LARGE DAMS AS A SOURCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY Glen Singleton, Ph.D., P.Geo., B.C. Hydro Canada.
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Transcript of LARGE DAMS AS A SOURCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY Glen Singleton, Ph.D., P.Geo., B.C. Hydro Canada.
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LARGE DAMS ASLARGE DAMS ASA SOURCE OFA SOURCE OF
RENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGY
Glen Singleton, Ph.D., Glen Singleton, Ph.D., P.Geo.,P.Geo.,
B.C. HydroB.C. Hydro
CanadaCanada
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International Hydropower Association
Note: Wind has now expanded to approximately 1.5%
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Total world hydropower: 2920 Total world hydropower: 2920 TWhTWhAfrica 85 TWh/yr
Asia 950 TWh/yr
North & Central America 670 TWh/yr
South America 600 TWh/yr
Europe 560 TWh/yr
Oceania 55 TWh/yr
WORLD 2920 TWh/yr
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Remaining World hydropower Remaining World hydropower potential = 5660TWh potential = 5660TWh (economically feasible)(economically feasible)
Africa 1015 TWh/yr
Asia 3050 TWh/yr
North & Central America 330 TWh/yr
South America 1000 TWh/yr
Europe 230 TWh/yr
Oceania 35 TWh/yr
WORLD 5660 TWh/yr
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HYDROPOWER IN CANADAHYDROPOWER IN CANADA
• > 12% of Global Hydropower> 12% of Global Hydropower
• 475 hydro plants.475 hydro plants.
• > 370 TWh from over 89 GW of > 370 TWh from over 89 GW of installed capacity.installed capacity.
• Accounts for ~ 97% clean renewable Accounts for ~ 97% clean renewable energy supply in Canada.energy supply in Canada.
• ~ 118 GW of technical potential ~ 118 GW of technical potential remain. remain.
(Government of Canada, 2009)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity)
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• Between 1950-1980, an average of 600 dams / year were built in China.
• Nearly one-half of the world’s large dams (22,000) are in China.
• 60% of all dams under construction worldwide are in China or India.
China: the world’s hydropower leader
US & International Water Institutions
EVR 5332–Integrated Solutions for Water in Environment & Development September 24, 2007
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Country (TWh/yr) InstalledCapacity(GW)
Percent ofall electricity
China* 585 171 17
Canada 370 89 61
Brazil 364 69 86
United States 251 80 6
Russia 167 45 18
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity)
(Worldwatch Institute, 2007)
______________________________________________________________
*
• By the end 2006 China had 40,000 small hydro plants, which accounted for 40 GW.
• China has 86 GW of large hydro under construction and 40 GW proposed.
WORLD’S TOP HYDROPOWER COUNTRIES
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Most hydro energy comes from Most hydro energy comes from large or major dams.large or major dams.• > 15 m high (or 10m with crest > 15 m high (or 10m with crest
>500m)>500m)
• > 1 million m> 1 million m33 storage capacity storage capacity
• > 2000 m> 2000 m33/sec spilling capacity/sec spilling capacity
• unusual design or foundation unusual design or foundation problemsproblems
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Small to micro hydro (~70 GW Small to micro hydro (~70 GW of over 960 GW of installed of over 960 GW of installed capacity)capacity)• small hydro (50MW-1MW), mini small hydro (50MW-1MW), mini
(1MW-100kW) and micro (less than (1MW-100kW) and micro (less than 100kW)100kW)(International Water Power and Dam Construction, 2009)(International Water Power and Dam Construction, 2009)
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Dam Drawbacks to the Dam Drawbacks to the EnvironmentEnvironment
• Ecosystem DestructionEcosystem Destruction
• Fish Blockage and Wildlife LossesFish Blockage and Wildlife Losses
• Large-Scale Flooding Due to Dam Large-Scale Flooding Due to Dam FailuresFailures
• Sedimentation and SalinitySedimentation and Salinity
• Herbicide and Other Toxic Herbicide and Other Toxic ContaminationContamination
• Evaporative LossesEvaporative Losses
• Nutrient Flow RetardationNutrient Flow Retardation
• Release of greenhouse gassesRelease of greenhouse gassesRReport of the eport of the WWorld orld CCommisommisssion on ion on DDams ( 2000)ams ( 2000)
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Dam Drawbacks to Human Dam Drawbacks to Human CommunitiesCommunities
•Human DisplacementHuman Displacement
•Flooding of Cultural Sites Flooding of Cultural Sites
•Social disruptionSocial disruption
•Cost overrunsCost overruns
•Socio-economic centralizationSocio-economic centralization
RReport of the eport of the WWorld orld CCommisommisssion on ion on DDams (2000)ams (2000)
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Flooding Land is not renewable
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Hydropower AdvantagesHydropower Advantages
• Energy source is renewableEnergy source is renewable
• Can contribute to fresh water storageCan contribute to fresh water storage
• Improve grid stability and flexibilityImprove grid stability and flexibility
• Low pollution and can be low for GHGLow pollution and can be low for GHG
• Proven technologyProven technology
• AffordableAffordable
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BC Hydro’s Coursier Dam –
Decommissioned in 2003
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(Unit costs versus project size – whole sample 1967-1996, from ICOLD, Grand Inga for Africa)
)
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(From: “Large Dams - Learning from the Past, Looking at the Future” IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK and the World Bank Group, Washington, D.C. July
1997)
Peop
le D
isp
laced
/
MW
Churchill Falls, Canada
Three Gorges, China
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Image from: http://www.photo.net/photo/pcd2882/hoover-dam-aerial-91
http://image09.webshots.com/9/3/0/42/109830042fcnNCG_fs.jpg Barrage , Vadiello
Diamer Basha dam. Indus River. Afghanistan.
http://www.wilsoncenter.org/events/docs/Hewitt_presentation.pdf
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http://image03.webshots.com/3/6/81/12/97968112fZmUJC_fs.jpg
Kununurra Western Australia http://www.kimberleycroc.com.au/activities_and_attractions
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China’s Three Gorges Dam• World’s largest dam project.• To be completed in 2009.• >1 mile wide.• ~20,000 MW of installed electricity generation capacity.
EVR 5332–Integrated Solutions for Water in Environment & Development
September 24, 2007
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B.C. HYDRO SYSTEM
• 90% HYDROELECTRIC
• 30 INTEGRATED GENERATING STATIONS
• 54% SUPPLY FROM PEACE (2) AND COLUMBIA (2) RIVERS STATIONS
• 11,000 MW TOTAL INSTALLED CAPACITY
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Common ConcernsCommon Concerns
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Common ConcernsCommon Concerns
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Major mitigation methodsMajor mitigation methods
• Mitigation and compensation Mitigation and compensation commitments during licensing.commitments during licensing.
• Permanent fish and wildlife Permanent fish and wildlife compensation programs.compensation programs.
• Comprehensive water use plans Comprehensive water use plans negotiated with government and negotiated with government and public.public.
• Ongoing operational controls and Ongoing operational controls and monitoring.monitoring.
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Land Impacts per 1,000 GWh Production – Across Resource Options1.
Measure Units Biomass
Geotherm.
Large Hydro
Wind Small Hydro
Conserv.
Number of Projects
# 4.0 2.2 0.2 6.0 26.0 0.4
Impacted Area – Changed but not Lost
ha 0 7,370 0 6,470 0 0
Impacted Area – Lost to Footprint
ha 0 940 5,900
(920 for
run of river)
4,540 610 0
1. Extracted from BC Hydro 2005 IEP Consultation Process. Large Hydro example changed to reflect data from Mica Dam .
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Measure Units
Biomass
Geotherm.
Large Hydro
Wind Small Hydro
Conserv.
Number of Projects
# 8.0 4.4 0.4 12 52 0.8
Unit Energy Costs
CAN$
per MWh
68 68 54 70 60 36
Permanent JobsFTE 180 40 10 80 20 100
Socio-Economic Factors per 2,000 GWh Production – Across Resource Options1.
1. Extracted from BC Hydro 2005 Provincial IEP Committee Consultation.
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Emission intensity (tonnes GHG/GWh) for renewable generation technologies.
Type of Renewable
Data Source Emission Intensity Range
Emission Intensity Average
Large Hydro (Wuskwatim, Manitoba,
Canada)
Pembina Institute, 2003
n/a 3.8
Large Hydro(Tucurui, Brazil)
Bartle (1999) n/a 213
Wind World Energy Council, 2004
7 - 22 14
Geothermal Hondo (2005) n/a 15
Solar Photovoltaics
World Energy Council, 2004
43-55 48
conventional natural gas = 469 tonnes/GWh(Kulcinski, 2002, University of Wisconsin-Madison)
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ConclusionsConclusions
• Large hydro is an important world wide Large hydro is an important world wide current and future source of low GHG current and future source of low GHG electricity.electricity.
• Large hydro comes with significant impacts Large hydro comes with significant impacts that must be managed.that must be managed.
• On a regional/provincial and per unit energy On a regional/provincial and per unit energy basis, large hydro can be competitive with basis, large hydro can be competitive with other renewables.other renewables.
• Careful planning and mitigation/compensation Careful planning and mitigation/compensation are required to support large hydro.are required to support large hydro.
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SEA for Planning Large SEA for Planning Large HydroHydro• Provide wider regional planning context for Provide wider regional planning context for
impact assessment.impact assessment.
• Consider interdependencies of supply Consider interdependencies of supply options.options.
• Assess background sustainability of Assess background sustainability of biophysical and social resources.biophysical and social resources.
• Early identification of viable alternatives.Early identification of viable alternatives.
• Can consider transmission grid Can consider transmission grid developmentdevelopment