later empire, built upon · High pay for hardest effort Extreme wealth inequality is BAD! Wealth =...
Transcript of later empire, built upon · High pay for hardest effort Extreme wealth inequality is BAD! Wealth =...
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Roman civilization, and
later empire, built upon Greek achievement
Foundation of Western Civilization (North America, South America, Europe, Australia) Language (Spanish,
French, English, Italian, German)
Religion (Christianity)
Introduction
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Rome is present-day capital of
Italy
Peninsula – easy access to trade
Bordered by Alps in North –easy to defend
Farmland excellent for agriculture, climate very warm and mild
Flat – easy to unite
Geography of Italy
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1. Pre-Roman Civilizations
c. 800 BCE – 509 BCE
2. Roman Republic
509 BCE – 27 BCE
3. Roman Empire
27 BCE – 476 CE
4. Roman/Byzantine Empire
476 CE – 1453 CE
Roman History
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1. Pre-Roman Civilizations
c. 800 BCE – 509 BCE
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Little is known – no written records
Romans later created own legends to explain their history and foundation
Didn’t want to acknowledge modest roots
Created false ties to Greeks and other advanced civilizations
Example – Romulus and Remus
Earliest Settlers in Italy
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The Latins
Earliest settlers along Tiber River
Built city on 7hills – would laterbecome Rome
Evolved over time, referred to themselves as Romans
Lived alongside Greeks and Etruscans – ruled the Latins as a monarchy
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The Foundation of Rome
Etruscans were strict rulers
Romans did not like having a King
Eventually overthrew Etruscan rule in 509 BCE
Formed new government called a “republic”
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2. Roman Republic
509 BCE – 27 BCE
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Formed in 509 BCE with overthrowing of Etruscan
rule
No longer wanted a monarchy
Wanted a government with no one person in power
Above all, feared a king/dictator/tyrant the most
From the Latin “Res Publica” = the public thing, the thing of the people
Rome belongs to all of the people collectively
Beginning of the Republic
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Family was the most basic and important unity in
society
Family before all
Rome before family
Women inferior to men (including their sons)
Ideal men - strong, dutiful, citizens
Ideal women - poised, loving, nurturing
Roman Values and Ideas
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Patria Potestas
“Power of the Father”
Men are superior
Fathers = heads of family, complete power over family, life or death
Mos Maiorum
“Way of the Elders”
All people are extensions of their family tree
Family is secondary only to Rome
The past is looked upon for wisdom, guidance
Change, new ideas are not trusted = very traditional
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Patron-Client Relationships Backbone of Roman politics and society
Patron – person of higher power/status
Client – person of lower power/status
Patron does favor or job for client, client owes patron
Client is indebted until debt is repaid
Patrons can in turn be clients, who can be patrons to others
Over time, became more “off the books” and led to corruption in government Led to patron/client armies, senators became clients
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Social inequality
Couldn’t marry each other Different dress, diets Based solely on birth
status Spoke different languages
(Patricians/Greek and Plebeians/Latin)
Political/Legal inequality Priesthood/legal positions
– Patricians Different laws, different
punishments
Plebeians vs. Patricians
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12 Tables (450 BCE)
Laws that had to be followed by all citizens regardless of class
Punishments differed based on class
Gained representation in Senate (c. 300 BCE)
10 new Senators called Tribunes added
Tribunes had to be Plebeians
Eventually, 1 of the 2 Consuls had to be from Tribune
Plebeian Rights Over Time
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Began to conquer Italian
peninsula by 270 BCE (easy dueto geography)
Successful army Citizen-soldiers
Loyal army
Treated conquered regionsfairly Must supply Rome with soldiers
Allowed to keep customs, govern selves
Kept soldiers throughout territories Built many roads
All roads lead to Rome
Rome Begins to Expand
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Expansion → War
Conflict with Northern African city of Carthage
Punic Wars
Rome v. Carthage
Carthage most advanced city
Eventual Roman victory
264 BCE – 146 BCE
Forming an Empire
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Rome vs. Carthage
Name comes from Latin word for Phoenician (Carthaginians were Phoenician descendants)
Fought over control of trade and influence of the Mediterranean
At time, Carthage was by far most powerful city in region, called the “Jewel of the Mediterranean”
The Punic Wars
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First Punic War (264 BCE – 241 BCE)
Rome and Carthage fought over control of Sicily
Carthage skilled with maritime battle, led by Hamilcar Barca
Rome had to adjust tactics and strategies to fit sea battles – developed use of the “corvus”
Easy Roman victory
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After 1st PW, Rome built up navy
Would be prepared for a second fight with Carthage
Carthage continued to underestimate Rome
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Carthage looked for revenge, led by Hamilcar’s son
General Hannibal
Attacked the city of Rome by land
Traveled through Spain, Gaul through northern Italy using elephants
Began siege of Rome – unsuccessful – Roman victory
Second Punic War(218 BCE – 201 BCE)
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During siege of Rome:
Roman General Scipio led attack on Carthage
Carthage could not defend itself
Second Punic War overall Roman victory – Carthage had to pay war debt
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Rome felt Carthage should be completely destroyed
Roman army sieged Carthage for 3 years
Carthage completely destroyed
Army had “salted the earth”
Third Punic War (149 BCE – 146 BCE)
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Punic Wars Review
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Rome expands into
Carthage controlled Sicily
1st Punic War
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Rome burns and salts
the ground of Carthage 3rd Punic War
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Rome steals naval and
shipbuilding technology of Carthage
1st Punic War
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Roman victory 1st, 2nd, 3rd Punic War
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Hannibal crosses the
Alps with elephants to attack Rome
2nd Punic War
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Hamilcar Barca leads
Carthaginian army 1st Punic War
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Roman army attacks
Carthage while Carthage’s army sieges Rome
2nd Punic War
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Carthage begins this
war as the most powerful city in the Mediterranean
1st Punic War
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Carthage → weakened forever
Rome → most powerful in Mediterranean region
Rome has now expanded – will need to keepexpanding to fundnew lands
Roman roadsbuilt in every newconquest
Results of the Punic Wars
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Roads = easy transport:
Army to defend new lands
Trading to/from new lands
“All roads lead toRome”
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Wars led to many problems
Farmers had gone to war and died
Farmland sold for little $$$
Farmland bought by wealthy families
Poor became poorer, rich became richer
Population declined in rural areas, increased in cities
Cities became dirty, corrupt, crime ridden
Rome After the Punic Wars
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Wealthy families lived on estates called latifundia
while city dwellers struggled to find food
Slavery increased on latifundia
Wealthy patricians became fewer, power increased, became patrons to manyclients
Senate grew corrupt andpowerful (many Senatorswere controlled by thevery rich)
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Poverty increased → crime within Rome
Plebeians and slaves grew in number
More revolts against the wealthy
Reforms attempted to make life better for the poor
Led by Gaius & Tiberius Gracchus
Trouble in Rome
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Born Plebeians, both elected Tribunes
Proposed reforms to help redistribute wealth and rid Rome of corruption and poverty
1. Families could only own certain amount of land
2. Extra land would be given to poor/homeless
3. Grain/food would be given based on need
4. Corrupt judges would be sentenced to death
Considered to be the creators of Socialism
The Gracchus Brothers
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Senate and Patricians felt threatened by Gracchus bros.
Tiberius was beaten to death by the Senate
Gaius tried to continued reforms, later committed suicide
Thousands of their supporters were killed
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Senate supporters vs. Gracchus supporters
Patricians sided with Senate
Controlled the military
Plebeians, slaves sided with Gracchus supporters
Many dictators elected
Many generals were able to gain power
Roman Civil Wars
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America Today
The top 1% of Americans have 35% - 40% of America’s wealth
The bottom 80% of Americans have 15% or less of America’s wealth
An average worker in America makes less money in one month than the average CEO makes in one hour
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The 3 richest Americans have more money than half of all
Americans
The wealthiest 400 families in the US paid a lower tax rate than the poorest families in 2018 (first time in history)
Estimated 27 million people do not have health insurance in the United States
About 38 million people in America live below the poverty line
37 million Americans are food insecure
21% of children in America live in poverty
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Poverty cycle
Those who makelaws are alreadywealthy (and corrupt)
Extreme wealthis inherited, rarely earned
Why Doesn’t it Change?
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Some wealth inequality is GOOD!
Motivation for hard work
High pay for hardest effort
Extreme wealth inequality is BAD!
Wealth = better healthcare, education, jobs
Corruption = those with $$$ can use to sway political decisions (taxes, loopholes)
Poverty = desperation, turmoil, violence, drug use, poor health, low education
Wealth inequality disproportionately affects minorities and women
Why Does it Matter?
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During chaos of Civil Wars, Julius
Caesar was able to seize power
Led to the downfall of the Senateand the Republic
Helped usher in the Roman Empire
The Rise of Caesar
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Born to Patrician family c. 100 BCE, but not very wealthy
Wanted to gain power – married local noble’s daughter
Enlisted in military, served manycampaigns, gained many honors for bravery
Gained notoriety for charisma and public speaking
• Escaped kidnapping by pirates
• Successful lawyer and politician
Early Life
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Elected Senator c. 67 BCE
Created alliance with Gnaeus Pompey and Marcus Crassus (The First Triumvirate)
Elected Consul 59 BCE
Helped Rome conquer Gaul by 51 BCE
“Veni, vidi, vici”
Political Career
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Always strained – each wanted power, wealth
Crassus died 54 BCE
Pompey and Caesar publicly fight, split in 51 BCE
Pompey killed in Egypt
Caesar conquers Egypt
Affair - Pharaoh Cleopatra
The Triumvirate Breaks Up
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Returns to Rome – hero, power
unchecked
Convinces Senate to makehim Dictator for life to help Rome forever
Caesar – the Dictator
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Expansion of Rome’s territory = more wealth, trade
Increased wealth for Plebeians
Coin system
Julian Calendar
Reduced crime, poverty, “corruption”
Caesar’s Accomplishments
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Led by members of the Senate – Gaius Cassius &
Marcus Brutus
Called themselves “liberators”
Killed March 15, 44 BCE (Ides of March)
Caesar surrounded and stabbed
Caesar’s Assassination
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Senate wished to avoid Civil War
– held public funeral
Caesar’s loyal followers threatened the assassins
Caesar’s nephew/adopted son Octavian returned to Rome to avenge the death
Aftermath of Caesar’s Death
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Allied with Julius Caesar’s friend Marc Antony, formed
an army
Seized power from the Senate, killed over 2,000 Senators and Senate supporters
Turned against Marc Antony (was having affair with Cleopatra)
Marc Antony and Cleopatra both commit suicide
Octavian returned to Rome, resumed complete control over Senate
Octavian
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Octavian proclaimed himself “Princeps” of Rome – first
citizen in 29 BCE
Became the first Emperor of Rome
Began the Roman Empire
Changed his name to Augustus Caesar
When Octavian becomes Augustus Caesar, the Roman Republic is officially over and the Roman Empire has begun
Octavian becomes Augustus Caesar
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First Roman Emperor
“I found Rome a city of bricks, and left it a city of marble”
Restructured the empire → easier to control
Postal service
Rebuilt temples, buildings, bridges → more jobs
Forced officials to pass qualificationtest
Made peace with the Senate and citizens
New singular currency
Overall, very successful and popular His reign begins a time in Rome called the “Pax Romana”
Emperor Augustus 27 BCE – 14 CE
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Began with reign of Augustus, ended with reign of
Marcus Aurelius
Period of prosperity, peace, and achievement during the Empire
Desire to revive Greek culture
Greatest technology
Emergence of Christianity
Pax Romana27 BCE – 180 CE
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Evolved from the Judaism (began about 1800 BCE in
Babylon) Founded by Abraham – preached there was only a single
God, all humans choose to be good or bad
Abraham made a covenant with God – promised to worship God in exchange for salvation
Abraham’s sons: Ishmael – ancestor of the Arabs → Islam
Isaac– ancestor of the Jews, was to be sacrificed by saved by God Isaac’s son Jacob had 12 sons → became the Israelites and
eventual slaves of Egypt, eventually freed by Moses
Origins of Christianity
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Jews in Rome – persecuted, but over time given rights
and freedoms as Rome expanded
State religion of Rome – polytheistic, same as Greek mythology, different names for gods
Jews were monotheistic, did not feel Roman consuls/dictators/senators held power over them
Judaism states therewill be an eventualmessiah – will bring salvation to all faithful Jews
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By Augustus’ reign, there were many claiming to be
the Jewish messiah
Each had followers
Many put to death by Rome, some through crucifixion
Most influential – Jesus – born c. 5 BCE
Jesus
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Most likely became a Jewish Rabbi, began preaching
new ideas of salvation
Everyone can be saved
Everyone is equal in the eyes of God
The only key to salvation is faith in God
God is the ultimate authority, not the emperor
Gained followers
Claimed to be the son of God and the messiah
Referred to as brothers/sisters
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Looked on as an enemy of the Roman Empire – put to
death by crucifixion c. 30-33 CE
Happened every day, not unique to Jesus
Followers still spread his message
Believed he was the messiah Judaism had predicted
Gave Jesus the name “Christ”
Called themselves Christians
Others believed he was crazy, to this dayJews are still waiting for a final messiah
Crucifixion of Jesus
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Disliked heavily by the Romans God was superior to Emperor
Anyone can be saved – even slaves, women, criminals
Claimed to “love” brothers and sisters
Early meetings held in secret, at night
Consumed the “body and blood” of Christ
Many became martyrs – died for beliefs – helped spread their ideas
Within 500 years – would be most popular religion in the world
Early Christians
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http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/roman-emperors/
Click on each emperor’s name and determine: Were they good or bad? AND three supporting details to provide evidence.
Nero –
Caligula –
Vespasian –
Trajan –
Hadrian –
Marcus Aurelius –
Emperors of the PaxRomana
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Ended with Marcus Aurelius’ death in 180
No emperor had ability to control Rome
Of 31 emperors after MA, only 4 died of natural causes
High taxes needed to pay for expansion and army
Taxes → farmers losing land→moving to cities → overcrowding/crime/poverty
Eventually, all of Rome’s pre-Caesarproblems returned
Rome After the PaxRomana
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Attempted to reform Rome by:
No job freedom = stability
Fixed prices to help inflation
Dividing the Empire in 2
Diocletian 284-305
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Divided Empire into Eastern and Western parts
Diocletian – lived in Eastern half in Byzantium (wealthier from trade)
Co-Emperor – lived in Western half in Rome, still answered to Emperor
Slowly caused wealth to leaveRome and move east
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Constantine312-337
Converted to Christianity in 312 – had vision from God during battle
Passed the Edict of Milan in 313 – allowed religious toleration to all Christians living in the Empire
Moved capital from Rome to Byzantium
Renamed Constantinople
Finalized shift of the Empire to the east
East prospered, west declined rapidly
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Collapse was long and slow – many reasons
Economic instability
Taxes, expansion, poverty
Political instability
Poor emperors, corruption, crime, un-loyal army
Moved capital
Took any wealth to east, caused west to suffer
Left west vulnerable to invaders
Huns from Asia, Goths/other Germanic tribes from northern Europe
End of the Empire
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476 – Rome successfully invaded by Germanic leader
Odoacer
Ousted the emperor, ruled over Rome
Considered to be the fall of Rome by many
Western Roman Empire wouldnever be in control of the emperor in Constantinople again
“Sacking” of Rome
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YES – the city of Rome was no longer ruled by a Roman NO – the emperor hadn’t ruled in Rome for over 150 years
YES – the co-emperor in Rome was ousted NO – he didn’t really have power anyway
YES – the Western Empire declined NO – the Eastern Empire prospered
NO – people stilled called themselves “Roman” for centuries
NO – Roman culture continued on, still influences today
NO – The Eastern Empire became the Byzantine Empire, which didn’t fall until 1453
Did Rome Really Fall?