LaTeX Part 2

Notes Mathematics in LaTeX Tables Graphics Figures Making Presentations in LaTeX Resources

An Intro to Latex Part IIAn introduction to creating a Latex document

Aubry W. Verret

Brown Science and Engineering Library Research Computing Lab

November 11, 2008


Outline INotes

FootnotesMarginal NotesEndnotes

Mathematics in LaTeXMath EnvironmentMath Symbols

TablesTable FeaturesHow to Create TablesExample of TableTable Resources

GraphicsGraphicx Package


Outline IIAllowed FormatsIncludegraphics CommandGraphicx ExamplesIncluding Plots

FiguresIncluding and Formatting FiguresCaptionsExample of Figure

Making Presentations in LaTeXPackagesUsing BeamerCreating a SlideHyperlinksOverlays


Outline IIIAcquiring Beamer

Resources


Footnotes

You can include footnotes in your document by using the command

\footnote[number]{text}

The footnote is automatically placed at the bottom of the pageand is automatically given a number.

You can override the automatic numbering by using the optional[number] portion of the footnote command.Example:

\footnote[3]{This is the third footnote}

This command produces this footnote. 3

3This is the third footnote


Footnotes




You can override the automatic numbering by using the optional[number] portion of the footnote command.

Example:





Footnotes




You can override the automatic numbering by using the optional[number] portion of the footnote command.Example:





Marginal Notes

You can also include margin notes in your document. Use the

\marginpar[left]{righttext} command

If you only specify the required command righttext then the marginnote placement goes as follows:

• On the right for single sided documents

• On the outside margin for doublesided documents

If you use the optional [left] argument then the note will go on theleft. Example:

\marginpar[left]{Here is a margin note.}


Endnotes

Endnotes require the use of the endnote package. Include it in thepreamble of your document with the

\usepackage{endnote} command.

To create an endnote just use the

\endnote{text} command

Finally, include this command at the end of your document whereyou want the endnotes to appear

\theendnotes


Math Environments

In order to typeset mathematical formulae, you must put LaTeXinto math mode.

There are four different types of math mode:

• Math environment - Short in-line equations

• Displaymath environment - Numbered equations set apart inthe text

• Eqnarray Environment - Sequences of equations or very longequations

• Equation environment - Centered equations


You can achieve these modes by using the following commands:

Math environment -

• \begin{math}...\end{math

• $...$

• $...$

Displaymath environment -

• \begin{displaymath)...end{displaymath}

• \[...\]

• $$...$$

Eqnarray environment -

• \begin{eqnarray[*]}...\end{eqnarray[*]}

Equation environment -

• \begin{equation}...\end{equation}


Math symbolsThere are many symbols involved in typesetting simple andcomplicated mathematical formulae. LaTeX is equipped to typeseteverything from simple to high level mathematics.

Example (Ampere’s Circuit Law):

∮∂S

B· dl = µo IS + µoεo∂ΦE ,S

∂t

Code:

$$\oint_{\partial S}B\cdotp dl = \mu_o I_S + \mu_o\epsilon_o \frac{\partial \Phi_{E, S}}{\partial t} $$


Example (Matrices):a11 a12 · · · a1n

a21 a22 · · · a2n...

.... . .

...an1 an2 · · · ann

x1

x2...

xn

=

00...0

Code:

$$\left[ \begin{array}{cccc}a_{11} & a_{12} & \cdots & a_{1n} \\a_{21} & a_{22} & \cdots & a_{2n} \\\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\a_{n1} & a_{n2} & \cdots & a_{nn} \end{array} \right]\left[ \begin{array}{c}x_1 \\ x_2 \\ \vdots \\x_n \end{array} \right] = \left[ \begin{array}{c}0 \\ 0 \\ \vdots \\ 0 \end{array} \right]$$


Example (Taylor Series):

∞∑n=0

f n(a)

n!(x − a)n

Code:

$$\sum^{\infty}_{n=0} \frac{f^{n}(a)}{n!}(x - a)^n$$

Example (DeMorgan’s Law):

¬(p ∨ q)⇐⇒ (¬p) ∧ (¬q)

Code:

$$\neg (p \vee q) \Longleftrightarrow (\neg p)\wedge (\neg q) $$


More Features

Aside from these examples, LaTeX provides symols for everythingyou need to typeset mathematics including:

• binary operators

• Greek symbols

• logical operators

• set notation

• trig functions

• delimiters

You can look up any mathematical command on google. Thefollowing link is helpful:http://web.ift.uib.no/Fysisk/Teori/KURS/WRK/TeX/symALL.html

http://web.ift.uib.no/Fysisk/Teori/KURS/WRK/TeX/symALL.html

http://web.ift.uib.no/Fysisk/Teori/KURS/WRK/TeX/symALL.html


Amsmath Package

If you use mathematics heavily in your documents, you mightconsider using the amsmath package. It provides someenhancements to the normal LaTeX math capabilities which maketypesetting formulas easier and more attractive.Go here for more info:http://www.ams.org/tex/amslatex.html

http://www.ams.org/tex/amslatex.html


Tables

You can use LaTeX to create tables for your document. They arehighly customizable and can be simple or complex.With LaTeX you can:

• Easily format columns and Rows

• Customize the lines that separate columns and rows

• Control table size


Tables must be created within the Tabular environment.

\begin{tabular[alignment]{columns}...\end{tabular}

Here are examples of parameters for the columns argument:

• l - left justified column

• c - centered column

• r - right justified column

• - vertical line

The [alignment] argument is optional. The options are:

• b - bottom

• c - center

• t - top


To form the table, separate each element with a & sign and eachrow with \ \

Example:

a b c de f g hi j k l

m n o p

Code:

\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}\hlinea & b & c & d \\e & f & g & h \\i & j & k & l \\m & n & o & p \\\hline\end{tabular}


Example:

Iteration k of f (xn)

k xk1 xk

2 xk3 remarks

0 -0.3 0.6 0.7 -1 0.47102965 0.04883157 -0.53345964 δ < ε2 0.49988691 0.00228830 -0.52246185 δ < ε3 0.49999976 0.00005380 -0.523656 N4 0.5 0.00000307 -0.52359743...

.... . .

...7 0.5 0.0 -0.52359878 δ < 10−8

Find code here:http://amath.colorado.edu/documentation/LaTeX/reference/tables/

http://amath.colorado.edu/documentation/LaTeX /reference/tables/

http://amath.colorado.edu/documentation/LaTeX /reference/tables/


You can find a number of other examples plus code here:

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Tableshttp://amath.colorado.edu/documentation/LaTeX/reference/tables/

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Tables

http://amath.colorado.edu/documentation/LaTeX/reference/tables/

http://amath.colorado.edu/documentation/LaTeX/reference/tables/


Including Graphics

LaTeX is able to manage graphics via an external package calledgraphicx. To use graphicx you must include the package in thepreamble of your document.

\usepackage{graphicx}

The graphicx package allows you too:

• Use several different file formats

• Scale or specify dimensions of the image

• Crop the image

• Rotate the image


Allowed Formats

If you compile with latex you can only use the EPS image format.

If you compile with pdflatex you can use the following formats:

• JPG

• PNG

• PDF


Includegraphics Command

Use this command to include a graphic in your document:

\includegraphics[dimension]{file}

The optional [dimension] argument can include several differentoptions including:

• width and height

• scale

• angle

• trim


Example of Graphicx

\includegraphics[width=6cm, height=4cm]{flower.jpg}


Example of Graphicx

\includegraphics[scale = .05]{flower.jpg}


Example of Graphicx

\includegraphics[scale=.05, angle=45]{flower.jpg}


Importing Plots

It is also possible to import plots from other programs such asMatlab or Maple into your document. You just need to export theplot as a .eps file, or if you are using pdflatex you can export it asa .jpg. Then include the plot in your document using theincludegraphincs command.


Including Figures

LaTeX provides a way to include figures in your document. Youmust use the figure environment.

\begin{figure}...\end{figure}

LaTeX will insert the figure into your document wherever it seemsbest, but there are a few optional commands that you can use withthe figure environment:

• h - put figure here

• t - put figure at top of page

• b - put figure at bottom of page

• p - put figure on separate page


Example:

\begin{figure}[h]

You can also include captions with your figures by using thecommand

\caption{text}

LaTeX will automatically number your figures and update a List ofFigures page in the ToC each time you add new figure to yourdocument.

Example:

\begin{figure}\centering\includegraphics{filename}\caption{This is a figure}\end{figure}


Example Figure

\begin{figure}\centering\includegraphics{flower}\caption{Photo of a purple flower}\end{figure}

Figure: Photo of a purple flower


Slide Presentations in LaTeX

You can use LaTeX to make professional looking presentations.There are several packages for doing so including:

• Beamer

• Prosper

• Ppower4

The Beamer class allows you to easily create professional lookingpresentations that are

• Easily customized

• Capable of displaying sophisticated mathematics

• Capable of containing overlays

• Easily converted to handouts

• Display independent of operating system


Using Beamer

In order to use the Beamer Class you must use it as thedocumentclass option in the preamble:

\documentclass[style]{beamer}

In the optional [style] command you can specify a number ofdifferent styles. If you exclude the command, then Beamer will usea default style.Go here for examples of Beamer styles:http://mike.depalatis.net/beamerthemes/

http://mike.depalatis.net/beamerthemes/


Creating a Slide

To create slides using Beamer you must use the frame environment.

\begin{frame}[options]...\end{frame}

The [options] parameter can be used to specify a number offeatures:

• fragile or containsverbatim will allow you to include verbatimtext on the slide using the verbatim pakage

• allowframebreaks will allow Beamer to create extra slides toaccommodate overflow text

• shrink will shrink contents to fit onto one slide


Sample Frame Code

Here is the code for a basic frame:

\section{}\subsection{}\begin{frame}\frametitle{This is the title}Contents...end{frame}


Hyperlinks

Beamer allows you to create links between slides.

For example: Jump to next slide


Target Frame

This is the target frame.

To create a hyperlink you must include the hyperref package in thepreamble. Then you must use the following code:

\hyperlink{target_label}{\beamergotobutton{text}}

The target label argument specifies the label you have given to thetarget slide and can say anything you want. You must label thetarget slide as follows:

\begin{frame}[label=target_label]


OverlaysBeamer allows you to create overlays in your slide presentations.The overlays can be simple or intricate.Here is an example of a very simple overlay:

• First item

• Second item

• Third item

You can create this overlay by inserting the pause command aftereach item in the list.Code:

\begin{itemize}\item First item \pause\item Second item \pause\item Third item \pause\end{itemize}


More Examples

Example: The following overlay can be created using this code

\only<1>{First}\only<2>{Second}\only<3>{Third}

FirstExample: The following overlay can be created using this code

\alt<5>{I am here}{I am not here}

I am not here


More Examples



SecondExample: The following overlay can be created using this code


I am not here


More Examples



ThirdExample: The following overlay can be created using this code


I am not here


More Examples





I am not here


More Examples





I am here


Acquiring Beamer

In order to use the Beamer class you must first install it. You candownload it here:

http://sourceforge.net/projects/latex-beamer/

http://sourceforge.net/projects/latex-beamer/


Where to get Help

There are several different resources for learning LaTeXBooks:

• LaTeX Concisely by Adrian Johnstone

• The LaTeX Companion by Michel Goossens

• A Guide to LaTeX by Melmut Kopka

• LaTeX For Scientists and Engineers by David J. Buerger

• The LaTeX Graphics Companion

• The LaTeX Web Companion


Online: There are numerous online tutorials and user guides forLaTeX, specific commands, packages, etc.

The Research Computing Lab: You can send questions to methrough our ticket systemhttp://www2.lib.virginia.edu/brown/rescomp/help/index.html

http://www2.lib.virginia.edu/brown/rescomp/help/index.html

http://www2.lib.virginia.edu/brown/rescomp/help/index.html

LaTeX Part 2

Technology

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