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![Page 1: Latest Trends and New Enhancements in 3G Wireless Communications Rao Yallapragada Senior Director, Qualcomm Inc. April 12, 2004.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062417/5514f85f550346b0478b617d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Latest Trends and New Enhancements in 3G Wireless Communications
Rao YallapragadaSenior Director, Qualcomm Inc.April 12, 2004
![Page 2: Latest Trends and New Enhancements in 3G Wireless Communications Rao Yallapragada Senior Director, Qualcomm Inc. April 12, 2004.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062417/5514f85f550346b0478b617d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Latest Trends and New EnhancementsApril 2004
2
Presentation Outline
• 3G Reported Subscribers
• 3G CDMA Evolution
• Voice and Data Capacity Evolution of 3G Technologies
• New Enhancements in 3G Technologies
– CDMA2000 1x
– CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
– WCDMA
• Summary
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3G Wireless Subscriber Growth
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Latest Trends and New EnhancementsApril 2004
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3G CDMA Reported* Subscribers3G CDMA Reported* Subscribers(As of March 30, 2004)(As of March 30, 2004)
05
10152025303540455055606570758085
Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
Su
bscri
bers
(M
)
88.2 million
6.46 million
4.31 million
Source: www.3Gtoday.com
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Latest Trends and New EnhancementsApril 2004
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Worldwide CDMA Subscriber Evolution Forecast
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
2G CDMA 3G CDMA 3G WCDMA
Future(Millions)
Source: Strategy Analytics, April 2003 and www.3gtoday as of December 2003, CDG September 2003
3G CDMA is Well Established & GrowingNow in Use in Two Flavors: CDMA2000® and WCDMA
Over 98M Subscribers, 75 Operators, 37 Countries, 430 Handsets, 43 Vendors
September >174M subs
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Latest Trends and New EnhancementsApril 2004
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Operators Expanding Data Services With CDMA2000 1xEV-DO 5 Commercial Operators
Over 5M EV-DO subscribers as of January 2004
Over $1 billion EV-DO national rollout over next 2 years
655065005500 6800
Coming Soon
Pelephone
(PT Mobile-8)
(Telecsa Ecuador)
2.4 MbpsgpsOneARM 7
2.4 MbpsgpsOneARM 9
2.4 MbpsHigher resolution
video/graphicsCamera to 4 megapixel
3.1MbpsCamera to 4 megapixel
Launched November 2003
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Latest Trends and New EnhancementsApril 2004
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Latest Trends and Driving Factors
• High Intensity Multi-Media Capabilities– More efficiency in multi-media content
delivery
• Enhancements to support Quality of Service
• Efficient and flexible Packet based Video Telephony
• Support for VoIP and Low-latency applications, e.g., Gaming applications
• Instant Multi Media (IMM)
• Broadcast and Multicast services
• High Speed Data on both Up and Down Links
65005500
“Push to See”
Samsung SCH V310
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3G CDMA Evolution
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Latest Trends and New EnhancementsApril 2004
9200620052004200320022001200019991995 200620052004200320022001200019991995
In -Band Migration and
Designed for In-Band Migration and New Spectrum
3G CDMA
2G CDMA
3G CDMA Evolution
1.25 MHzVoice & Data
2.5G CDMA
Rel. 4
HSDPA
Additional voice capacity doubling
- Terminal antenna diversity
Rel. 5
CDMA2000 1X
14.4 kbps dataSoft HandoffSynchronous Timing
64 kbps packet data
− Channel Concatenation
Double voice capacity− Fast Fwd Power Control− Coherent Uplink 153.6 kbps packet data− Turbo Codes
307 kbps packet data
Simultaneous voice and data
Dedicated & OptimizedFor Packet Data2.4 Mbps Peak Rates All IP Architecture
Improvementsto data services.
More flexible data packet scheduling.
64/384 kbps cs/packet dataSoft handoffAsynchronous timing
Improvements to data services
More flexible datapacket scheduling
cdmaOne
QoS, Broadcast, Personal Media, IMM ,2x
1xEV-DV
Forward Link: Peak Rate: 3.1 mbps
Reverse Link: Peak Rate:1.8 mbps
Fwd & Rev. Capacity Gains
Forward Link: Peak Rate 3.1 mbps
Reverse Link: Peak Rate 1.8 mbps
EUL
Rel. 6
EnhancedUp-Link
IS - 95A IS-95B
1.25 MHzOptimized for Data
IS-2000 Rel. 0 Rel. A Rel. B Rel. C Rel. D
Designed for New Spectrum
5 MHzVoice & Data
3GPP Rel. 99
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
UMTS(WCDMA)
IS-856, Rel. 0 Enhancements Rel. A
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Voice Capacity Evolution of 3G Technologies
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Data Capacity Evolution of 3G Technologies
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New Enhancements in 3G Wireless Technologies
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Latest Trends and New EnhancementsApril 2004
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CDMA2000 Standards Status
IS-95A/B
1xRelease 0
1x/3xRelease A
1x/3x Release B
1xEV-DO Revision 0
1xRevision C(1xEV-DV FL)
Arrow denotes evolution of standard, maintaining backward compatibility
cdma2000 family
Done
Done Done Done Done
1xRevision D(1xEV-DV RL)
Done
1xEV-DO Revision A
Publish Date: March 2004
Publish Date: March 2004
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CDMA2000 1X Enhancements
• Capacity Enhancements via Mobile Receive Diversity and SMV Vocoders
• Release C Enhancements
– Introduces 1xEV-DV and a new data mode for the forward link
– New Forward Packet Data Channel (F-PDCH)
• High data rate, rapidly time-shared among users
• Dynamic modulation and coding based on channel condition
• Forward Link Data Rates up to 3.1 Mbps
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CDMA2000 Release D Enhancements
• Simultaneous wireless voice and bi-directional high speed data on a single RF carrier
• Reverse Link Enhancements
– Hybrid ARQ
• Re-transmit & combine, similar to 1xEV-DV FL
• Synchronous re-transmissions
– MAC-layer control of data transmissions
– Higher peak data rates: ~ 1.8 Mbit/s
– Fast scheduling with shorter variable duration frames
– Base station supervised rate control
– Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
• Fast Call Setup
• Backward compatible with IS-95 and CDMA2000 Releases 0, A, B & C
• Expected Date of Commercial Deployments: Y2005
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Throughput gains with proposed enhancements
Average Thput [kbps]
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
400.00
450.00
500.00
20ms - 1Transmission 10ms - 2Transmissions 10ms - 3Transmissinons 5ms - 4Transmissions
(~1x Revision C)1x Revision D
candidates
Full Buffer RL Throughput
RL
Th
rou
gh
pu
t(k
bit
/s p
er s
ecto
r)
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1xEV-DV: Overview
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Introduction to 1xEV-DV
• CDMA2000 1x FL currently has 3 modes of transmitting data:
– Fundicated Channel (F-FCH / F-DCCH)• Low rate data, circuit-switched like• One to each MS
– Supplemental Channel (F-SCH)• Higher rate data, packet data or circuit-switched• Typically time-shared among users, ~160 ms at a time
– Broadcast Control Channel (F-BCCH)• Small payloads, low rate, large latencies• SMS-like data
• Introduces a new Packet Data Channel (F-PDCH) :– Called as FL Radio Configuration 10
– High rate, rapidly time-shared among users
– Uses adaptive modulation and coding schemes
E
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CDMA2000 Compatibility
• CDMA2000 Revision C is fully backward compatible:– IS-95A or newer mobile stations can operate in a Revision C cell– 1xEV-DV capable mobiles can do data on older systems
Mobile Station supporting Revision C
Base Base Station Station
supporting supporting Revision CRevision C
F-PDCH
Base Base Station Station
supporting supporting Revision 0Revision 0
F-SCH
Mobile Station supporting Revision C
Mobile Station supporting Revision C
F-PDCH
E
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1xEV-DV: Key Concepts
• Maximizes the use of Forward Link resources – Forward Transmit power and – Code channel Resources
• Allocates left-over power to the packet data channel (PDCH)
• Data to different users are TDM’d on F-PDCH
• Uses advanced communication techniques:– Channel-sensitive scheduling – Multi-user diversity– Adaptive modulation and coding– Incremental redundancy
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1xEV-DV Dynamic Resource Allocation
1xEV-DV BTS
Transmit Power
Time
Maximum
Fundamental Channels
Overhead Channels
Packet Data Channel
– Pool unused power and code channels into F-PDCH
– Transmission must adapt to dynamics in resources
1x BTS Transmit
Power
Time
Maximum
Supplemental Channel(s)
Fundamental Channels
Overhead Channels
Walsh Space
Time
Leftovers pooled into PDCHDedicated & Common CHs
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Latest Trends and New EnhancementsApril 2004
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F-PDCH Time-Sharing
BTS Transmit
Power
Time
Maximum
For User 1
Fundamental and
Supplemental Channels
Overhead Channels
For User 2
E
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4 Key Principles of 1xEV-DV
1) Rapid Adaptive modulation and coding for each transmission
2) Transmit for short durations of time
Adapt parameters based on:a. Available BTS resourcesb. Amount of data to transmitc. Channel condition
Allows the full use of available resources
Transmission durations of 1.25 ms to 5 ms:Minimizes variations during transmission period due to:
a. Available resourcesb. Channel conditions
E
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4 Key Principles of 1xEV-DV
3) Transmit to only 1 (or 2) users at a time
Wait, and transmit to a user when the user’s channel is at its bestAvoids wasting power trying to get a packet through the channel when it has faded away
Also called as Adaptive Asynchronous Incremental Redundancy techniqueGet ACK or NAK back fast from the MSCombine transmissions and re-transmissions for better decodingAllows to be very aggressive and transmit at highest data rate possible
4) Provide a method for fast and efficient re-transmission
E
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1xEV-DO: New Enhancements Revision A
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What’s Next for CDMA2000 1xEV-DO?Multimedia Services, Increase Data Rates and System Capacity, and Lower Costs
Personal MediaMultiple channels
of video/audio
Instant Multi-mediaAudio and video together
Quality of Service (QOS)Different levels of
priority
Location-based services (LBS)
High resolution locations
2x MulticarrierTwo 1xEV-DO carriers
simultaneously, doubling data rates
Equalizer Increase sector capacity 20-60%
Receive Diversity4X capacity in 1.25 MHz
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1xEV-DO Release A Enhancements
• Capacity Improvement relative to existing 1xEV-DO systems
– Higher Data Rates on both Forward and Reverse Links
– Better utilization of PL throughput with improved RL MAC algorithms
• QOS Support with improved Latency Characteristics– Low, Bounded Latency for CBR applications (VoIP, Gaming etc.)
– Low, Transient Latency for sporadic, interactive traffic (Telnet etc.)
• Similar link budget as the current system
• Backward compatibility and Interoperability with legacy DO systems
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Physical and MAC Layer Features
• Reverse Link
– Physical Layer Hybrid ARQ: “CDMA with Hybrid ARQ”
– Flexible Packet Length
– Higher Peak Rate (153.6 kbps 1.8 Mbps)
– Finer Rate Quantization
– Enhanced MAC Algorithms
– Improved Latency Performance and Better QoS Support
• Forward Link
– Improved Packing Efficiency
– Higher Peak Rate (2.4 Mbps 3.1 Mbps)
– Improved QoS Support
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Physical Layer ARQ Timeline
ACK PCNAK P
CACK PCNAK P
C NAK PCACK P
CNAK PCNAK P
C
Pkt 0 Pkt 1 Pkt 2 Pkt 3 Pkt 1' Pkt 1''Pkt 4 Pkt 3'
Interlace Period12 slots
(RL Subframe)4 slots
4 slots 1 slot FL ARQ Channel
RL Sub-Packets
(Three) Packet Intelaces
3 slots
Power Control Slots
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Key Factors to Better Performance
• Capacity Improvement
– Higher Data Rates and Finer Quantization
• Data rates ranging from 4.8 kbps to 1.8 Mbps
• Smoother rate transitions and interference variation
– Improved code rates and higher order modulation for large packets
• QPSK modulation introduced
• Data channel spreading uses either or both of 2-ary and 4-ary Walsh code channel
• Code rate 1/5 for all 16-slot packets
– Hybrid ARQ with IR
• Enables packet to early terminate in the presence of channel variation and imperfect power control
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Key Factors to Better Performance
• Latency Improvement
– Ability to start a new packet at 4-slot boundaries
– Terminals have the ability to boost transmit power to force packet termination after the first, second or third sub packets
• The power boost procedure is regulated by RL MAC
• Flexibility in the choice of Payload Size Vs. Data Rate combinations
– Bigger/Longer Packets provide more coding gain, time diversity, and are more capacity-efficient
– Smaller/Shorter Packets provide better packing efficiency (for low rate traffic) and are more delay-efficient
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Throughput & Latency Results
CDMA RL without ARQ and 600 Hz PC) 8-slot ARQ [ 2 subpackets ] with 200Hz PC
Chan. Num Sect Cap AvgROT Latency Chan. Num Sect Cap AvgROT 4-sl ET LatencyModel AT kbps dB ms Model AT kbps dB % ms
A 16 404 5.3 40.0 3 km/h A 12 459 5.7 84.4 13.1B 16 351 5.4 40.0 10 km.h B 12 414 5.6 71.9 15.6C 16 350 5.3 40.0 30 km/h C 12 415 5.6 74.4 15.1D 16 396 5.2 40.0 120 km/h D 12 465 5.2 71.6 15.7E 16 505 5.2 40.0 Rician E 12 589 5.2 49.3 20.1A 8 403 4.5 40.0 3 km/h A 8 460 5.1 83.6 13.3B 8 361 4.7 40.0 10 km.h B 8 415 5.1 72.3 15.5C 8 358 4.6 40.0 30 km/h C 8 412 5.0 73.7 15.3D 8 394 4.5 40.0 120 km/h D 8 448 4.9 68.0 16.4E 8 487 4.6 40.0 Rician E 8 550 4.8 47.5 20.5
16-slot ARQ [ 4 subpackets ] with 200Hz PC
Chan. NumAT Sect Cap AvgROT 4-sl ET 8-sl ET 12-sl ET LatencyModel 200Hz kbps dB % % % ms
3 km/h A 16 613 5.7 12.3 62.6 90.9 36.8 10 km.h B 16 590 6.1 10.7 53.4 89.7 39.3 30 km/h C 16 571 6.2 16.6 63.7 91.7 35.6 120 km/h D 16 593 5.5 11.2 59.4 90.7 37.8 Rician E 16 707 5.5 0.6 32.1 85.8 46.3 3 km/h A 8 615 4.8 7.6 61.5 90.3 38.1 10 km.h B 8 595 4.8 8.0 51.9 88.5 40.3 30 km/h C 8 577 4.8 11.1 59.8 91.0 37.6 120 km/h D 8 587 4.7 6.2 55.6 90.5 39.5 Rician E 8 689 4.8 0.2 30.6 85.8 46.7
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Performance Evaluation
• Preliminary simulation results show
– Near 50% improvement in capacity over Rev. 0 with similar latency performance
• 10 AT/sector ~ Capacity = 600 kbps
– Over 60% improvement in latency reduction over Rev. 0 with similar capacity performance
• Tradeoff between capacity and latency tradeoff
– Use bigger and longer packets for higher capacity
– Use smaller and shorter packets to achieve lower latency
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New Enhancements in WCDMA Technologies
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Latest Trends and New EnhancementsApril 2004
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31
6
9
2003 Est. 2004 Est.ROW Europe
3G WCDMA is Here Today
QUALCOMM WCDMA Handset EstimateAs of January 21, 2004
2M subs in Japan Jan 2004, FOMA coverage area from 98% to 99% by the end of
FY03
4M
15M
Source: DoCoMo Q3’03 Earnings
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WCDMA Enhancements
• Release 4 Enhancements
– All-IP Core Network
– Efficient IP support
– Expected Date of Commercial Deployments: Y2004
• Release 5 Enhancements
– High Speed Packet Data Channel (HSPDA)
• Peak Data Rates: 14.4 Mbps
• Average Sector Throughput: 2.2 to 4.2 Mbps in 5 MHz spectrum
• Modulation Schemes: QPSK & 16-QAM
• Expected Date of Commercial Deployments: Y2005
• Release 6 Enhancements
– Enhanced Uplink (EUL)
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WCDMA HSDPA: Overview Release 5
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Latest Trends and New EnhancementsApril 2004
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HSDPA Features
• Overlay on top of regular R’99 W-CDMA Channels
• New Forward Link Data Channel similar to EV-DV
• Hybrid ARQ– Incremental Redundancy – Soft Combining– Modulation Rearrangement– Fast Re-transmissions
• Adaptive Modulation and Coding– Channel sensitive scheduling
• Based on Channel Quality Information feedback
– Adaptive/Asynchronous re-transmissions– Higher order modulation (QPSK & 16QAM)
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Features (cont.)
• CDM to be able to schedule multiple users in parallel
• Mobility achieved through higher layer signaling
• Associated Dedicated Channel– Maximum spreading factor SF256– Used to transmit higher layer signaling
• Multiple UE capabilities– Modulation (support for 16QAM)– Number of codes– Inter-TTI time (Nb of HARQ processes)
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Deployment Aspects
• Higher data-rates through the back-bone– 10Mbps peak rate
– 2Mbps average rate
• More complex Node-B– Protocol termination
– Scheduling/Rate selection
• UE Capabilities– Support of different UE classes
– Varying performance / complexity / costs
– 12 different classes• From 900kbps-14.4Mbps peak rate
• Support for 16QAM
• Support for 5/10/15 SF16 Codes
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HSDPA Performance
• Theoretical limit– 14.4Mbps (3840kcps*15/16*4)
– Essentially impossible to obtain in the field
• Practical limit– 10Mbps (3840kcps*15/16*4*3/4)
– A single active UE in the network
– Highest capabilities
– Very close to the BTS
• Average data-rate based on simulations– 2.5Mbps for full capability UEs
– 2Mbps for limited capability UEs (5/15 codes, no 16QAM)
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WCDMA EUL: Overview Release 6
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WCDMA Enhancements
• Release 6 Enhancements
– Enhanced Uplink (EUL)
• Increased average cell throughput
• Peak Data Rates: 4 Mbps
• Uses adaptive Modulation Schemes
• Uses QPSK Modulation
• Hybrid-ARQ Protocols
• EUL will be strictly scheduled
– Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Systems (MBMS)
– MIMO Techniques and Beam forming Enhancements
– Expected Data of Completion of Standards: Dec 2004
– Expected Date of Commercial Deployments: Y2006
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EUL Design Goals
• Increase average cell throughput– Peak throughput is not a major driving factor
• Node-B scheduling– Reduced turn-around time
• Improved link efficiency– Boosted phase reference– Retransmissions with IR
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EUL Baseline Design Proposal
• Node-B Scheduled system• TTI = 2 ms or 10 ms
– UE allowed to use only one TTI– Typical mapping based on UE SHO status
• Modulation– QPSK
• SF = 4– Maximum number of OVSF codes = 3
• HARQ– Synchronous operation
• Retransmissions– 4 redundancy versions– Incremental redundancy (IR)
• Peak Rate– 4.096 Mbps with 2 ms TTI– 819.2 kbps with 10 ms TTI
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Summary• 3G wireless services are rapidly spreading the global market place with
CDMA as the preferred technology solution
• The following are the key 3G Technologies that have emerged to be the key commercial players:
– CDMA2000 1X
– CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
– WCDMA
• The main focus of 3G so far has been to provide high capacity voice and higher downlink data throughput
– 26 Erlangs in 1.25 MHz voice capacity with CDMA2000 1x
– 1.15 Mbps in 1.25 MHz downlink average sector throughput with 1xEV-DO
– 51 Erlangs in 5 MHz voice capacity with WCDMA
• A host of new enhancements are underway for all flavors of 3G CDMA technologies
– More Capable Uplink
– Provision for higher data rates for both Up and Down links
– All IP, QoS and Support for Multimedia applications
– 3.1 Mbps in 1.25 MHz carrier Downlink Peak Data Rates with 1xEV-DO
– 4.1 Mbps in 5 MHz carrier Uplink Peak Data Rates with WCDMA/HSDPA
– 52 Erlangs Voice Capacity in 1.25 MHz carrier with CDMA2000
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Thank You
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1xEV-DV: Data and Voice Performance Issues
• Optimal data solution is possible when packet data is sent on a dedicated RF channel where data throughput can be maximized by using the following techniques:
– Transmit full power and use all code channels whenever data is to be transmitted
– Apply multi-user diversity with channel-sensitive scheduling– Use Adaptive modulation and coding– Use Incremental redundancy (H-ARQ)
• BS transmit power and number of code channels in use vary rapidly because of fast forward power control and soft handoffs of voice users
• Requires reserving margin in both power and code channels for voice traffic
• Power may not be available for an optimal data solution– Not able to transmit at high data rates even if channel condition is good
• Results in loss in data throughput without gaining in voice capacity A net loss in efficiency
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RL Packet Parameters (1)
Payload Size (bits)
Modu-lation
Effective Data Rate (kbps) Code Rate [ Repetition ]
After 4 slots
After 8 slots
After 12
slots
After 16
slots
After 4 slots
After 8 slots
After 12
slots
After 16
slots
[1] 128 BPSKD0
19.2 9.6 6.4 4.8 1/5 [ 3.2 ]
1/5 [ 6.4 ]
1/5 [ 9.6]
1/5 [ 12.8]
[2] 256 BPSKD0
38.4 19.2 12.8 9.6 1/5 [ 1.6 ]
1/5 [ 3.2 ]
1/5 [ 4.8 ]
1/5 [ 6.4]
[3] 512 BPSKD0
76.8 38.4 25.6 19.2 1/4 [ 1 ]
1/5 [1.6]
1/5 [2.4]
1/5 [3.2]
[4] 768 BPSKD0
115.2 57.6 38.4 28.8 3/8 [ 1 ]
1/5 [1.07]
1/5 [ 1.6]
1/5 [ 2.13]
[5] 1024 BPSKD0
153.6 76.8 51.2 38.4 1/2 [ 1]
1/4 [ 1 ]
1/5 [ 1.2]
1/5 [1.6]
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RL Packet Parameters (2)
Payload (bits)
Modu-lation
Effective Data Rate in kbps Code Rate [ Repetition ]
After 4 slots
After 8
slots
After 12
slots
After 16
slots
After 4 slots
After 8
slots
After 12
slots
After 16
slots
[6] 1536 QPSKD0
230.4 115.2 76.8 57.6 3/8 [ 1 ]
1/5 [1.07]
1/5 [ 1.6]
1/5 [ 2.13]
[7] 2048 QPSK D0
307.2 153.6 102.4 76.8 1/2 [ 1 ]
1/4 [ 1 ]
1/5 [ 1.2]
1/5 [1.6]
[8] 3072 QPSKD1
460.8 230.4 153.6 115.2 3/8 [ 1 ]
1/5 [1.07]
1/5 [1.6]
1/5 [2.13]
[9] 4096 QPSK D1
614.4 307.2 204.8 153.6 1/2 [ 1 ]
1/4 [ 1 ]
1/5 [ 1.2]
1/5 [1.6]
[10] 6144
QPSKD0 & D1
921.6 460.4 307.2 230.4 1/2 [ 1 ]
1/4 [ 1 ]
1/5 [ 1.2]
1/5 [1.6]
[11] 8192
QPSKD0 & D1
1228.8 614.4 409.6 307.2 2/3[ 1 ]
1/3[ 1 ]
2/9[ 1 ]
1/5[1.2][12] 12288 QPSK 1843.2 921.6 614.4 409.6 ½ ¼ 1/5 1/5
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Reverse Link Channel Structure
PilotChannel
(All 0's)
Primary PilotBPSK(I) (16 chips)
DRC Channel[ 4-bit Rate,3-bit Sector ]
(7-Bits)
BiorthogonalEncoder (Q) (64 Symbols)
W016
Pri Pilot Gain
(32 chips)W28
32
DRC Gain
(1024 chips)
(L1 slots)W8
16 Repeat( 2 L1 ) (2048 L1 chips)
DSC Channel[Cell Selection]
(3-Bits)
BiorthogonalEncoder (Q) (4 Symbols)
DSC Gain
(128 chips)
L2slots)
W1232 Repeat
( 8 * L2 )
(1024 L2chips)
ACK Channel
(1-Bit)
BPSK(I)
ACK Gain
(32 chips)
(1 slot)
W1232 Repeat
( 32 ) (1024 chips)
TDM1 : 1
Data-0Channel
(CodeSymbols)
BPSK (Q)or
QPSK
Data Gain 0
W24
(4 chips)
W12
(2 chips)
Data-1Channel
(CodeSymbols)
QPSK
COMPLEX
SIGNAL
SUMMER
RRI
(7-Bits)
BiorthogonalEncoder (I) (64 Symbols)
(4 slots)
(8192 chips)
4-bit Payload Size,3-bit SubPkt ID
(MSB of SubPktID = 0)
(1024 chips)
Repeat( 8 )
W416
RRI Gain
DataGain1DataGain0 = 0 or DataGain1 = 0 orDataGain1 = sqrt(2) * DataGain0
Aux Pilot Gain
Auxiliary Pilot
DelayL2 slots