Cryogenic Carbon CaptureTM

Larry Baxter

Brigham Young University

Provo, UT 84602

Presented to

Mikko Hupa Celebratory Conference

Turku, Finland

September 14, 2012

Century of Energy

There are excellent reasons to call the 21st century the Century of Energy.

Of the many global challenges, energy is the first. If

we are not able to meet the future demands of

energy in a satisfactory way, it will be extremely

hard if not impossible to solve any other major global issue, such as supplying clean water and

food to the growing population of the world. On the

other hand, with sufficient supply of sustainable

energy we also have excellent possibilities to meet

most of the other challenges that our world faces. Mikko Hupa, The Century of Energy, December 2010

Outline

Review CCS and CCC processes

Outline Economics and Energy Balances

Laboratory and bench results

Skid development

Future Plans and Conclusions

CCS Impact on Efficiency

Data from DOE reports 2007/1281, 2007/1291, and Baxter et al, 2010

CCS Costs

Data from DOE reports 2007/1281, 2007/1291, and Baxter et al, 2010

Value of Bolt-on Technology

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

No CCS CCC cost Retrofit + CCC Replace+CCC

Re

lati

ve

LC

OE

29% Power Loss

12% Power Loss

Cryogenic CO2 Capture

Condensing

Heat Exchanger

Compressor Expansion

Flue Gas

Dry Gas

Moisture

Solid CO2 Stream

SO2, NO2, Hg, HCl, etc.

Heat

Exchanger

Solid-gas

SeparatorSeparator

N2-rich Steam

Gaseous N2-rich Stream

Solids Compressor

Liquid Pump

Pressurized Liquid CO2 Stream

Solid CO2 Bypass

Small Ext.

Refrigeration Loop

ECL Technology Version

Heat Exchanger

And Dryer

Flue Gas

Water

SO2, NO2, Hg, HCl

Heat

RecoverySolid

Separation

Solid

Compression

Pump

Pressurized, Liquid CO2

Heat

Recovery

ExpansionRefrigeration Loop

N2-rich Light Gas

Compression

Ambient Heat Exchange

More Detailed PFD

ASU Comparison

CCS Energy Demand

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

Amine Amine 2 Oxyfuel Membrane CCC

En

erg

y a

s F

rac

tio

n o

f O

utp

ut

Separation Technology Data from DOE reports 2007/1281, 2007/1291, and Baxter et al, 2010

Cost Breakdown

Data from DOE reports 2007/1281, 2007/1291, and Baxter et al, 2010

Cost dominated by equipment and fuel both issues that can be technically addressed.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Amine Amine II Oxyfuel Membrane CCC

Incr

eas

e in

LC

OE,

/k

Wh

CO2 Monitoring CO2 Storage CO2 Transport Fuel

Variable O&M Fixed O&M Capital

Actual Gas Temperature Profiles

15

Energy Efficiency

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

0.825 0.875 0.925 0.975

Sp

eci

fic

En

erg

y (G

J/to

n C

O2

cap

ture

d)

CO2 capture efficiency

72% Efficient Compressor

87% Efficient Compressor

Desublimating Heat Exchangers

Standard heat exchangers cannot handle solids

formation on surfaces

SES has designed and built 3 desublimating heat

exchangers (patents filed on

all)

Fluid Bed Demonstrations

Completed System

Completed System

Hyperion

Live-action Carbon Capture

Initial HX #2 Data

Brief 9 minute run sampling gases at various locations within the heat exchanger

Data agrees well with BYU model

SO2 removal

SO2 & SO3 also captured

Initial concentration 14% CO2, 400 ppm SO2 with the

balance N2

Mean SO2 capture is 99.8% which is the detection limit

of the instrument 0% 10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

110%

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00

SO

2 C

ap

ture

Eff

icie

nc

y

Time (hr)

Ancillary Pollutant Capture

Temperature -118 C -133 C -146 C

Units ppm ppm ppm

CO2 Capture 90% 99% 99.9%

Species (ppm)

CO2 17 341 1762 176.4

SO2 5-0.1 < 0.8* 0.8*

SO3

Capture Efficiency at 1 atm

100

80

60

40

20

0

Cap

ture

Eff

icie

ncy

(%

)

-160 -150 -140 -130 -120 -110 -100

Temperature (C)

Flue Gas Composition 14% CO2 dry basis

10% CO2 dry basis

5% CO2 dry basis

1% CO2 dry basis

Current Status

Analyses and modeling complete

Laboratory-scale components and demo complete

Bench-scale components and demonstration complete

Skid-scale CFG process under construction

Skid-scale ECL process under construction

Pilot-scale system design initiated

Separate energy storage concept initialized (> 90% efficiency, response time < 30 s, capacity 10-30% of

power plant capacity storage, small incremental cost

and footprint)

Sampo

In Finnish mythology, the Sampo made by the

blacksmith Seppo Ilmarinen brought good fortune

and peace to its owner. It figures prominently in the

Kalevala, an epic poem that played a large role in

defining Finnish culture and identity. The Kalevala

and its Sampo are among the greatest works of

Finnish literature. The form and function of the

Sampo was never clearly defined.

It is perhaps fitting that Seppo was a blacksmith

and created the Sampo, as opposed to it being

god-given or naturally occuring. In that spirit,

todays technologists perhaps have the skill and the vision to create many technologies (processes,

devices, and methods) that will continue to bring

good fortune and peace to the world.

The best way we might honor Mikko is to

rededicate ourselves to developing an energy

Sampo and accept his challenge of 2010.

The Forging of the Sampo,

Akseli Gallen-Kallela, 1893,

Ateneum Art Museum, Helsinki

Acknowledgements

US Departments of Energy and Interior, State of Wyoming and School of Energy Resources at Univ. of

Wyoming, CCEMC in Canada, Dong Energy, Air

Liquide, Beijing Jiaotong University, and GE for

funding and in-kind contributions

Sustainable Energy Solutions employees and visitors (26 engineers, 1 economist, 2 MBA)

BYU graduate and undergraduate students (3 graduate students, 12 undergraduate students)