Latin American Peoples Latin American Peoples Win IndependenceWin Independence

European Empires: 1660sEuropean Empires: 1660s

Latin American Revolutions!Latin American Revolutions!

16c-18c: 16c-18c: New Ideas Brewing in EuropeNew Ideas Brewing in Europe

16c-18c: 16c-18c: New Ideas Brewing in EuropeNew Ideas Brewing in Europe

Early Struggles in Latin Early Struggles in Latin AmericaAmerica

The Enlightenment and the American and French revolutions The Enlightenment and the American and French revolutions inspired some in Latin America to seek greater freedom. inspired some in Latin America to seek greater freedom.

• Saint Domingue (of Caribbean Saint Domingue (of Caribbean island Hispaniola) was the first island Hispaniola) was the first Latin American territory to Latin American territory to break ties with Europebreak ties with Europe

• Had been one of France’s Had been one of France’s richest possessionsrichest possessions

• Prosperity built on slave labor Prosperity built on slave labor in which masters use brutal in which masters use brutal methods methods

• French Revolution had French Revolution had dramatic effect on islanddramatic effect on island

Revolution in Haiti (1791-1804)Revolution in Haiti (1791-1804)

• Former slave Toussaint Former slave Toussaint L’Ouverture led revolt L’Ouverture led revolt against French mastersagainst French masters

• By 1801 he freed all By 1801 he freed all enslaved Africansenslaved Africans

• In 1802, French troops In 1802, French troops imprisoned L’Ouvertureimprisoned L’Ouverture

• Jean-Jacques Dessaline Jean-Jacques Dessaline declared Haiti an declared Haiti an independent country in 1804independent country in 1804

Toussaint L’OuvertureToussaint L’Ouverture

Latin America Socially DividedLatin America Socially DividedSocial class, based on race & ethnicity, Social class, based on race & ethnicity, dictated people’s place in societydictated people’s place in society

At top of society were At top of society were peninsulares = peninsulares = born in Spainborn in Spain- Tiny % of popul., could hold high gov’t office- Tiny % of popul., could hold high gov’t office

Second to the top were the Second to the top were the creolescreoles = Spaniards born in Latin = Spaniards born in Latin America America

- No high gov’t office, but could rise as officers in army- No high gov’t office, but could rise as officers in army

Third were the Third were the mestizosmestizos = persons of mixed European and Indian = persons of mixed European and Indian ancestryancestry

Fourth were the Fourth were the mulattosmulattos = persons of mixed European and = persons of mixed European and African ancestryAfrican ancestry

- Also included African slaves- Also included African slaves

Indians were at the bottom of the social ladderIndians were at the bottom of the social ladder

Revolutions in Venezuela, Revolutions in Venezuela, Ecuador, & PeruEcuador, & Peru

• 1811-18221811-1822• Creoles were least oppressed, Creoles were least oppressed,

but best educatedbut best educated– Learned of Enlightenment ideas Learned of Enlightenment ideas

& Revolutions& Revolutions

• Creoles felt no loyalty to French Creoles felt no loyalty to French king (Napoleon)king (Napoleon)– When king deposed, power When king deposed, power

should shift to the people (Locke)should shift to the people (Locke)

Creoles Lead Independence Creoles Lead Independence Simón BolivarSimón Bolivar

Wealthy Venezuelan Wealthy Venezuelan creolecreole

Spent time in Europe and the Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent United newly-independent United StatesStates

Called “Libertador” (liberator)Called “Libertador” (liberator)

Led volunteer army of Led volunteer army of revolutionaries in struggle for revolutionaries in struggle for independenceindependence

Won Venezuela’s Won Venezuela’s independence in 1821independence in 1821

Creoles Lead IndependenceCreoles Lead Independence José de San MartinJosé de San Martin

Argentinian military officerArgentinian military officer

Won Argentina’s independence Won Argentina’s independence in 1816in 1816

Led army against Spanish Led army against Spanish forces to free Chileforces to free Chile

Partnered with Bolivar to drive Partnered with Bolivar to drive Spanish forces out of PeruSpanish forces out of Peru

Decisive victory at Battle of Decisive victory at Battle of Ayacucho in 1824Ayacucho in 1824

Future countries of Venezuela, Future countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, & Ecuador Colombia, Panama, & Ecuador united into Gran Colombiaunited into Gran Colombia

Simón Bolivar Meets José Simón Bolivar Meets José de San Martinde San Martin

Bolivar & San Martin Fight Bolivar & San Martin Fight for Independence!for Independence!

Mexico Ends Spanish RuleMexico Ends Spanish Rule• 1810-18211810-1821• Ethnic & racial groups mixed freelyEthnic & racial groups mixed freely

– Indians & Indians & mestizos mestizos led revolutionled revolution

• Padre Miguel Hidalgo, priest of village of Padre Miguel Hidalgo, priest of village of Dolores, called for rebellion against the Dolores, called for rebellion against the Spanish in 1811Spanish in 1811– grito de Doloresgrito de Dolores (cry of Dolores) (cry of Dolores)– Defeated by Spanish army & creoles in Defeated by Spanish army & creoles in

Mexico cityMexico city

• Padre José María Morelos led revolution Padre José María Morelos led revolution for four more years but was defeated in for four more years but was defeated in 18151815

Mexico Ends Spanish RuleMexico Ends Spanish Rule

• Turning point in 1820 when revolution Turning point in 1820 when revolution in Spain put liberal group in powerin Spain put liberal group in power

• Mexico’s creoles united in support of Mexico’s creoles united in support of Mexico’s independence from Mexico’s independence from SpainSpain

• Agustín de Iturbide (who Agustín de Iturbide (who had defeated Morelos), had defeated Morelos), proclaimed Mexico’s proclaimed Mexico’s independence in 1821independence in 1821

However…However…• Before the Mexican revolution, Central Before the Mexican revolution, Central

America was part of New SpainAmerica was part of New Spain– Declared independence from New Spain Declared independence from New Spain

and from Mexico as welland from Mexico as well

• Iturbide refused to recognize this Iturbide refused to recognize this independence, but was overthrown in independence, but was overthrown in 18231823

• Central America declared its absolute Central America declared its absolute independence from Mexico and independence from Mexico and became known as the United Provinces became known as the United Provinces of Central Americaof Central America– Future countries of Nicaragua, Guatemala, Future countries of Nicaragua, Guatemala,

Honduras, El Salvador, Costa RicaHonduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica

Brazil’s Royal LiberatorBrazil’s Royal Liberator

• Independence occurred w/o violence or bloodshedIndependence occurred w/o violence or bloodshed• When Napoleon’s army approached Portugal, the prince and When Napoleon’s army approached Portugal, the prince and

royal family escaped to Rio de Janiero in Brazilroyal family escaped to Rio de Janiero in Brazil• After Napoleon’s defeat, the royal family went back to After Napoleon’s defeat, the royal family went back to

Portugal except for Dom Pedro, who stayed in BrazilPortugal except for Dom Pedro, who stayed in Brazil• In 1822, Brazilians demanded independence from Portugal In 1822, Brazilians demanded independence from Portugal

and petitioned for Dom Pedro to rule Brazil and petitioned for Dom Pedro to rule Brazil • Sept. 7, 1822 – Dom Pedro declared Brazil’s independenceSept. 7, 1822 – Dom Pedro declared Brazil’s independence

Flag of the Empire of Brazil, 1822-

1889

Pedro de Alcântara Francisco António João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim de Bragança e Bourbon

LatinLatinAmerican American

StatesStatesAfter the After the

RevolutionsRevolutions