preoccupation of Spain & Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal In Fighting Portugal In Fighting
Napoleonic WarsNapoleonic Wars
Provides a Provides a model & a model & a diversion!diversion!
Latin American Revolutions!Latin American Revolutions!
Toussaint L’OuvetureToussaint L’OuvetureLeads a RevolutionLeads a Revolution
in Haitiin Haiti(1804) (1804)
First Colony to revolt…HaitiFirst Colony to revolt…HaitiHome Country: French colony
Date of Independence: 1804
Independence Leaders:
- Toussiant-Louverture (former slave)
- Jean-Jaques Dessalines (Toussaint’s general)
Haitian Independence:
1791= slave revolt
1801= Toussaint seized 2/3 of Haiti (frees slaves)
1802= French troops arrive & agreement made
to stop revolution
1804= Dessalines starts revolution again and
declares independence
Home Country: Spanish colony
Date of Independence: 1816
Independence Leaders:
- Jose de San Martin (Spanish military officer)
Argentiaian Independence:
1816= Creole colonist rebel & seize government
1816= Martin declares independence
ArgentinaArgentina
The “Muscle” of The “Muscle” of the Revolutionthe RevolutionBolivar Bolivar
coming from coming from the North.the North.
José de St. Martín José de St. Martín and and Bernard O’Higgins Bernard O’Higgins cross cross the Andes Mountains.the Andes Mountains.
Home Country: Spanish colony
Date of Independence: 1817
Independence Leaders:
- Jose de San Martin (Spanish military officer)
- Bernardo O’Higgins (military officer)
Chile Independence:
1817= San Martin leads his army across the
Andes into Chile
1817= Joins forces with O’Higgins and defeat
the Spanish and declare independence
ChileChile
Simón Bolivar: Simón Bolivar:
The “Brains”The “Brains”of theof theRevolutionRevolution Creole leader of
the revolutions in Venezuela.
Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent United States.
Home Country: Spanish colony
Date of Independence: 1821/1822
Independence Leaders:
- Simon Bolivar (Venezulan Creole/military general)
Gran Columbia Independence:
1811= Venezuela declares independence
1811-1821= Revolts against Spanish
1821= Bolivar wins independence
1821= Rebellion goes to Columbia, Ecuador,
& Panama
1822= Bolivar elected president; the new nation
called Gran Columbia established
Venezuela, Columbia, and PanamaVenezuela, Columbia, and Panama
Bolivar’s AccomplishmentBolivar’s Accomplishment
Simón Bolivar Meets José Simón Bolivar Meets José de San Martinde San Martin
Bolivar & San Martin Fight Bolivar & San Martin Fight for Independence!for Independence!
Home Country: Spanish colonyDate of Independence: 1824
Independence Leaders: - Jose de San Martin (Spanish military officer) - Simon Bolivar (Venezuelan Creole/military general)
Peruvian Independence: 1821= San Martin takes army to Lima, Peru to drive out the remaining Spanish1822= San Martin joins Bolivar/combines army 1822= San Martin leaves for Europe1822= Carries rebellion to Columbia, Ecuador,
and Panama1822= Bolivar defeats Spanish at Battle of Ayacucho
PeruPeru
Home Country: Spanish colony
Date of Independence: 1825
Independence Leaders:
- Simon Bolivar (Venezuelan Creole/military general)
Bolivian Independence:
1824= Bolivar drives out the remaining Spanish
from Peru
1825= Upper Peru separates and names itself
Bolivia (after Simon Bolivar)
BoliviaBolivia
Bolivar’s FailureBolivar’s Failure
After uniting Venezuela, Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of Latin America
He died a year later, with his goal of uniting all of South America unfulfilled!
LatinLatinAmerican American
StatesStatesAfter the After the
RevolutionsRevolutions
1.) Brazil Freed from 1.) Brazil Freed from PortugalPortugal
The Portuguese royal family escaped Napoleon by fleeing to Brazil.
Pedro I set up a new, independent kingdom in 1821 when his father returned to Portugal.
Pedro II assumed full power after Pedro I abdicated his throne.
Home Country: Portuguese colony
Date of Independence: 1822
Independence Leaders:
- Dom Joao/King John(leader of Portugal)
- Dom Pedro (son of King John)
Brazillian Independence:
1807= Prince John flees to Brazil to escape from
Napoleon & rules from Portugal (14 yrs)
1815= Napoleon defeated
1822= Brazilian creoles demand independence
1822= petition by Brazilians ask for Dom Pedro
to rule Brazil; King John agrees
BrazilBrazil
2.) Independence 2.) Independence for Spanish & Portuguese for Spanish & Portuguese
Latin AmericaLatin America
By the mid-1820s, revolts create many newly-independent nations.
$ Toussaint L’Ouveture – Haiti
$ Bolívar, San Martín, & O’Higgins in: Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Peru, Bolivia, the United Provinces of Central America, and Gran Columbia!
3.) No Unity!3.) No Unity!
Failure of Bolivar’s dream for a united South America =
$ Civil wars erupt in many newly independent countries.
By 1830s, geographic barriers (mts., the Amazon, etc.), vast distances, plus cultural differences defeated attempts at unification.
$ Gran Columbia.
$ United Provinces of Central America.
4.) Independence 4.) Independence Brought More PovertyBrought More Poverty
The wars disrupted trade.
The wars devastated the cities and the countryside.
5.) Left Many Countries in 5.) Left Many Countries in the Control of the Control of CaudillosCaudillos
WHO WERE THEY?:
$ Mid-19c military dictators
$ Mostly wealthy “creole” aristocrats.
$ Followed the fight for independence.
$ Posed as reformers.
$ BUT…once in power overthrew govt. & took away basic human rights.
$ Attempted improvements, but most just cared about themselves and their families and friends [nepotism].
$ Power changes usually occurred at bayonet-point [coup d’etats!]
What is the Message?What is the Message?
Additional ProblemsAdditional Problems
6. Feuds among leaders.7. Geographic barriers.8. The social hierarchy continued
from the past. 9. Conservatives favored the old
social order.10.Liberals wanted land reform.11.Dependence on foreign
nations for capital and for economic investments.
The Caribbean:The Caribbean:An “American Lake”An “American Lake”
““The Colossus The Colossus of the North”of the North”
2 US dominated affairs in theAmericas.
2 1823 – Monroe Doctrine.2 US takes Texas and Mexican
Cession.2 US gains independence for Cuba.2 Roosevelt Corollary – US will
police the America.
2 US sent troops to Cuba, Haiti, Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua.
2 US built Panama Canal – “Yankee imperialism.”
The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal
““Big Stick” Foreign PolicyBig Stick” Foreign Policy
Cause of the Mexican Cause of the Mexican Revolution of 1910?Revolution of 1910?
Mexican RevolutionariesMexican Revolutionaries
EmilianoEmilianoZapataZapata
EmilianoEmilianoZapataZapata
Francisco I Francisco I Madero Madero
Francisco I Francisco I Madero Madero
VenustianVenustianoo
Carranza Carranza
VenustianVenustianoo
Carranza Carranza Porfirio Porfirio DiazDiaz
Porfirio Porfirio DiazDiaz
Pancho Villa Pancho Villa Pancho Villa Pancho Villa
The Mexican RevolutionThe Mexican Revolution
Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.
Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.
The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.
Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.
Home Country: Spanish colony
Date of Independence: 1821
Independence Leaders:
- Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (priest)
- Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon (rebel leader)
- General Augustin de Ituribe (Creole officer)
Mexican Independence:
1810= Costilla leads rebellion against Spainish
1811= Costilla defeated and executed
1811= Pavon leads rebellion for next four years
1815= Iturbide defeats Pavon
1821= turns on Spanish over loss of rights; makes
peace with Pavon; declares independence
MexicoMexico
1913: Economic 1913: Economic Imperialism?Imperialism?
U. S. Global U. S. Global InvestmentsInvestments
in 1914in 1914