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1 Installation Effects in Geotechnical Engineering – Hicks et al. (eds) © 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-00041-4 Large deformation analysis of cone penetration testing in undrained clay L. Beuth Deltares, Delft, The Netherlands P.A. Vermeer Deltares, Delft, The Netherlands University of Stuttgart, Germany ABSTRACT: Cone penetration testing is a widely-used in-situ test for soil profiling as well as estimating soil properties of strength and stiffness. In this paper, the relationship between the undrained shear strength of clay and the measured cone tip resistance is investigated through numerical analysis. Such analyses serve to refine and establish correlations between cone penetration testing measurements and soil properties; thus enabling more reliable predictions of soil properties. The presented analyses are performed by means of a Material Point Method that has been developed specifically for the analysis of quasi-static geotechnical problems involving large deformations of soil. Both, the load-type dependency of the shear strength of undrained clay as well as the influence of the anisotropic fabric of natural clay on the undrained shear strength are taken into account through a new material model, the Anisotropic Undrained Clay model. Results indicate that the deformation mechanism relevant for cone penetration in undrained normally-consolidated clay differs significantly from predictions based on the Tresca model, but resulting cone factors appear to be useful. deformation processes imposed by the cone on the surrounding soil. Because the cone is pushed into the ground with a constant rate of penetra- tion of 2 cm/s, inertia and damping effects can be neglected. Thus, the considered problem full- fills the requirements of quasi-static analysis. The method used in this study, the quasi-static Material Point Method (MPM), has been developed specifi- cally for the analysis of such problems. Furthermore, the non-linear stress-strain rela- tionship of undrained clay must be considered. When using the well-known elastic-plastic Tresca material model for such analyses, s u is specified as the cohesion parameter of the model. Such com- putations assume an undrained shear strength that is independent of the loading path. Generally, an undrained shear strength obtained from simple shear tests is used as a kind of average for such simplifed analyses. Although the widely-used Mohr-Coulomb model does predict a higher undrained shear strength for triaxial compression than for triaxial extension, it overpredicts the magnitudes of both undrained shear strengths, at least for normally- consolidated clays. In order to reproduce the mag- nitudes of undrained shear strengths for triaxial 1 INTRODUCTION The undrained shear strength of soil, s u , represents no unique soil parameter, but largely depends on the type of loading. For normally-consolidated clays, the undrained shear strength found for tri- axial compression is for instance much larger than the strength found for triaxial extension. Simple shear tests render an undrained shear strength that lies in between the strength values obtained for triaxial compression and extension. This has to be taken into consideration when using this param- eter in geotechnical analyses. When deriving an undrained shear strength from cone penetration measurements of tip resistance, q c , it is important to know which undrained shear strengths domi- nate the failure mechanism found during cone penetration testing. In this paper, results of numerical analyses of cone penetration testing (CPT) in normally-con- solidated undrained clay are presented to provide new insight into the mechanical processes that occur during a cone penetration test. An accurate computation of the stress field that evolves in the vicinity of the penetrating cone requires one to take into account the complex large

Transcript of large deformation analysis of cone penetration testing in ...mpm-dredge.eu/documents/Beuth, Vermeer...

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Installation Effects in Geotechnical Engineering – Hicks et al. (eds)© 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-00041-4

large deformation analysis of cone penetration testing in undrained clay

l. BeuthDeltares, Delft, The Netherlands

P.a. VermeerDeltares, Delft, The Netherlands University of Stuttgart, Germany

aBstract: cone penetration testing is a widely-used in-situ test for soil profiling as well as estimating soil properties of strength and stiffness. In this paper, the relationship between the undrained shear strength of clay and the measured cone tip resistance is investigated through numerical analysis. such analyses serve to refine and establish correlations between cone penetration testing measurements and soil properties; thus enabling more reliable predictions of soil properties. the presented analyses are performed by means of a Material Point Method that has been developed specifically for the analysis of quasi-static geotechnical problems involving large deformations of soil. Both, the load-type dependency of the shear strength of undrained clay as well as the influence of the anisotropic fabric of natural clay on the undrained shear strength are taken into account through a new material model, the anisotropic Undrained clay model. results indicate that the deformation mechanism relevant for cone penetration in undrained normally-consolidated clay differs significantly from predictions based on the tresca model, but resulting cone factors appear to be useful.

deformation processes imposed by the cone on the surrounding soil. Because the cone is pushed into the ground with a constant rate of penetra-tion of 2 cm/s, inertia and damping effects can be neglected. thus, the considered problem full-fills the requirements of quasi-static analysis. the method used in this study, the quasi-static Material Point Method (MPM), has been developed specifi-cally for the analysis of such problems.

furthermore, the non-linear stress-strain rela-tionship of undrained clay must be considered. When using the well-known elastic-plastic tresca material model for such analyses, su is specified as the cohesion parameter of the model. such com-putations assume an undrained shear strength that is independent of the loading path. Generally, an undrained shear strength obtained from simple shear tests is used as a kind of average for such simplifed analyses.

although the widely-used Mohr-coulomb model does predict a higher undrained shear strength for triaxial compression than for triaxial extension, it overpredicts the magnitudes of both undrained shear strengths, at least for normally-consolidated clays. In order to reproduce the mag-nitudes of undrained shear strengths for triaxial

1 IntroDUctIon

the undrained shear strength of soil, su, represents no unique soil parameter, but largely depends on the type of loading. for normally-consolidated clays, the undrained shear strength found for tri-axial compression is for instance much larger than the strength found for triaxial extension. simple shear tests render an undrained shear strength that lies in between the strength values obtained for triaxial compression and extension. this has to be taken into consideration when using this param-eter in geotechnical analyses. When deriving an undrained shear strength from cone penetration measurements of tip resistance, qc, it is important to know which undrained shear strengths domi-nate the failure mechanism found during cone penetration testing.

In this paper, results of numerical analyses of cone penetration testing (cPt) in normally-con-solidated undrained clay are presented to provide new insight into the mechanical processes that occur during a cone penetration test.

an accurate computation of the stress field that evolves in the vicinity of the penetrating cone requires one to take into account the complex large

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compression and extension more accurately, a model based on critical state soil mechanics such as the well-known Modified cam clay model might be used. this model takes into account the shear-induced volume change of drained clay (schofield & Wroth 1968). Indeed, for normally-consolidated clay as considered in this paper, this model correctly predicts lower undrained shear strengths for triaxial compression and extension than the Mohr-coulomb model.

Due to the deposition process of clay, natural clay generally shows a different strength in hori-zontal directions than in the vertical direction. In order to further increase the accuracy of cPt analyses, this anisotropic strength of clay must also be taken into consideration. therefore, the aniso-tropic Undrained clay (aUc) model is used in the presented analyses.

It implements the theory of critical state soil mechanics and also considers the strength anisot-ropy of natural clay (Vermeer et al. 2010; Beuth 2012). It is largely based on the s-claY1 model developed by (Wheeler et al. 2003) but consid-ers neither density and rotational hardening nor softening.

to the authors knowledge, usage of a quasi-static MPM in combination with the aUc model for cPt analysis exceeds the accuracy of numerical studies reported so far in literature, such as (Van den Berg 1994) and (lu et al. 2004).

In the following section, the used numeri-cal method will be introduced briefly. a detailed description of it would exceed the scope of this paper. for further information, the reader is there-fore referred to (Beuth et al. 2007; Vermeer et al. 2009; Beuth et al. 2011) and (Beuth 2012). the con-stitutive modelling of undrained clay is treated in section 3. subsequently, the geometry and discreti-sation of the performed numerical analyses are pre-sented in section 4. In section 5, results obtained for the analysis with the aUc model are compared to results for the tresca model. the paper ends with an outlook on possible future work.

2 QUasI-statIc MatErIal PoInt MEthoD

the quasi-static MPM can be considered as an extension of the classical Updated lagrangian finite Element Method (Ul-fEM). With the Ul-fEM, a solid body is discretised by finite elements that follow the deformations of the solid body. In case of large deformations of the solid body, the finite element grid might eventually experi-ence severe distortions which lead to numerical inaccuracies and can even render the calculation impossible.

the Material Point Method discretises a solid body by means of a cloud of material points that move through a fixed finite element grid. thereby, the material points capture the arbitrary large deformations of the solid body without the occur-rence of severe deformations of the finite elements. Material and state parameters of the solid body as well as applied loads are stored in material points whereas the mesh does not store any permanent information.

With the MPM, the underlying finite element grid is used as with the Ul-fEM to solve the sys-tem of equilibrium equations for an applied load increment on the basis of those finite elements that contain material points at the considered loading step. once displacement increments are mapped from nodes to material points, once strain incre-ments are computed at the locations of material points, the mesh is usually reset into its original state. It might be changed arbitrarily.

obviously, the finite element grid used with the MPM must cover not only the solid in its initial con-figuration as with the Ul-fEM but the entire region of space into which the solid is expected to move.

It should be emphasised, that in contrast to mesh-less lagrangian methods such as the Dis-crete Element Method, the material points repre-sent subregions of a solid body and not individual particles such as sand grains. the mass and volume of subregions is memorised with material points, but changes in the shape are not traced.

With one exception (Guilkey & Weiss 2003), existing implementations of the MPM are dynamic codes that employ an explicit time integration scheme (sulsky et al. 1994; Wi eckowski et al. 1999; coetzee et al. 2005). Using these codes for the analysis of quasi-static problems is computation-ally inefficient as explicit integration requires very small time steps. the quasi-static MPM makes use of an implicit integration scheme and thus circum-vents the limitation on step size of dynamic codes.

In recent years, the quasi-static MPM has been validated with numerous geotechnical benchmark problems. furthermore, it has been extended by a contact formulation for modelling reduced frictional or adhesive contact between structure and soil based on interface elements (Vermeer et al. 2009).

3 constItUtIVE MoDEllInG

3.1 Modelling of undrained elasticity

the total mean stress rate of the undrained soil is split into the effective mean stress rate, ′p , and the change of excess pore pressures, pw, through con-sideration of strain compatibility between the two materials

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pK

np Kw = ′ = ′water

vol volandε ε

(1)

where Kwater is the bulk modulus of water, n is the porosity and K′ is the bulk modulus of the soil skeleton. the term Kwater/n can be written as

Kn

v vv v

Ku

u

water =− ′( )

−( ) + ′( ) ′3

1 2 1

(2)

where vu is an undrained Poisson ratio and v′ the effective Poisson ratio of the soil skeleton. Incompressibility of the soil implies vu being close to 0.5. In this paper, it is taken to be 0.49 for the computation with the tresca model and 0.495 for the computation with the aUc model. the effective Poisson ratio is assumed to be v′ = 0.25 and the Young’s modulus is E′ = 6 MPa. this yields K′ = 4 MPa and Kwater/n = 110 MPa for vu = 0.49 and 235 MPa for vu = 0.495. It should be noted that elastic behaviour (inside the yield surface) is assumed to be isotropic according to hooke’s law.

3.2 Modelling of undrained plasticity

the aUc model requires 4 input parameters: the elastic parameters, E′ and v′, the friction angle for the critical state, φcs, and the overconsolida-tion ratio, OCR, defined as the preconsolidation stress, σp0, divided by the vertical effective stress. In this paper, only normally-consolidated clay with OCR = 1 is considered, φcs is taken to be 30°.

the yield function of the aUc model is defined as

f ps p

qs s p

qs

M pp

T

p= +−

−( ) − ′′′ ′

32

0

00

0

00

202 0

α α

α

:

(3)

where s is the deviatoric stress tensor, and s0 is the initial in-situ one. furthermore, it yields

M q s sT=−

= ( )63

320 0 0

sinsin

:φφcs

csand

(4)

for special stress loading paths with s propor-tional to s0, implying q proportional to q0, the yield function can be written in the simpler form

f pq p

M pp= +

−( )−( ) −′

′′

αα0

2

202 0p

(5)

giving the well-known Modified cam clay yield condition for α0 = 0, i.e. for isotropic consolida-tion with K0 = 1. In this particular case, the yield condition is represented by an ’isotropic’ ellipse in p′-q-space.

for non-isotropic consolidation, the yield locus is rotated away from the p′-axis, as illustrated in figure 1. In the special case of 1-dimensional consolidation, the rotation parameter, α0, follows from

α η η η002

02

00

0

33

3 11 2

=+ −

=−

+M K

Kwith

(6)

where K0 is the coefficient of earth pressure at rest. In this paper, normally-consolidated clay is consid-ered with K0 = 1 - sin φcs.

only associated plasticity is considered, so that a separate specification of a plastic potential func-tion is not needed. for OCR = 1, as considered in the following, the isotropic preconsolidation stress, p′po, can be initialised for the initial stress state

from the condition f = 0.

4 GEoMEtrY anD DIscrEtIsatIon

a 20° slice of the axisymmetric cone penetration problem is considered as shown in figure 2. the mesh extends outwards by 14 cone diameters D, D being for the standardised cone penetrometer 3.57 cm. In the initial configuration, the cone tip is located 4.9 cm below the soil surface which ini-tially coincides with the cone base, see figure 3 (b). the cone is slightly rounded in order to circum-vent numerical problems induced by a discontinu-ous edge at the base of the cone. apart from this modification, the dimensions of the penetrometer correspond to those of a standard penetrometer: the apex angle is 60° and the horizontal base area is 10 cm2.

figure 1. Yield locus of the aUc model for triaxial compression and extension.

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figure 2. (a) Material point discretisation for the initial; (b) final configuration at a penetration depth of 18 D.

the height of the discretised space has been chosen so as to accomodate a penetration depth of up to 18 D measured from the base of the cone. the lower mesh boundary is located 18 D below the tip of the cone. considering a rigid penetrom-eter, there is no need to discretise the penetrometer itself which simplifies the application of boundary conditions along the penetrometer surface.

rather than incrementally moving the pen-etrometer downwards into the ground, the soil is pushed upwards against the fixed penetrometer surface. the upward displacement of the material point discretisation is realised by prescribed dis-placements applied on the bottom boundary of the mesh. Material points are continuously fed along the lower boundary into the mesh from a cloud of material points that is initially located outside the discretised region (feeder). figure 2 shows the material point discretisation including the feeder in its initial and final configuration.

along the sides of the mesh, displacements are fixed normal to the vertical planes (roller bound-aries). only smooth contact between soil and penetrometer is considered by prescribing roller boundaries fixed normal to the penetrometer sur-face. reduced adhesive or frictional contact along the penetrometer surface might be considered by placing interface elements along the fixed bound-ary of the penetrometer but this is not considered here.

soil weight is not considered with the presented computations since the gradient of vertical stress is not relevant at the greater depths of cone pen-etration that are reached in the performed analy-ses. Because the computation with the aUc model requires initial stresses for initialisation of the extent and orientation of the yield surface in principal stress space, a surface traction of 10 kPa is applied. K0 is set to 0.5. thus, in an initial loading stage, a vertical stress of 10 kPa and horizontal stresses of 5 kPa are realised. for the aUc model, the iso-tropic preconsolidation pressure is then -7.1 kPa.

the computations were performed with 4-noded tetrahedral elements that were extended by a strain-smoothing algorithm to prevent lock-ing. a mesh with 15,678 degrees of freedom has been used. Mesh re-finement has been applied in the region around the penetrometer cone as shown in figure 3 (a) where large stress gradients occur. furthermore, a mesh re-finement is required on the narrow edge along the longitudinal axis of the discretised slice.

Initially, the soil surface coincides with element boundaries adjacent to the cone base, see figure 3 (b). an equal number of 10 material points is initially placed inside each finite element. In total, 286,410 material points are used for the performed analyses.

figure 3. (a) fE discretisation with local mesh refine-ment along the cone tip; (b) Geometry of the cone tip.

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5 rEsUlts

fEM simulations of triaxial compression and extension tests were performed with the aUc model for anisotropically consolidated soil under K0 = 0.5 up to σp0 = 10 kPa. similarly, a direct shear test was computed for K0-consolidation up to σp0 = 10 kPa in order to obtain the respective values of undrained shear strength relevant for the performed cPt analyses. the resulting undrained shear strengths are for triaxial compresssion su,comp = 3 kPa, for triaxial extension su,ext = 1.2 kPa and for simple shear su,ss = 2.15 kPa (see also figure 1). for the computation with the tresca model, an undrained shear strength of 4 kPa is specified. an overview of the undrained shear strengths relevant for the two computations is provided in table 1.

In figure 4 the obtained relative tip stresses σc/su,ss for the two computations are plotted over the rela-tive cone penetration. once the influence of the soil surface on the movement of soil particles around the penetrating structure subsides, a steady-state defor-mation process evolves, as can be seen in figure 4. the tip stress σc for the fully developed steady-state penetration process corresponds to the tip resistance qc measured during cone penetration testing.

the relative tip resistance qc/su corresponds to the cone factor Nc which is commonly used to correlate the undrained shear strength of soil to measurements of cone tip resistance. Equating su to su,ss results in approximately the same cone

factor for the computations with the tresca and aUc model. for the tresca model, a cone factor of 12.5 is obtained, for the aUc model a cone fac-tor of 11.6.

the tresca cone factor of 12.5 agrees well with results of previous numerical studies based on this model. Indeed, (Van den Berg 1994) reports for a smooth cone and a rigidity index Ir = G/su = 600 a cone factor of approximately 13. (lu et al. 2004), who additionally take into considera-tion the initial stress state, report a matching cone factor of 12.5. total stress analyses were consid-ered in these studies whereas in the computations of this paper distinction is made between effective stresses and excess pore pressures as described in subsection 3. supplementary numerical analyses show that the choice of analyses has little impact on the obtained cone factors, at least for und-rained Poisson ratios above a value of 0.49 (Beuth 2012).

figure 5 (a) shows the loading types found within the soil body at a penetration depth of 10 D; on the left half for the aUc model, on the mirrored right half for the tresca model. Points colored dark grey represent regions of triaxial compression states-of-stress. light grey points represent regions that cannot be associated with a specific loading type. for the tresca model, triaxial compression states-of-stress dominate in the vicinity of the cone. the aUc model predicts triaxial compression states-of-stress to occur only in a small wedge below the advancing cone.

figure 5 (b) shows the effective vertical stresses for the aUc model and the tresca model at a pen-etration depth of 10 D. compressive stresses are negative. low vertical effective stresses occur next to the cone for both material models forming wing-shaped stress bulbs. this can be explained by the reduction of vertical compaction once soil leaves the ‘shadow’ of the penetrating cone. Within the shadow of the cone, soil is pushed to the sides and downward, outside it, soil moves to the sides in an upward direction as noted by lu et al. some of the vertical compression previously applied on soil particles is consequently released.

for the aUc model, as a consequence, mean effective stresses decrease within the region of the wing-shaped stress bulb. the stress paths obtained for the aUc model correspond to soil yielding in a critical state: stress states in this region follow the critical state line. they do not correspond to triaxial compression nor triaxial extension which corresponds to the results shown in figure 5 (a). soil yields in the vicinity of the cone with effec-tive mean stresses decreasing down to -2.5 kPa and deviatoric stresses q as low as 3 kPa which explains the lower tip resistance found with the aUc model.

figure 4. relative tip stress plotted over the relative cone displacement for the tresca and aUc model.

table 1. Undrained shear strengths [kPa].

su,comp su,ext su,ss

tresca 4.0 4.0 4.0

aUc 3.0 1.2 2.15

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6 conclUsIons

for a normally-consolidated clay, the relationship between cone tip resistance and the strength of undrained clay has been investigated. Penetration of a smooth cone has been simulated. large soil deformations are taken into consideration through use of a quasi-static MPM. the load-type depend-ency of the undrained shear strength and the strength anisotropy of natural clay are considered through use of the new aUc model.

the cone factor obtained for a computation with the tresca model agrees well with results from the aUc model. hence, the tresca model seems well suited for determining cone factors for normally-consolidated undrained clays, provided the cone factors are related to an undrained shear strength for simple shear.

apart from the tresca model, the Von Mises yield criterion might be used for such cPt analy-ses. however, when fitting the Von Mises to the tresca yield surface so that the yield stress coin-cides for triaxial compression and extension, the Von Mises model will give larger cone factors. for a proper cone factor, the Von Mises criterion should be matched to the tresca yield criterion in the case of simple shear. In order to obtain this, the Von Mises tensile strength, σtension, should be equal to 3 su,tresca.

It would be important to also investigate cone penetration in overconsolidated clays since the overcon-solidation ratio has a considerable influ-ence on the undrained shear strength of clay. It would seem that the aUc model is not only suited for normally-consolidated but also for overconsoli-dated clays. this work would allow one to identify,

for given soil parameters of strength and stiffness, the relationship between cone tip resistance and undrained shear strength as a function of OCR as suggested by Vermeer (2010). formulating such a relation would simplify the analyses of geotechni-cal problems involving undrained clay and increase their reliability.

acKnoWlEDGEMEnts

the research leading to these results has received funding from the European community’s seventh framework Programme fP7/2007–2013 under grant agreement n° PIaG-Ga-2009-230638 (Geo-Install).

the authors would like to express their gratitude to Deltares, especially to Peter van den Berg and hans teunissen, for their support of the numerical study on which this publication is based and of the development of the aUc model.

the authors would like thank Plaxis B.V. and Deltares for their funding of the development of the quasi-static MPM. here, the authors would especially like to thank Paul Bonnier from Plaxis B.V for kindly providing his expert advise in this work and Issam Jassim from the University of stuttgart for his contributions to the research efforts leading to this publication.

rEfErEncEs

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figure 5. (a) regions of triaxial compression states-of-stress colored dark gray; (b) comparison of effective vertical stresses σ ′yy [kPa].

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