Latin America Latin America Colonization & IndependenceColonization & Independence

Aztec Empire RecapAztec Empire Recap 1200s1200s

Tribe of hunters/farmers who migrated to southern Tribe of hunters/farmers who migrated to southern Mexico.Mexico.

Major accomplishmentsMajor accomplishments Mathematical & Calendar systems to Mathematical & Calendar systems to

maintain/organize their empiremaintain/organize their empire Farming system was very efficient - ChinampasFarming system was very efficient - Chinampas

15211521 Cortes defeats Montezuma (emperor) and the Cortes defeats Montezuma (emperor) and the

AztecsAztecs Why were the Spanish able to defeat the Aztecs Why were the Spanish able to defeat the Aztecs

so easily?so easily? Superior weapons, European diseases, Aztec Superior weapons, European diseases, Aztec

enemies helped the Spanishenemies helped the Spanish

Inca Empire RecapInca Empire Recap 1200 AD1200 AD

Inca settle along the Pacific Inca settle along the Pacific Coast of S. AmericaCoast of S. America

Accomplishments include: roads, Accomplishments include: roads, terracing, aqueductsterracing, aqueducts

1533 AD1533 AD Francisco Pizarro defeats the Francisco Pizarro defeats the

Atahualpa & the IncaAtahualpa & the Inca Forces the Inca to work on the Forces the Inca to work on the

encomiendas encomiendas Spanish mission systemSpanish mission system Natives die from starvation, Natives die from starvation,

European disease, overwork European disease, overwork

Colonial InfluenceColonial Influence European ColonizationEuropean Colonization

Spain wealthy enough to pay for explorationSpain wealthy enough to pay for exploration Gold, God, GloryGold, God, Glory

1494 AD1494 AD Treaty of Tordesillas signedsigned

Signed between Spain and PortugalSigned between Spain and Portugal

Set the Set the Line of DemarcationLine of Demarcation Imaginary line at 50 degrees longitude.Imaginary line at 50 degrees longitude. Spain claimed land westSpain claimed land west of the line of the line Portugal claimed land eastPortugal claimed land east of the line of the line

This is why Brazil speaks PortugueseThis is why Brazil speaks Portuguese

How was Latin America How was Latin America divided?divided?

Spain divided the territory into 2 provincesSpain divided the territory into 2 provinces New Spain (Mexico/Central America)New Spain (Mexico/Central America)

Capital was Mexico City - Built on top of the ruins Capital was Mexico City - Built on top of the ruins of Tenochtitlan. of Tenochtitlan.

Peru (South America)Peru (South America) Capital was LimaCapital was Lima

Caribbean Islands were also colonized primarily by Caribbean Islands were also colonized primarily by Spain . . . Spain . . . The Netherlands (Dutch), France, England, and The Netherlands (Dutch), France, England, and

Denmark also colonized the Caribbean.Denmark also colonized the Caribbean. Came in search of wealth and natural resourcesCame in search of wealth and natural resources

Was there a specific social Was there a specific social structure in New Spain & structure in New Spain &

Peru?Peru? Yes!!!Yes!!!

Peninsulares Peninsulares Spanish colonists directly from SpainSpanish colonists directly from Spain

CriollosCriollos Spanish colonists born in the colony Spanish colonists born in the colony

whose ancestors were born in Spainwhose ancestors were born in Spain

MestizosMestizos People of Native American and People of Native American and

Spanish descentSpanish descent

Native AmericansNative Americans Slaves didn’t even make it on the listSlaves didn’t even make it on the list

Do any other groups have a Do any other groups have a specific social structure?specific social structure?

Peninsulares

Criollos

Mestizos

Native Americans

Role of Native AmericansRole of Native Americans Native Americans were captured and Native Americans were captured and

forced into slavery on large plantationsforced into slavery on large plantations Haciendas = large ranches or Haciendas = large ranches or

plantations plantations

This was called the encomienda system. This was called the encomienda system. Encomienda is a system of forced Encomienda is a system of forced

labor.labor. Natives worked in return for Natives worked in return for

protection.protection.

Native Americans were not good slavesNative Americans were not good slaves They knew the land and found escape They knew the land and found escape

relatively easyrelatively easy However, many died from starvation, However, many died from starvation,

overwork & diseases. overwork & diseases.

Columbian Exchange 1500’s AD1500’s AD

Columbian exchange took place between the Americas and Europe.Columbian exchange took place between the Americas and Europe. Named after Christopher ColumbusNamed after Christopher Columbus Describes the exchange of crops, goods, animals and diseases Describes the exchange of crops, goods, animals and diseases

between Europe and its colonies. between Europe and its colonies.

Goods taken to EuropeGoods taken to Europe Potatoes, beans, maize (corn), squash, pumpkins, tomatoes, Potatoes, beans, maize (corn), squash, pumpkins, tomatoes,

peppers and chocolatepeppers and chocolate

Goods taken to the AmericasGoods taken to the Americas Sugar cane, wheat, barleySugar cane, wheat, barley Sheep, goats, pigs, cattle and horses Sheep, goats, pigs, cattle and horses

Horses had a great impact on the natives, especially how Horses had a great impact on the natives, especially how they conducted warthey conducted war

Negative impact in the Americas = European diseaseNegative impact in the Americas = European disease Measles, influenza and smallpoxMeasles, influenza and smallpox

Triangular Triangular

TradeTrade

Europe

West Indies

Africa

Man

ufac

ture

d G

oods

Manufactured G

oodsR

um, T

obac

co, M

olas

ses

& C

otto

n

Rum, Tobacco & Gunpowder

Slaves & Gold

Slaves & Ivory

“Middle Passage”“The Americas”

Impact of Columbian Impact of Columbian ExchangeExchange

3 major areas3 major areas Decline of indigenous populationsDecline of indigenous populations

Natives lacked immunity to European diseasesNatives lacked immunity to European diseases Between 1492 and 1650, 80% of Native Americans Between 1492 and 1650, 80% of Native Americans

died from European diseases. died from European diseases.

Agricultural ChangeAgricultural Change New foods brought to Europe and Latin AmericaNew foods brought to Europe and Latin America

Introduction of the horseIntroduction of the horse Brought from EuropeBrought from Europe Used for transportation and laborUsed for transportation and labor

Helped Native Americans huntHelped Native Americans hunt Main form of transportation until the early 20Main form of transportation until the early 20thth

centurycentury

Slave TradeSlave Trade 1510 AD1510 AD

First African slaves brought to the First African slaves brought to the Caribbean & South AmericaCaribbean & South America

Used to work on the sugar plantations Used to work on the sugar plantations and mine silver – required a HUGE & and mine silver – required a HUGE & CHEAP workforce.CHEAP workforce.

Europeans introduced sugar cane to Europeans introduced sugar cane to the West Indies. They then sent it the West Indies. They then sent it back to Europe to be used as a back to Europe to be used as a popular sweetener. popular sweetener.

Coffee was also introduced as a popular Coffee was also introduced as a popular crop that required additional workers. crop that required additional workers.

The Brazilian coffee industry The Brazilian coffee industry benefited greatly from the benefited greatly from the introduction of slavery. introduction of slavery.

Slave TradeSlave Trade Natives were used as slaves first. Natives were used as slaves first.

Many natives died from diseases such as the Many natives died from diseases such as the measles, malaria, and small pox. (50-75%)measles, malaria, and small pox. (50-75%)

They also escaped easily. . . WHY?They also escaped easily. . . WHY?

Europeans replaced the native slavesEuropeans replaced the native slaves (who had died) (who had died) with Africans as slaves over time. with Africans as slaves over time.

WHY???WHY??? Highly skilled farmers and metal workersHighly skilled farmers and metal workers Could handle the hot climateCould handle the hot climate Could not escape as easilyCould not escape as easily More immune to diseaseMore immune to disease

African slaves also experienced horrible African slaves also experienced horrible conditions similar to those of the natives.conditions similar to those of the natives.

Slave TradeSlave Trade African slavery was extremely important in the development of South African slavery was extremely important in the development of South

America & the Caribbean for the next 300 years. America & the Caribbean for the next 300 years. As the industries that required slaves grew . . . So did the number As the industries that required slaves grew . . . So did the number

of slaves. of slaves. Slaves were required in order to help the plantations be successful. Slaves were required in order to help the plantations be successful.

Brazil imported more slaves than any other country in the world. Brazil imported more slaves than any other country in the world.

In the 1700’s, sugarcane production in Jamaica and modern Haiti In the 1700’s, sugarcane production in Jamaica and modern Haiti surpassed Brazil. surpassed Brazil.

The Caribbean islands became VERY important to their colonial The Caribbean islands became VERY important to their colonial powers. WHY?powers. WHY?

9 out of 10 inhabitants in the Caribbean were slaves9 out of 10 inhabitants in the Caribbean were slaves

As the colonies gained their independence, so did the slaves. As the colonies gained their independence, so did the slaves. Most Caribbean people today are descendants from African slaves. Most Caribbean people today are descendants from African slaves.

This continues to blend the ethnic groups within Latin America. This continues to blend the ethnic groups within Latin America.

What was the Spanish Mission What was the Spanish Mission system?system?

System for Spain to System for Spain to defend its empire’s defend its empire’s borders against other empires, such as borders against other empires, such as Portugal, France, and Britain.Portugal, France, and Britain.

Under this system . . . Under this system . . . Priests were to manage the Priests were to manage the

haciendas and convert natives to haciendas and convert natives to Christianity.Christianity.

Spread of the Spanish language and Spread of the Spanish language and culture throughout Latin America.culture throughout Latin America.

Some natives converted Some natives converted quickly . . . Others rebelled quickly . . . Others rebelled against the Spanish.against the Spanish.

Economically, the mission system was Economically, the mission system was only successful in Mexico, but not in only successful in Mexico, but not in other parts of Latin America.other parts of Latin America.

Impact of Colonization Impact of Colonization TODAYTODAY

People and culture of Latin America are a blend of native and European customs. People and culture of Latin America are a blend of native and European customs. LanguageLanguage

Major factor that links all the countries together and makes it a cultural Major factor that links all the countries together and makes it a cultural region. region.

Spanish is the predominate language . . . WHY?Spanish is the predominate language . . . WHY? Because most of the countries were established by SpainBecause most of the countries were established by Spain Brazil speaks Portuguese . . . WHY? Brazil speaks Portuguese . . . WHY? Some indigenous languages still exist in isolated areasSome indigenous languages still exist in isolated areas

How do you think early setters and natives communicated with each How do you think early setters and natives communicated with each other?other?

Ethnic Groups – started to blend together.Ethnic Groups – started to blend together. Mestizos – Native American and EuropeanMestizos – Native American and European Mulattos – Africans and EuropeansMulattos – Africans and Europeans

ReligionReligion Major religion is Catholicism – brought by the EuropeansMajor religion is Catholicism – brought by the Europeans

Replaced the practice of idol worship and human sacrificeReplaced the practice of idol worship and human sacrifice

Independence Independence MovementsMovements

Haiti, Mexico & South Haiti, Mexico & South AmericaAmerica

What world events influenced What world events influenced the Latin American the Latin American

independence movements?independence movements? Late 1700’s - American Late 1700’s - American

Revolution & French RevolutionRevolution & French Revolution

Early 1800’s - Colonists in Early 1800’s - Colonists in Latin America were tired of Latin America were tired of watching Spain and Portugal watching Spain and Portugal gain riches at their expense. gain riches at their expense.

Became disgruntled & saw Became disgruntled & saw others in other countries rebel others in other countries rebel against monarchs and win!against monarchs and win!

Led by criollos, who were Led by criollos, who were wealthy but had no political wealthy but had no political power because they had not power because they had not been born in Spainbeen born in Spain

Caribbean Independence Caribbean Independence Movement - HaitiMovement - Haiti

Haiti was a French colony known as St. Domingue

The French brought African slaves to work on the HUGE sugar cane and coffee plantations 1789 – Slaves were given freedom after the French

Revolution . . . HOWEVER , in 1791 they changed their minds.

How would this make you feel?

In 1791, Haiti became the only country in the Americas to have a successful slave revolt – thousands of slaves

Tired of working long hours under terrible conditions.

Killed thousands of colonists and burned the land.

Toussaint L’Ouverture helped to banish slavery on the island. He was a former slave . . . But educated. 1794 – the slaves were freed . . . But now had to fight

the Spanish and British who were trying to take over the island.

1799- Toussaint controlled the country and named himself dictator for life.

Began to rebuild the country . . . Set up a constitution, guaranteed decent wages, housing and medical care for the people.

French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was insulted by Toussaints’s declaration that he was dictator for life . . . He sent the army to retake the colony.

Toussaint was captured and died in a French prison.

1803 – French gave up the island because many soldiers died from yellow fever

1804 – Gained their complete independence!

Haiti was the first Latin American country to break free from Imperialism. However, they have lived under harsh dictators and are the

poorest country in the Western Hemisphere.

Mexican Independence Mexican Independence MovementMovement

1521-18101521-1810 Spanish ruled MexicoSpanish ruled Mexico

Early 1800’sEarly 1800’s Many Mexican leaders began to call for Many Mexican leaders began to call for

independence from Spainindependence from Spain

Miguel Hidalgo: Miguel Hidalgo: A criollo priest (Catholic) A criollo priest (Catholic)

Why would the criollos be most likely to lead the revolution?Why would the criollos be most likely to lead the revolution?

Led revolution movement in MexicoLed revolution movement in Mexico He believed in social reform – change for the He believed in social reform – change for the

better in societybetter in society Slaves should be freedSlaves should be freed Land held by Spain should be returned to Land held by Spain should be returned to

Mexican farmersMexican farmers Spain should stop taxing Mexican citizens so Spain should stop taxing Mexican citizens so

heavilyheavily

1808 – France invaded Spain . . . Spain’s government 1808 – France invaded Spain . . . Spain’s government was in distresswas in distress Father Hidalgo seized the moment!!!Father Hidalgo seized the moment!!!

Father Hidalgo gave a speech on September 16, Father Hidalgo gave a speech on September 16, 1810 known as 1810 known as the Grito de Dolores (“Cry of the Grito de Dolores (“Cry of Dolores”)Dolores”)

(Mexico’s independence day is celebrated on the anniversary (Mexico’s independence day is celebrated on the anniversary of this speech!)of this speech!)

He urged the Mexican people to rebel against He urged the Mexican people to rebel against Spanish rule Spanish rule

Led a small group of protestors to Mexico City . . . By the Led a small group of protestors to Mexico City . . . By the time they arrived, the group had grown to 2,000 people. time they arrived, the group had grown to 2,000 people. But they were NO match for the weapons of the But they were NO match for the weapons of the government soldiers. government soldiers.

Formed an army of 80,000 but lost more battles Formed an army of 80,000 but lost more battles than he wonthan he won

Was captured and executed in 1811 for treasonWas captured and executed in 1811 for treason Rebels continued fighting though Rebels continued fighting though – Hidalgo is – Hidalgo is

known as the “Father of Mexican Independence”.known as the “Father of Mexican Independence”.

1821 – The last of the Spanish troops left Mexico.1821 – The last of the Spanish troops left Mexico.

Spanish Control in S. Spanish Control in S. AmericaAmerica

Spain Spain Ruled over most of S. Ruled over most of S.

America for 300 yearsAmerica for 300 years

Spain grew Spain grew enormously wealthyenormously wealthy

Colonists wanted to Colonists wanted to share in the political share in the political and economic wealth – and economic wealth – decided to fight for decided to fight for independenceindependence

South American Independence South American Independence *HH*HH

1804 1804 Simon Bolivar – joins the independence movementSimon Bolivar – joins the independence movement

Venezuelan criolloVenezuelan criollo Traveled to Spain and was convinced that Traveled to Spain and was convinced that

Venezuela should be free from Spain’s control.Venezuela should be free from Spain’s control. 18101810

Bolivar fought for 15 years to liberate many countries in Bolivar fought for 15 years to liberate many countries in S. America.S. America.

Became president of the republic of Gran ColombiaBecame president of the republic of Gran Colombia Modern Day – Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Modern Day – Colombia, Panama, Venezuela,

EcuadorEcuador Liberated Peru and Bolivia . . . Added them to his Liberated Peru and Bolivia . . . Added them to his

republic. republic.

Nicknamed Nicknamed El LibertadorEl Libertador Also nicknamed the “George Washington of S. Also nicknamed the “George Washington of S.

America” because of his battle to free much of S. America” because of his battle to free much of S. America from Spanish control.America from Spanish control.

Bolivia was named after him.Bolivia was named after him.

He died in 1830 from tuberculosis. He died in 1830 from tuberculosis.

Spanish Colonies in South Spanish Colonies in South AmericaAmerica

1808 – 1830 AD1808 – 1830 AD Most countries gain their independence Most countries gain their independence

1811 = Paraguay1811 = Paraguay 1816 = Argentina1816 = Argentina 1818 = Chile1818 = Chile 1819 = Colombia1819 = Colombia 1822 = Ecuador1822 = Ecuador 1824 = Peru1824 = Peru 1825 = Uruguay1825 = Uruguay 1830 = Venezuela1830 = Venezuela

Portuguese Colony in S. Portuguese Colony in S. AmericaAmerica

PortugalPortugal Ruled over most of South America for 300 Ruled over most of South America for 300

yearsyears

1822 AD1822 AD Brazil gained its Independence without a Brazil gained its Independence without a

major fight.major fight.