Late Middle Ages Vocab

• Shires – kingdoms divided into different districts

• Common Law – collection of laws/rulings passed by King’sBench (court) – creates a precedence – started during Henry II

• William the Conqueror – Defeats Anglo-Saxon Army @ Battle of Hastings in 1066 – Becomes King of England

• Henry II – had people pay to get out of Feudal obligations – uses $ to pay for army. Common Law. Marries Eleanor of Aquitaine = ½ France

• Eleanor of Aquitaine – Brought French land to Henry II marriage – Create court life and helps build a strong nation (King John + Richard the Lion Hearted)

• King John – taxes nobles to pay for war with France. Forced to sign Magna Carta. Put under interdict by Pope.

• Magna Carta – No Taxation w/out Consent. No sell, refuse, delay justice – King John

• Innocent III – put King John/England under interdiction – becomes “Pope’s Vassal”

• Pope Urban II – made speech saying all who fought and died in Crusades would go to heaven – starts Crusades

• Crusades – Christians journey from Europe to reconquer Holy Lands from Muslims

• Children’s Crusade – unsuccessful attempt at children going on Crusade – many die or sold into slavery

• Saladin – Leader of Mulsim Army and Holy Lands

• “Holy Land” – Jerusalem and surrounding lands

• Self-Sufficiency – manor/people making whatever they need

• Barter economy – trading goods and services for goods and services

• Commercial Revolution – increase in trade and business

• Credit – giving a promise of paying later• Usury- charging interest on loans (church does

not allow)

• Guilds- had to pay a fee to be in the craftsman guild. Then could trade and receive protection, get help from families

• Apprentice-someone who lives w/ and learns from a master craftsman. Must create a masterpiece to become an artisan

• Bubonic Plague – Black Death – kills 25+ million people. Comes to Europe from Asia. Rats carrying fleas. 1300s

• Dante Alighieri – write Divine Comedy talks about the after life

• Geoffrey Chaucer – writes Canterbury Tales – makes fun of society

• Scholastics – bringing together ideas of faith + reason

• Thomas Aquinas – monk summarized Medieval Christian thought in Summa Theologica

• Gothic Architecture- named after Barbarian Goths. Pointed arches, tall spires, flying buttresses – reaching toward heaven (Cathedrals)

• Hundred Years’ War – War between Fr. + Br. Over Eleanor of Aquitaine Land. France wants Eng. out! France wins!

• Joan of Arc – Peasant girl. Rallies Fr. Troops to win 100yr. War. Saw vision from god. Burned at stake for being a heretic. Made a saint 500yr. later

• War of the Roses – York vs. Lancaster fighting for the Br. throne. Lancasters win, but Henry Tudor marries a York and combines both red/white roses.

• Henry Tudor-marries a York. Combines York and Lancaster rose. Sets up strong monarchy to avoid further war. Henry VII

• Moors – Muslims living in Spain. Create Cordoba. Kicked out during Reconquista.

• Ferdinand and Isabella – marry creating one large Sp. Empire – Daughter is Catherine of Aragon/Henry VIII’s wife – Inquisition

• Spanish Reconquista – recapturing Spain from Muslims and Jews (leave,convert,die)

• Spanish Inquisition – searching out of heretics, people put on trial, witch hunts, burnings

• Hugh Capet – weak king chosen by nobles to control, used to increase territory and power of France

• Charles V – HRE. Strengthens monarchy and gains land for Spain.

Son was Philip II who marries Mary I (Henry VIII/Catherine’s daughter)

• Mongols- conquer Asia, Russia, China. Control Russian princes by collecting tribute. Destroy countryside and Kiev

• Ivan III – Great – 1st ruler to rule Russia free from Mongol rule

• Ivan IV – Terrible – kills those in opposition to him

• Ottoman Turks- capture the Byzantine Empire and rename Constantinople, Istanbul 1453. Muslim.