Keep exposure time to a minimum, especially where the source is not enclosed or shielded. Establish stay out zones for those not working directly with the source.

Hazard warning signs Warning signs are necessary to inform personnel about the risk of exposure during use and maintenance. Warning signs should be used where applicable to indicate the presence of potential UV hazards, to restrict access, and to specify PPE.

Administrative Eyewear Use eyewear that is appropriate for the work. For best UV protection, the eyewear should be compliant with ANSI Z87.1 and should have a UV filter marking, “U,” followed by a number from 2 to 6.

Face shield UV-absorbing full face shields should be worn in addition to safety glasses or goggles (goggles may not provide sufficient face pro-tection). Severe skin burns can happen in a very short time, especially under the chin (which is often left exposed).

Gloves Wear nitrile, latex, or tightly woven fabric gloves to protect against the significant amounts of UV-A and UV-B that may pass through to the skin; these types of gloves have a low transmission of UV compared to vinyl gloves. Gloves should protect person-nel from UV light, as well as from the hazard of the activity being performed.

Lab coat Personnel should wear lab coats with tightly woven fabrics that fasten securely at the wrists and up the neck so that no skin is ex-posed. Burns to wrists and the neck are not uncommon. With heightened awareness due to COVID-19, “community/shared” PPE is highly discouraged. PPE should be allocated to each user or shall be appropriately disinfected before use. Eye and face protection must be inspected either regularly or before each use for damage or defects such as cracks, crazing, or bleaching, and replaced when necessary. Note that PPE may need to serve multiple purposes, such as protecting against both UV and chemical splashes.

Any questions concerning UV PPE should be directed to the LSO or Deputy LSO.

Because of the times we are in, there is a desire for everything to be clean and sterilized. Whether it’s washing your hands, using hand sanitizers, disinfecting wipes, and now UV sterilizers. These sterilizers come in many shapes and forms from a simple hand-held wand, to sanitizing boxes/cabinets, to lamps intended to illuminate full rooms. In reviewing many advertisements for the different types, the benefits were well described. What was quite vague were the hazards pre-sented by these devices to humans, pets, and plants.

These sources emit UV-C radiation to kill bacteria and viruses along with just about anything else that is living. This includes the tissues of your eyes and skin. Be-cause the easiest method to make these is the use of a mercury vapor lamp, they also generate ozone. While the benefit of these products is to provide one with safety from unwanted bacteria and viruses, one must be sure they stay safe while using them. Here are some safety tips for using commercially sold UV sanitizing products:

1. Always read and understand the manufacturer’s instructions/warnings. 2. Do not directly expose the eyes or skin. 3. Do not expose pets or plants. 4. Remove yourself from the room when using large open sources, both for the ozone and the

UVC radiation. 5. Never let children play with any UV source. 6. Understand the signs of overexposure, burning and itchy eyes or skin. Remember there may

be a period of time before these symptoms present themselves. BE SAFE! Acknowledgement: Editor – Sharon Cornelious Contributor – Greta Toncheva, LBNL

With COVID-19 the talk of the day, one of the most important uses of optical tech-

nologies is ultraviolet (UV) radiation for the purposes of killing microbes. As with lasers, these incoher-ent light (lamp) sources do much good, but have the potential to injure.

Unfortunately, UV lamps do not receive the same level of respect as their laser counterparts. This issue will cover the hazards of UV radiation from sources other than lasers. A special thanks to Greta Toncheva, LBNL Laser Safety Officer (LSO), for al-lowing a condensed and modified reprint of their “Safety Tips for Using UV Lamps.”

UV radiation occupies a portion of elec-tromagnetic spectrum from approximately 100 to 400 nanometers (nm). The UV spectrum consists of three regions:

UV-A (315–400 nm) UV-B (280–315 nm) UV-C (100–280 nm)

For most, the main source of UV expo-sure is the sun. Exposure from the sun is typically limited to the UV-A, since the earth’s atmosphere protects us from the more harmful UV-C and UV-B. The following are different types of UV

emitting sources.

Xenon Arc Lamp A xenon (Xe) arc lamp is a specialized type of gas-discharge lamp that produc-es light by passing electricity through ionized xenon gas at high pressure. The lamp generates a bright white light that closely mimics natural sunlight. Mercury-containing xenon lamps have a bluish white spectrum and extremely high UV output. These are used primarily for UV curing applications, sterilizing ob-jects, and generating ozone.

Metal Halide Arc Lamp A metal halide lamp produces light via an electric arc through a gaseous mixture of vaporized mercury and metal halides.

They were primarily developed for use in film and television lighting. They also are used for wide-area overhead lighting in commercial, industrial, and public spac-es, such as parking lots, sports arenas, factories, and retail stores.

Most types are fitted with an outer glass bulb. The outer bulb is used to block some or all of the UV light generated by the mercury vapor discharge.

Mercury Vapor Lamp A mercury vapor lamp is a gas-discharge lamp that produces light via an electric arc through vaporized mercury.

In low-pressure mercury vapor lamps, only the lines at 184 and 253 nanome-

 

Introduc on P.1 Types of UV Lamps P.1 

Op cal Hazards and Risks P.2 Controls P.3 

Consumer Beware P.4  

 

Volume 5 Issue 4

“With heightened aware-ness due to COVID-19, “community/shared” PPE is highly discouraged. PPE should be allocated to each user or shall be ap-propriately disinfected be-fore use. Eye and face pro-tection must be inspected either regularly or before each use for damage or defects such as cracks, crazing, or bleaching, and replaced when necessary.”

Jamie J. King, CLSO Laser Safety Officer Phone: 3‐3077 King75@llnl.gov 

Disclaimer: This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, nor any of their employ-ees makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufactur-er, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or Lawrence Liver-more National Security, LLC, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.

LLNL-MI-1014003

Laser Lessons News Letter

ters (nm) are present. In medium pressure mercury vapor lamps, the lines from 200–600 nm are present. High-pressure mer-cury vapor lamps are those lamp com-monly used for general lighting purposes. They emit primarily in the blue and green.

Deuterium Arc Lamp A deuterium arc lamp (or simply deuteri-um lamp) is a low-pressure gas-discharge light source often used in spectroscopy when a continuous spectrum in the ultravi-olet region is needed. This kind of lamp emits radiation extending from 112 to 900 nm, although its continuous spectrum is only from 180 to 370 nm.

Halogen Lamps A halogen lamp, also known as a tung-sten halogen, quartz halogen, or quartz iodine lamp, is an incandescent lamp that has a small amount of iodine or bromine.

Like all incandescent light bulbs, a halo-gen lamp produces a continuous spec-trum of light, from near ultraviolet to deep into the infrared. Since the lamp filament can operate at a higher temperature than a non-halogen lamp, the spectrum is shift-ed toward blue, producing light with a higher effective color temperature and higher power efficiency. This makes halo-gen lamps the only light source that pro-duces black-body radiation spectrum simi-lar to that of the sun and most suitable for the eyes.

Fluorescent Lamp Fluorescent lamps are used for UV curing in a number of applications. In particular, these are used where the excessive heat of mercury vapor is undesirable, or when an item needs more than a single source of light and instead needs to be surround-ed by light. Fluorescent lamps that pro-duce UV anywhere within the UV-A/UV-B spectrum can be created. Light Emitting Diode (LED) LEDs have exploded on the market. They are very efficient and are being manufac-tured in an ever increasing amount of wavelengths. LEDs are slowly taking over and phasing out many of the previously discussed sources. UV LEDs are more environmentally friendly as they do not contain harmful mercury, do not produce ozone, and consume less energy.

The most hazardous UV radiation emitted by the UV lamps is that with wavelengths between 240 and 315 nm. In this range the threshold limit value (TLV) is less than 10 millijoules per square centimeter, and the most restrictive TLV is the UV-C at 270 nm, which is set at 3 milli-joules per square centimeter. This is the maxi-mum safe level one may receive in an 8-hour period. To compare the radiant exposure TLV to the irradiance of the unit, a conservative esti-mate of potential exposure time must be used. If one is potentially exposed for the entire 8 hours, the effective irradiance TLV is 0.1 micro-watts per square centimeter

UV lamps produce light radiation from ultravio-let through visible to infrared radiation. The big-gest hazard comes from the UV. It cannot be seen and is not felt immediately, but it is harm-ful to both the eyes and skin. The user may not realize the danger until after the exposure has caused damage. Symptoms can occur 4 to 24 hours after exposure.

The effects on skin are of two types: acute and chronic. Acute effects appear within a few hours of exposure, while chronic effects are long-lasting and cumulative and may not appear for years. An acute effect of UV is redness of the skin called erythema (similar to sunburn). Chronic effects include accelerated skin aging and skin cancer.

UV radiation is ab-sorbed in the outer lay-ers of the eye – the cor-nea and conjunctiva. Acute overexposure leads to a painful tem-porary inflammation,

mainly of the cornea, known as photokeratitis. Repeat overexposure to the UV is unlikely be-cause of the pain involved. Chronic exposure leads to an increased risk of certain types of ocular cataracts.

Working unprotect-ed for even a few seconds can cause injury with some sources. It is possi-ble to calculate

acute thresholds for acute effects and to set exposure limits. It is not possible, however, to calculate a threshold for chronic effects. Therefore, because no exposure level is safe, exposure should be reduced as much as pos-sible.

Other Hazards Explosion Arc lamps contain high-pressure gas and may explode if not handled properly. Avoid touching or scratching the glass section of the lamp. Fingerprints should be wiped off with isopropyl alcohol and a clean soft tissue; otherwise they will weaken the lamp enve-lope. Use cotton gloves for handling the lamp. Install the lamp with proper polarity of electri-cal connections. Do not stress the glass parts when tightening electrical connections. Re-place the lamp when it reaches its lifetime limit. An old lamp having a darkened glass envelope has a high likelihood of exploding and should be replaced.

Mercury (Hg) Mercury contamination can occur if a lamp breaks or explodes. Consult with the industri-al hygienist on proper handling of mercury contamination.

Ozone Short-wavelength UV light converts oxygen into ozone. Ozone produced by lamps with high UV output can be a major irritant to the user. Even ozone-free lamps can produce enough ozone to be uncomfortable for some-one who is particularly sensitive. Proper ven-tilation should be considered before the sys-tem is in use.

Electrical shock During normal operation, the user is protect-ed from contact with any energized electrical connections. However, electrical shock dan-ger will occur if interlocks are defeated or the power supply section is opened with the unit still plugged in. Unplug the unit before replac-ing the lamp or servicing the power supply section.

Heat An arc lamp envelope reaches very high tem-peratures during normal operation and can cause severe burns if touched. Let the lamp cool at least 15 minutes before opening the lamp compartment door.

Engineering Location Having UV generating devices located in a separate room, alcove, or low-traffic area of a lab is ideal. To avoid exposure to other personnel, avoid placing UV generating de-vices in the vicinity of desk areas or other equipment.

Enclosure The use of light-tight cabinets and enclo-sures is the preferred means of preventing exposure. Where it is not practicable to fully enclose the UV source, use appropriate screens, shields, and barriers.

Interlocks Interlocks are the premium choice in any situation where TLVs are exceeded and frequent access is required (e.g., sample change). Interlocks shall not be tampered with. Report broken or defective interlocks.

Administrative Training Personnel should be trained in using the UV-generating devices safely. The manufactur-er’s manuals provide specific safety-related information (type of eye/skin protection needed, ventilation requirements, etc.) that must be completely understood before using the equipment. If any uncertainty or concern exists regarding the safe use of UV-generating devices, contact the manufactur-er for clarification.

Personnel should carefully study the manu-facturer’s manuals for the UV-generating devices and be familiar with its use. It is im-portant never to deviate from the instruc-tions for safe operation without first contact-ing the manufacturer.

At a minimum, lab personnel should be fa-miliar with the following when working with or around UV light:

UV light–producing equipment Warning signs Protective equipment Symptoms of UV exposure

Minimize Exposure Never view the UV lamp directly. Although the inverse square law applies to non-laser-beam UV radiation, it is not advisable to look directly at any UV source (e.g., an arc lamp) – at any distance.

Controls

LLNL-MI-1014003

Types of UV sources

UV protective glasses

UV protective face shield

Xenon Arc

Metal Halide

Hg Vapor

Halogent-Tungsten

Fluorescent

Warning sign

Tightly woven material lab coat

Nitrile gloves

LED

ters (nm) are present. In medium pressure mercury vapor lamps, the lines from 200–600 nm are present. High-pressure mer-cury vapor lamps are those lamp com-monly used for general lighting purposes. They emit primarily in the blue and green.

Deuterium Arc Lamp A deuterium arc lamp (or simply deuteri-um lamp) is a low-pressure gas-discharge light source often used in spectroscopy when a continuous spectrum in the ultravi-olet region is needed. This kind of lamp emits radiation extending from 112 to 900 nm, although its continuous spectrum is only from 180 to 370 nm.

Halogen Lamps A halogen lamp, also known as a tung-sten halogen, quartz halogen, or quartz iodine lamp, is an incandescent lamp that has a small amount of iodine or bromine.

Like all incandescent light bulbs, a halo-gen lamp produces a continuous spec-trum of light, from near ultraviolet to deep into the infrared. Since the lamp filament can operate at a higher temperature than a non-halogen lamp, the spectrum is shift-ed toward blue, producing light with a higher effective color temperature and higher power efficiency. This makes halo-gen lamps the only light source that pro-duces black-body radiation spectrum simi-lar to that of the sun and most suitable for the eyes.

Fluorescent Lamp Fluorescent lamps are used for UV curing in a number of applications. In particular, these are used where the excessive heat of mercury vapor is undesirable, or when an item needs more than a single source of light and instead needs to be surround-ed by light. Fluorescent lamps that pro-duce UV anywhere within the UV-A/UV-B spectrum can be created. Light Emitting Diode (LED) LEDs have exploded on the market. They are very efficient and are being manufac-tured in an ever increasing amount of wavelengths. LEDs are slowly taking over and phasing out many of the previously discussed sources. UV LEDs are more environmentally friendly as they do not contain harmful mercury, do not produce ozone, and consume less energy.

The most hazardous UV radiation emitted by the UV lamps is that with wavelengths between 240 and 315 nm. In this range the threshold limit value (TLV) is less than 10 millijoules per square centimeter, and the most restrictive TLV is the UV-C at 270 nm, which is set at 3 milli-joules per square centimeter. This is the maxi-mum safe level one may receive in an 8-hour period. To compare the radiant exposure TLV to the irradiance of the unit, a conservative esti-mate of potential exposure time must be used. If one is potentially exposed for the entire 8 hours, the effective irradiance TLV is 0.1 micro-watts per square centimeter

UV lamps produce light radiation from ultravio-let through visible to infrared radiation. The big-gest hazard comes from the UV. It cannot be seen and is not felt immediately, but it is harm-ful to both the eyes and skin. The user may not realize the danger until after the exposure has caused damage. Symptoms can occur 4 to 24 hours after exposure.

The effects on skin are of two types: acute and chronic. Acute effects appear within a few hours of exposure, while chronic effects are long-lasting and cumulative and may not appear for years. An acute effect of UV is redness of the skin called erythema (similar to sunburn). Chronic effects include accelerated skin aging and skin cancer.

UV radiation is ab-sorbed in the outer lay-ers of the eye – the cor-nea and conjunctiva. Acute overexposure leads to a painful tem-porary inflammation,

mainly of the cornea, known as photokeratitis. Repeat overexposure to the UV is unlikely be-cause of the pain involved. Chronic exposure leads to an increased risk of certain types of ocular cataracts.

Working unprotect-ed for even a few seconds can cause injury with some sources. It is possi-ble to calculate

acute thresholds for acute effects and to set exposure limits. It is not possible, however, to calculate a threshold for chronic effects. Therefore, because no exposure level is safe, exposure should be reduced as much as pos-sible.

Other Hazards Explosion Arc lamps contain high-pressure gas and may explode if not handled properly. Avoid touching or scratching the glass section of the lamp. Fingerprints should be wiped off with isopropyl alcohol and a clean soft tissue; otherwise they will weaken the lamp enve-lope. Use cotton gloves for handling the lamp. Install the lamp with proper polarity of electri-cal connections. Do not stress the glass parts when tightening electrical connections. Re-place the lamp when it reaches its lifetime limit. An old lamp having a darkened glass envelope has a high likelihood of exploding and should be replaced.

Mercury (Hg) Mercury contamination can occur if a lamp breaks or explodes. Consult with the industri-al hygienist on proper handling of mercury contamination.

Ozone Short-wavelength UV light converts oxygen into ozone. Ozone produced by lamps with high UV output can be a major irritant to the user. Even ozone-free lamps can produce enough ozone to be uncomfortable for some-one who is particularly sensitive. Proper ven-tilation should be considered before the sys-tem is in use.

Electrical shock During normal operation, the user is protect-ed from contact with any energized electrical connections. However, electrical shock dan-ger will occur if interlocks are defeated or the power supply section is opened with the unit still plugged in. Unplug the unit before replac-ing the lamp or servicing the power supply section.

Heat An arc lamp envelope reaches very high tem-peratures during normal operation and can cause severe burns if touched. Let the lamp cool at least 15 minutes before opening the lamp compartment door.

Engineering Location Having UV generating devices located in a separate room, alcove, or low-traffic area of a lab is ideal. To avoid exposure to other personnel, avoid placing UV generating de-vices in the vicinity of desk areas or other equipment.

Enclosure The use of light-tight cabinets and enclo-sures is the preferred means of preventing exposure. Where it is not practicable to fully enclose the UV source, use appropriate screens, shields, and barriers.

Interlocks Interlocks are the premium choice in any situation where TLVs are exceeded and frequent access is required (e.g., sample change). Interlocks shall not be tampered with. Report broken or defective interlocks.

Administrative Training Personnel should be trained in using the UV-generating devices safely. The manufactur-er’s manuals provide specific safety-related information (type of eye/skin protection needed, ventilation requirements, etc.) that must be completely understood before using the equipment. If any uncertainty or concern exists regarding the safe use of UV-generating devices, contact the manufactur-er for clarification.

Personnel should carefully study the manu-facturer’s manuals for the UV-generating devices and be familiar with its use. It is im-portant never to deviate from the instruc-tions for safe operation without first contact-ing the manufacturer.

At a minimum, lab personnel should be fa-miliar with the following when working with or around UV light:

UV light–producing equipment Warning signs Protective equipment Symptoms of UV exposure

Minimize Exposure Never view the UV lamp directly. Although the inverse square law applies to non-laser-beam UV radiation, it is not advisable to look directly at any UV source (e.g., an arc lamp) – at any distance.

Controls

LLNL-MI-1014003

Types of UV sources

UV protective glasses

UV protective face shield

Xenon Arc

Metal Halide

Hg Vapor

Halogent-Tungsten

Fluorescent

Warning sign

Tightly woven material lab coat

Nitrile gloves

LED

Keep exposure time to a minimum, especially where the source is not enclosed or shielded. Establish stay out zones for those not working directly with the source.

Hazard warning signs Warning signs are necessary to inform personnel about the risk of exposure during use and maintenance. Warning signs should be used where applicable to indicate the presence of potential UV hazards, to restrict access, and to specify PPE.

Administrative Eyewear Use eyewear that is appropriate for the work. For best UV protection, the eyewear should be compliant with ANSI Z87.1 and should have a UV filter marking, “U,” followed by a number from 2 to 6.

Face shield UV-absorbing full face shields should be worn in addition to safety glasses or goggles (goggles may not provide sufficient face pro-tection). Severe skin burns can happen in a very short time, especially under the chin (which is often left exposed).

Gloves Wear nitrile, latex, or tightly woven fabric gloves to protect against the significant amounts of UV-A and UV-B that may pass through to the skin; these types of gloves have a low transmission of UV compared to vinyl gloves. Gloves should protect person-nel from UV light, as well as from the hazard of the activity being performed.

Lab coat Personnel should wear lab coats with tightly woven fabrics that fasten securely at the wrists and up the neck so that no skin is ex-posed. Burns to wrists and the neck are not uncommon. With heightened awareness due to COVID-19, “community/shared” PPE is highly discouraged. PPE should be allocated to each user or shall be appropriately disinfected before use. Eye and face protection must be inspected either regularly or before each use for damage or defects such as cracks, crazing, or bleaching, and replaced when necessary. Note that PPE may need to serve multiple purposes, such as protecting against both UV and chemical splashes.

Any questions concerning UV PPE should be directed to the LSO or Deputy LSO.

Because of the times we are in, there is a desire for everything to be clean and sterilized. Whether it’s washing your hands, using hand sanitizers, disinfecting wipes, and now UV sterilizers. These sterilizers come in many shapes and forms from a simple hand-held wand, to sanitizing boxes/cabinets, to lamps intended to illuminate full rooms. In reviewing many advertisements for the different types, the benefits were well described. What was quite vague were the hazards pre-sented by these devices to humans, pets, and plants.

These sources emit UV-C radiation to kill bacteria and viruses along with just about anything else that is living. This includes the tissues of your eyes and skin. Be-cause the easiest method to make these is the use of a mercury vapor lamp, they also generate ozone. While the benefit of these products is to provide one with safety from unwanted bacteria and viruses, one must be sure they stay safe while using them. Here are some safety tips for using commercially sold UV sanitizing products:

1. Always read and understand the manufacturer’s instructions/warnings. 2. Do not directly expose the eyes or skin. 3. Do not expose pets or plants. 4. Remove yourself from the room when using large open sources, both for the ozone and the

UVC radiation. 5. Never let children play with any UV source. 6. Understand the signs of overexposure, burning and itchy eyes or skin. Remember there may

be a period of time before these symptoms present themselves. BE SAFE! Acknowledgement: Editor – Sharon Cornelious Contributor – Greta Toncheva, LBNL

With COVID-19 the talk of the day, one of the most important uses of optical tech-

nologies is ultraviolet (UV) radiation for the purposes of killing microbes. As with lasers, these incoher-ent light (lamp) sources do much good, but have the potential to injure.

Unfortunately, UV lamps do not receive the same level of respect as their laser counterparts. This issue will cover the hazards of UV radiation from sources other than lasers. A special thanks to Greta Toncheva, LBNL Laser Safety Officer (LSO), for al-lowing a condensed and modified reprint of their “Safety Tips for Using UV Lamps.”

UV radiation occupies a portion of elec-tromagnetic spectrum from approximately 100 to 400 nanometers (nm). The UV spectrum consists of three regions:

UV-A (315–400 nm) UV-B (280–315 nm) UV-C (100–280 nm)

For most, the main source of UV expo-sure is the sun. Exposure from the sun is typically limited to the UV-A, since the earth’s atmosphere protects us from the more harmful UV-C and UV-B. The following are different types of UV

emitting sources.

Xenon Arc Lamp A xenon (Xe) arc lamp is a specialized type of gas-discharge lamp that produc-es light by passing electricity through ionized xenon gas at high pressure. The lamp generates a bright white light that closely mimics natural sunlight. Mercury-containing xenon lamps have a bluish white spectrum and extremely high UV output. These are used primarily for UV curing applications, sterilizing ob-jects, and generating ozone.

Metal Halide Arc Lamp A metal halide lamp produces light via an electric arc through a gaseous mixture of vaporized mercury and metal halides.

They were primarily developed for use in film and television lighting. They also are used for wide-area overhead lighting in commercial, industrial, and public spac-es, such as parking lots, sports arenas, factories, and retail stores.

Most types are fitted with an outer glass bulb. The outer bulb is used to block some or all of the UV light generated by the mercury vapor discharge.

Mercury Vapor Lamp A mercury vapor lamp is a gas-discharge lamp that produces light via an electric arc through vaporized mercury.

In low-pressure mercury vapor lamps, only the lines at 184 and 253 nanome-

 

Introduc on P.1 Types of UV Lamps P.1 

Op cal Hazards and Risks P.2 Controls P.3 

Consumer Beware P.4  

 

Volume 5 Issue 4

“With heightened aware-ness due to COVID-19, “community/shared” PPE is highly discouraged. PPE should be allocated to each user or shall be ap-propriately disinfected be-fore use. Eye and face pro-tection must be inspected either regularly or before each use for damage or defects such as cracks, crazing, or bleaching, and replaced when necessary.”

Jamie J. King, CLSO Laser Safety Officer Phone: 3‐3077 King75@llnl.gov 

Disclaimer: This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, nor any of their employ-ees makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufactur-er, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or Lawrence Liver-more National Security, LLC, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.

LLNL-MI-1014003

Laser Lessons News Letter