Large-Scale Demonstration of Perchlorate...
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Plume has been characterized Perchlorate concentration is projected to be >100 ppb Other water characteristics Bicarbonate: 180 ppm Nitrate: 27 ppm Sulfate: 15 ppm Chloride: 15 ppm TCE: 30 ppb Extraction well RS498 Perchlorate: 1500 to 2000 ppb Bicarbonate: 150 ppm Nitrate: 4 ppm Sulfate: 3 ppm Chloride: 4 ppm TCE: 3100 ppb 15 week demonstration 5 test periods Coordinate with CDPH Sampling and analysis plan Policy Memo 97-005 requirements Coordinate with site Permits / Construction Integrate with existing treatment system Enables water produced during demo to be treated and distributed 3 - 5 month demonstration period Large-Scale Demonstration of Perchlorate Removal Using Weak Base Anion Resin ® ® Demonstrate a large-scale drinking water treatment system for perchlorate removal using the weak base anion resin ion exchange process. Wellhead treatment in Rialto-Colton, CA Wellsite with high perchlorate concentration (>50 ppb) 1,000 gpm treatment capacity Meet Policy Memo 97-005 guidance for “Extremely Impaired” source water Teaming Partner: Carollo Engineers Pilot System Demonstrations Large-Scale Demonstration Zero-Discharge Regeneration Process Site: Fontana, CA (May - Sep 2006) Low-Level Perchlorate Analysis Results Results Breakthrough Curves WBA Resin Ion Exchange WBA Resin Ion Exchange Process (Patent Pending) Integrated pre- and post-treatment Conventional lead-lag configuration 2-inch diameter ion exchange columns Macroporous polystyrene divinylbenzene WBA resin (Purolite D4170) 36-inch bed depth 12 to 32 BV/hr treatment rate 1.5 - 4 gpm/ft 3 24 hr/day – 7 day/week operation Regeneration and residuals treatment Batch regeneration approach Minimize spent regenerant volume Maximize perchlorate concentration Scavenge perchlorate from spent regenerating solution Strong base anion (SBA) resin Very high loading possible > 20 to 80% of ion exchange sites Greatly reduces resin replacement / disposal requirement Low O&M cost for drinking water applications Production well F17 Perchlorate: 5-8 ppb Biocarbonate: 184 ppm Nitrate: 33 ppm Sulfate: 15 ppm Chloride: 12 ppm 16 week demonstration 6 test periods Perchlorate reduced to < 0.5 ppb > 9000 bed volume treatment capacity Met drinking water quality requirements < 0.03% perchlorate-free spent regenerating solution Ion exchange and regeneration processes are pH dependent WBA resin in free-base form (R-NH 2 ) is ionized (R-NH 3 + ) by protonating with acid (H + ): R-NH 2 + H + R-NH 3 + Protonated resin removes anions (A - ) from aqueous streams: R-NH 3 + + A - R-NH 3 -A Spent resin (R-NH 3 -A) is regenerated by neutralizing with caustic (NaOH), which liberates anions and returns resin to the free-base form: R-NH 3 -A + Na + OH - R-NH 2 + HOH + Na + A - Well F17 Ion Exchange Vessel Clean Water Caustic Feed Pump Scavenger Resin Vessels Ion Exchange Vessel Regen Tank Regeneration Process Ion Exchange Vessel Clean Regen Water Feed Pump Scavenger Resin Vessels Ion Exchange Vessel Regen Tank Scavenger Process ER-0312 11,700 4.1 <0.10 Lead breakthrough 14,800 6.5 0.19 Lead breakthrough 1,200 <1.0 <1.0 50 hr after startup 7,800 4.5 <1.0 Lead breakthrough 24 300 0.46 3 gpm/ft 3 - 16 hr 1,100 0.33 4 gpm/ft 3 - 40 hr 3,700 0.26 4 gpm/ft 3 - 5 day 4,900 0.11 3 gpm/ft 3 - post regen 24 0.49 0.29 1 hr after startup 9,200 0.53 Offline End of test period 6 * Perchlorate analyses using IC/MS/MS provided by Babcock Laboratories. MRL varied due to matrix effects. 24 24 24 3 1 Test Pd 6 2 Comments Flow Rate (BV/hr) Bed Volumes (BV) Offline Lead Column (ppb) Lag Column (ppb) 32 Site: Redstone Arsenal, AL (Jun - Sep 2005) Demonstration System Design Demonstration Execution Candidate Wellsite — Rialto #3 (Airport) Objective Perchlorate reduced to < 4 ppb Effective at commercial treatment rates Efficient regeneration < 0.05% spent regenerating solution Scavenging and biodegradation of spent regenerating solution demonstrated Test Period 5 - 24 BV/Hour Test Period 4 - 18 BV/Hour Test Period 3 - 12 BV/Hour Lag Columns Bed Volumes Perchlorate (ug/L) 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Rialto #3 Pretreatment Post Treatment Ion Exchange Treated Water CO 2 IX Lead IX Lag Untreated Groundwater Acid In-line Mixer In-line Mixer Degasifier Base Pretreatment Ion Exchange Post-Treatment Reduce pH Lead-lag configuration (multi-barrier) Restore and control treated water alkalinity and pH WASTE HOLDING TANK WASTE HOLDING TANK CAUSTIC STORAGE TANK ELEVATION VIEW PLAN VIEW SODA ASH FEED SYSTEM ELECTRICAL CONTROL ROOM ACID STORAGE TANK ION EXCHANGE VESSELS FEED PUMPS DEGASIFIER MEMBRANES N Water Reservoir IX Lead IX Lag Na 2 CO 3 Solution Well Water- 2000 gpm H 2 SO 4 To Existing IX System 2000 gpm Membrane Degasifier Bypass 1000 gpm Feed pump 1000 gpm WBA Resin Treated Water 1000 gpm Packed-Bed Ion Exchange CO 2 P a r a m e t e r D e s i g n B a s i s T r e a t m e n t R a t e 3 g p m / 2 4 B V h r ) O p e r a t i o n a l R e q u i r e m e n t 2 4 h o u r s / d a y , 7 d a y s / w e e k I o n E x c h a n g e C o n i g u r a t i o n L e a d , l a g ; p a c k e d b e d v e s s e l s I o n E x c h a n g e R e s i n s W e a k b a s e r e s i n – P u r o l i t e D - 4 1 7 0 S t r o n g b a s e r e s i n – P u r o l i t e A 5 3 0 E T r e a t m e n t C a p a c i t y 1 0 0 0 0 b e d v o l u m e s b e f o r e r e g e n e r a t i o n T r e a t e d W a t e r Q u a l i t y < 1 p p b p e r c h l o r a t e > 3 0 p p m a l k a l i n i t y ( L S I = ~ 0 ) S p e n t R e g e n e r a t i n g S o l u t i o n < M D L p e r c h l o r a t e < 0 0 5 % o f t r e a t e d w a t e r v o l u m e
Transcript of Large-Scale Demonstration of Perchlorate...
Plume has been characterizedPerchlorate concentration is projected to be >100 ppbOther water characteristics Bicarbonate: 180 ppm Nitrate: 27 ppm Sulfate: 15 ppm Chloride: 15 ppm TCE: 30 ppb
Extraction well RS498 Perchlorate: 1500 to 2000 ppb Bicarbonate: 150 ppm Nitrate: 4 ppm Sulfate: 3 ppm Chloride: 4 ppm TCE: 3100 ppb
15 week demonstration5 test periods
Coordinate with CDPH Sampling and analysis plan Policy Memo 97-005 requirements Coordinate with site Permits / ConstructionIntegrate with existing treatment system Enables water produced during demo to be treated and distributed3 - 5 month demonstration period
Large-Scale Demonstration of Perchlorate RemovalUsing Weak Base Anion Resin®®
Demonstrate a large-scale drinking water treatment system for perchlorate removal using the weak base anion resin ion exchange process.
Wellhead treatment in Rialto-Colton, CA Wellsite with high perchlorate concentration (>50 ppb) 1,000 gpm treatment capacity Meet Policy Memo 97-005 guidance for “Extremely Impaired” source water
Teaming Partner: Carollo Engineers Pilot System Demonstrations Large-Scale Demonstration
Zero-Discharge Regeneration Process Site: Fontana, CA (May - Sep 2006)
Low-Level Perchlorate Analysis
Results
Results
Breakthrough Curves
WBA Resin Ion Exchange
WBA Resin Ion Exchange Process (Patent Pending)
Integrated pre- and post-treatmentConventional lead-lag configuration 2-inch diameter ion exchange columns
Macroporous polystyrene divinylbenzene WBA resin (Purolite D4170) 36-inch bed depth
12 to 32 BV/hr treatment rate 1.5 - 4 gpm/ft3
24 hr/day – 7 day/week operationRegeneration and residuals treatment
Batch regeneration approach Minimize spent regenerant volume
Maximize perchlorate concentration
Scavenge perchlorate from spent regenerating solution Strong base anion (SBA) resin Very high loading possible > 20 to 80% of ion exchange sitesGreatly reduces resin replacement / disposal requirement Low O&M cost for drinking water applications
Production well F17 Perchlorate: 5-8 ppb Biocarbonate: 184 ppm Nitrate: 33 ppm Sulfate: 15 ppm Chloride: 12 ppm
16 week demonstration6 test periods
Perchlorate reduced to < 0.5 ppb> 9000 bed volume treatment capacityMet drinking water quality requirements< 0.03% perchlorate-free spent regenerating solution
Ion exchange and regeneration processes are pH dependent
WBA resin in free-base form (R-NH2) is ionized (R-NH3+) by protonating with acid (H+):
R-NH2 + H+ R-NH3+
Protonated resin removes anions (A-) from aqueous streams:
R-NH3+ + A- R-NH3-A
Spent resin (R-NH3-A) is regenerated by neutralizing with caustic (NaOH), which liberates anions and returns resin to the free-base form:
R-NH3-A + Na+OH- R-NH2 + HOH + Na+A-
Well F17
IonExchange
Vessel
CleanWater
Caustic
FeedPump
ScavengerResin
Vessels
RegenTank
IonExchange
VesselRegenTank
Regeneration Process
IonExchange
Vessel
CleanRegenWater
FeedPump
ScavengerResin
Vessels
RegenTank
IonExchange
VesselRegenTank
Scavenger Process
ER-0312
11,700 4.1 <0.10 Lead breakthrough14,800 6.5 0.19 Lead breakthrough1,200 <1.0 <1.0 50 hr after startup7,800 4.5 <1.0 Lead breakthrough
24 300 0.46 3 gpm/ft3 - 16 hr1,100 0.33 4 gpm/ft3 - 40 hr3,700 0.26 4 gpm/ft3 - 5 day4,900 0.11 3 gpm/ft3 - post regen
24 0.49 0.29 1 hr after startup9,200 0.53 Offline End of test period 6
* Perchlorate analyses using IC/MS/MS provided by Babcock Laboratories. MRL varied due to matrix effects.
24
24
24
3
1
Test Pd
6
2
CommentsFlow Rate (BV/hr)
Bed Volumes (BV)
Offline
Lead Column
(ppb)
Lag Column
(ppb)
32
Site: Redstone Arsenal, AL (Jun - Sep 2005)
Demonstration System Design
Demonstration Execution
Candidate Wellsite — Rialto #3 (Airport)
Objective
Perchlorate reduced to < 4 ppbEffective at commercial treatment ratesEfficient regeneration < 0.05% spent regenerating solutionScavenging and biodegradation of spent regenerating solution demonstrated
Test Period 5 - 24 BV/HourTest Period 4 - 18 BV/HourTest Period 3 - 12 BV/HourLag Columns
Bed Volumes
Perc
hlor
ate
(ug/
L)
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Rialto #3
Pretreatment Post TreatmentIon Exchange
TreatedWater
CO2
IXLead
IXLag
UntreatedGroundwater
Acid
In-lineMixer
In-lineMixer
Degasifier
Base
Pretreatment Ion Exchange Post-Treatment
Reduce pHLead-lag configuration (multi-barrier)
Restore and control treated water alkalinity and pH
WASTEHOLDING
TANK
WASTEHOLDING
TANK
CAUSTICSTORAGE
TANK
ELEVATION VIEW
PLAN VIEW
SODA ASHFEED SYSTEM
ELECTRICALCONTROL ROOM
ACIDSTORAGE
TANK
IONEXCHANGE
VESSELS
FEED PUMPSDEGASIFIER
MEMBRANES
N
WaterReservoir
IXLead
IXLag
Na2CO3Solution
Well Water- 2000 gpm
H2SO4
To ExistingIX System2000 gpm
MembraneDegasifier
Bypass1000 gpm
Feed pump1000 gpm
WBA ResinTreatedWater
1000 gpm
Packed-BedIon Exchange
CO2
Parameter Design BasisTreatment Rate 3 gpm/ftff 3 (24 BV/hr)Operational Requirement 24 hours/day, 7 days/weekIon Exchange Configuration Lead, lag; packed bed vesselsIon Exchange Resins Weak base resin – Purolite D-4170
Strong base resin – Purolite A-530ETreatment Capacity 10,000 bed volumes before
regenerationTreated Water Quality < 1 ppb perchlorate
> 30 ppm alkalinity (LSI = ~0)Spent Regenerating Solution < MDL perchlorate
< 0.05% of treated water volume
