Language Journey from NL to SL

Contrastive Analysis HypothesisPrator (1967)

• Level 0 Transfer English and Spanish vowels; word order NL item is the same in SL

• Level 1 Coalescence Two items in NL are one item in SL English (his/her) to su (3rd person possessive)

• Level 2 Underdifferentiation English possessive ‘s (The man’s bike) NL item not in SL

• Level 3 Reinterpretation NL item given new shape in SL Bother in English is molestar in Spanish

• Level 4 Overdifferentiation NL item not in SL Gustar El hombre es mortal for Man is mortal

• Level 5 Split NL item is two or more items in SL Ser and Estar and Tener for be verb

Markedness Differential Hypothesis

Echman (2004)• Marked items are more difficult to learn than

unmarked items.

• Example of the article a and the article an. An is marked because it has one more feature than the unmarked form of a.

Error Analysis

• Error vs Mistake Mistake is slip of the tongue and are often self-

corrected Error is a deviation from the 1L and reflects the

competence of the learner. Errors are not self-corrected.

Types of Errors(Lennon 1991)

• Addition, Omission, Substitution, Ordering Does can he sing? I went to movie (the) I lost my road (road for another word) I to the store went

• Global and Local Errors Global: Well, it’s a great hurry around. Local: John run down the street.

Source of Errors

• Interlingual: From NL to SL Ship is pronounced Sheep by a Spanish speaker

learning English

• Intralingual Within SL Omission of the before unique nouns

• Sun is very hot

Intralingual Errors (Richards 1971)

• Omission of the before nouns of nationality Spaniards and Arabs

• Before nouns made particular in context She goes to bazaar every day

• Before superlatives Richest person

• Before noun modified by a phrase Institute of Nuclear Physics

Intralingual Errors

• Addition of the before proper nouns The Sunday

• Before abstract nouns The friendship,

• Before nouns behaving like abstract nouns After the school, after the breakfast

• Before plural nouns The complex structures are still developing

• Before some The some knowledge is necessary.

Intralingual Errors

• Use of a instead of the before superlatives A worst fight, a best boy,

• Before unique nouns A sun becomes red

• Addition of a before uncountables A gold, a work

• Before a plural noun qualified by an adjective A holy places, a human beings

• Omission of a before class nouns defined by adjectives He was good boy, he was brave man

Stages of Language Development(Corder 1973)

1. Random Stage1. John cans sing to John can singing to John can to

sing.

2. Emergent State1. I go to New York / You’re going to N.Y? / What? /

You will go to New York? / Yes / When? / 1972 / Oh, you went to NY in 1972 / Yes, I go 1972.

3. Systematic Stage1. Many fish are in the lake. These fish are serving in

the restaurants near the lake. / The fish are serving? / Oh, no, the fish are being served in the restaurants.

4. Stabilization Stage1. Self-correction, Few errors, mastered the SL

Types of Instruction

• Functional Instruction Communicative methods, Few corrections of

errors, Real life use of language

• Form-Focused Instruction Focus on specific errors

Categories of Error Treatment(Williams 2005 ; Ellis 2001; Lyster

2004)• Recast Repeats the correct answer

I lost my road I see, you lost your way.

• Clarification Asks for clarification I want practice today I’m sorry?

• Metalinguistic Provides explanation of error I am here since January Well, okay, but remember we talked about the

present perfect tense?

Categories of Error Treatment(Williams 2005 ; Ellis 2001; Lyster

2004)• Elicitation Gives prompts to self-correct

What means this word? Uh, Luis, how do we say that in English? What

does… / Ah, what does this word mean?

• Explicit Gives clear correction When I have 12 years old No, not have. You mean, when I was 12 years

old

• Repetition Repeats the correct form When I have 12 years old When I was 12 years old