Language Linguistic Determinism Whorf”s hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
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Language Linguistic Determinism Whorf”s hypothesis that language determines the way we think
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Transcript of Language Linguistic Determinism Whorf”s hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
Language
Linguistic DeterminismWhorf”s hypothesis that language determines the way we think
LanguageQuesadilla
Mature
Cell phone
Salsa
Guacamole
Sociology, Eleventh Edition
Sociology, Eleventh Edition
High culture Popular culture
Expensive champagne
Beer
Sociology, Eleventh Edition
High culture Popular culture
Polo Baseball
Sociology, Eleventh Edition
High culture Popular culture
Country Club
Bar & Grill
High culture Popular culture
Yo Yo Ma Kanye West
Sociology, Eleventh Edition
Surfers
Sociology, Eleventh Edition
Sociology, Eleventh Edition
Sociology, Eleventh Edition
Sociology, Eleventh Edition
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Ed)
Chapter 10 Thinking, Language,
and Chapter 11Intelligence
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
What is cognition?
How do we define concept, and why is a concept useful?
What are algorithms and heuristics, and how do they help us solve problems? GPS STANDARD: SSPBC2- The student will analyze key concepts associated with information processing.
Thinking
Cognition mental activities associated with thinking,
knowing, remembering, and communicating
Cognitive Psychologists study these mental activities
concept formation problem solving decision making judgment formation
Thinking
Concept mental grouping of similar objects,
events, ideas, or people Prototype
mental image or best example of a category matching new items to the prototype
provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin)
Thinking
Algorithm methodical, logical rule or
procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
contrasts with the usually speedier–but also more error-prone--use of heuristics
Thinking
Heuristic simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
usually speedier than algorithms more error-prone than algorithms
Thinking
Unscramble
S P L O Y O C H Y G Algorithm
all 907,208 combinations Heuristic
throw out all YY combinations other heuristics?
Thinking
Insight sudden and often novel realization of the
solution to a problem contrasts with strategy-based solutions
Confirmation Bias tendency to search for information that
confirms one’s preconceptions
Fixation inability to see a problem from a new
perspective impediment to problem solving
The Matchstick Problem
How would you arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles?
The Candle-Mounting Problem
Using these materials, how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board?
Thinking
Mental Set tendency to approach a problem in a particular way
especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem
Thinking
Functional Fixednesstendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
impediment to problem solving
The Matchstick Problem
Solution to the matchstick problem
The Candle-Mounting Problem
Solving this problem requires recognizing that a box need not always serve as a container
Heuristics
Representativeness Heuristic p.401 judging the likelihood of things in
terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
may lead one to ignore other relevant information
Heuristics
Availability Heuristic p. 402 estimating the likelihood of events
based on their availability in memory if instances come readily to mind
(perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
Example: airplane crash
Thinking
Overconfidence tendency to be more confident
than correct tendency to overestimate the
accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments
Thinking
Framing p. 406 the way an issue is posedhow an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
Example: What is the best way to market ground beef--as 25% fat or 75% lean?
Thinking
Belief Bias the tendency for one’s preexisting
beliefs to distort logical reasoning sometimes by making invalid
conclusions seem valid or valid conclusions seem invalid
Belief Perseverance clinging to one’s initial conceptions after
the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence designing and programming
computer systems to do intelligent things to simulate human thought
processes
intuitive reasoning learning understanding language
Artificial Intelligence
Computer Neural Networks computer circuits that mimic the
brain’s interconnected neural cells
performing tasks learning to recognize visual patterns learning to recognize smells
Language
Language our spoken, written, or gestured
works and the way we combine them to communicate meaning
Phoneme in a spoken language, the
smallest distinctive sound unit
Language
Morpheme in a language, the smallest unit that
carries meaning may be a word or a part of a word
(such as a prefix) Grammar
a system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others
Language
Semantics the set of rules by which we derive
meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language
also, the study of meaning Syntax
the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
Language We are all born to recognize speech sounds from all
the world’s languages
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Percentage ableto discriminateHindi t’s
Hindi-speaking
adults
6-8 months
8-10months
10-12months
English-speaking
adultsInfants from English-speaking homes
Language Babbling Stage
beginning at 3 to 4 months the stage of speech development in
which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
One-Word Stage from about age 1 to 2 the stage in speech development
during which a child speaks mostly in single words
Language
Two-Word Stage beginning about age 2 the stage in speech development
during which a child speaks in mostly two-word statements
Telegraphic Speech early speech stage in which the child
speaks like a telegram-–“go car”--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting “auxiliary” words
Language
Summary of Language Development
Month(approximate)
Stage
4
10
12
24
24+
Babbles many speech sounds.
Babbling reveals households language.
One-word stage.
Two-world, telegraphic speech.
Language develops rapidly intocomplete sentences.
Language
Genes design the mechanisms for a language, and experience activates them as it modifies the brain
Language
New language learning gets harder with age
100
90
80
70
60
50Native 3-7 8-10 11-15 17-39
Percentage correct ongrammar test
Age at school
Language
Linguistic DeterminismWhorf”s hypothesis that language determines the way we think
Language
The interplay of thought and language
Animal Thinking and Language
The straight-line part of the dance points in the direction of a nectar source, relative to the sun
Direction ofnectar source
Animal Thinking and Language
Gestured Communication
Thinking & Language Illustrated Note-taking
1. How do we define concept, and why is a concept useful?
2. What are algorithms and heuristics, and how do they help us solve problems?
p. 430-452
Illustrated Note-taking
3. How can…. • fixation • the confirmation bias• heuristics• overconfidence• framing• belief perseverance
…... influence our ability to solve problems?
Illustrated Note-taking
4. What role do…
• phonemes
• morphemes
• grammar
…... play in the structure of language?
Illustrated Note-taking
5. How do we learn language?
6. What stages do children go through in the development of language?
Illustrated Note-taking
7. What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis?
8. Can we think without language?
