Language Family Trees. Language Family Collection of languages related through a common ancestral...
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Language Family Trees
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Language Family
• Collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history
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Language Branch
• Languages related through common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago
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Language Group
• Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past & display relatively few differences in grammar & vocabulary
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Language
• Organization of spoken words by which people communicate with each other with mutual comprehension
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August Schleicher
• German linguist to compare world’s language families to a tree
• Three ways languages change1. Language divergence-lack of spatial interaction
among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects & then continued isolation divides the language into discrete languages
• Examples: Spanish & Portuguese and now Quebecois French
• Each new languages is a leaf on the tree
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2. Language convergence - peoples with distinctive languages have consistent spatial interaction, two languages can collapse into one.
3. Language extinction - creates branches on a tree with dead ends, representing a halt in interaction between the extinct language and the languages that continue
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Indo-European Language Families
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Germanic Branch• West Germanic Group
– High Germanic Subgroup – Southern German Mountains, standard German
– Low Germanic Subgroup – English, Dutch (Afrikaans) & Flemish
• North Germanic Group – Scandinavia (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic) all come from Old Norse which was the principle language spoken throughout Scandinavia before 1000 AD
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Indo-Iranian Branch • 100 individual languages in the branch spoken by a billion people
• Indic Group (Eastern) 438 languages spoken in India. Group also includes Pakistan & Bangladesh
• Official language of India is Hindi. Spoken many ways, but only one official way to write it.
• Pakistan speak Urdu, spoken like Hindi but written with Arabic alphabet – most of the speakers are Muslim
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Indo-Iranian Branch• Iranian Group (Western)
spoken in Iran & neighboring countries
• Iran main language is of Persian (sometimes called Farsi)
• E. Afghanistan & W Pakistan main language is Pashto
• Kurdish is used by the Kurds of W. Iran, N. Iraq & E. Turkey.
• These languages are written with Arabic alphabet
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Balto- Slavic Branch
• East Group – most widely used Slavic languages.
• Russian is spoken by more than 80% of Russian people
• Russian is one of the 6 official languages of the UN
• Ukrainian & Belarusan are the two most common Eastern Slavic languages after Russian
•
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Balto-Slavic Branch• West Group – Most
widely spoken West Slavic language is Polish, followed by Czech & Slovak
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Balto-Slavic Branch
• South Group most widely used South Slavic languages are those spoken in Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro & Serbia
• These were all a part of Yugoslavia & the language was Serbo-Croatian.
• Offensive classification today because it reminds the Bosnians & Croats of a time when they were dominated by Serbs
• Now languages represent the individual ethnic groups
• Bosnians & Croats used Roman alphabet
• Montenegrans & Serbs use Cyrillic alphabet (Serbia Србија)
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Romance Branch
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Romance Branch• Developed from the
Roman language 2000 years ago
• Four most common languages are Spanish, Portuguese, French & Italian (Spanish & French – official UN languages)
• Regions where these languages are spoken in Europe correspond somewhat to the boundaries of modern states
• Mountain serve as barriers
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Origin & Diffusion of Romance Languages
• Latin varied from region to region in the Roman empire
• Latin that was spoken in the provinces was Vulgar Latin – referring to the masses of people– Horse in Latin was equus, in English equine– Vulgar term was caballus– Modern Italian cavallor, Spanish caballo,
Portuguese cavalo, French cheval & Romanian cal
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• Following the collapse of Rome, communication with provinces further declined
• This created greater regional variations of Latin
• By the eighth century, regions had been isolated so long that distinct languages evolved
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Romance Language Dialects• Difficult to determine whether two languages
are distinct or whether they are two dialects of the same language
• Romance languages spoken in former colonies can be classified as separate languages since they differ from the language introduced by Europeans
• Creole or creolized language - language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of people being dominated
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Origin & Diffusion of Indo-European
• Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic & Indo-Iranian are from the same language family
• They should have a common ancestor, however a Proto-Indo-European ancestor cannot be proved
• This ancestor would have existed thousands of years before the invention of writing
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• Common internal words for animals & trees in Indo-European languages lead linguists to believe these were things experienced in early lives of Proto-Indo-Europeans
• But other words show different roots, and would have been added after the root language split
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• Linguists & anthropologists agree that Proto-Indo-European existed, but they do not know where
• Common theory – the first speakers were the Kurgans from the steppes of Russia & Kazakhstan
• Archaeological evidence dates the Kurgans to 4300 BC
• They were nomadic herders, domesticated horses and cattle
• This movement took them west through Europe & east to Siberia, conquering much of Europe & South Asia
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Sedentary Farmer Hypothesis• Archaeologist Colin
Renfrew believes the Proto-Indo-European speakers came 2000 years before the Kurgans
• The location is present day Turkey – Anatolia
• The diffusion was from Anatolia westward to Greece, throughout the Mediterranean coastal areas
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Section 3
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Distribution of Languages• 1/2 of the world’s people speak an Indo-European language• 2nd largest family is Sino-Tibetan, spoken by more than 1/4 of
the world
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Sino-Tibetan Language Family
• Spoken by 1.3 billion people in People’s Republic of China and smaller countries in Southeast Asia
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• Sinitic Group – no single Chinese language.
• Most common language is Mandarin, referred to as “common speech” spoken by ¾ of Chinese people
• Written with logograms (ideogram, pictograms)
• Relatively small number of languages spoken in China is a source of national pride and unity.
• Enforced by a consistent written form
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• Austro-Thai & Tibeto-Burman Branch Thai in Laos, Thailand & Burmese is Myanmar (Burma)
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Japanese Language Family• Written in part with
Chinese logograms• Japanese uses two
systems of phonetic symbols like Western languages either in place of the logogram or along beside it
• Japanese although influenced by Chinese differs in its written form
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Korean Language Family
• Not written with logograms
• System known as hankul – each letter represents a sound as in Western languages
• More than half the Korean vocabulary derives from Chinese words
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Altaic Language Families
• Languages thought to have originated in the steppes bordering the mountains between Tibet & China
• Most widely spoken language is Turkish
• Written with a Roman alphabet
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Uralic Language Family• Every European
country is dominated by an Indo-European language except three – Estonia, Finland & Hungary
• Settled in midst of German & Slavic speaking people & kept language as a major element of cultural identity
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African Language Families• No one knows how many
languages are spoken in Africa, very hard to classify
• Results from 5,000 years of minimal interaction
• In the 1800s Europeans began to record African languages using a Roman or Arabic alphabet
• 1,000 distinct languages as well as several thousand dialects have been documented
• No written tradition to aid in documenting languages
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African Language Families
• Niger-Congo Family• 95% of people in sub-Saharan
Africa speak a language from this family
• Swahili is the first language of 800,000 people & official language in Tanzania but spoken as a second language by 30 million Africans
• Nilo-Saharan Family• North-Central Africa• Khoisan Family• Southwest, clicking sounds• Austronesian Family• Spoken mostly in Indonesia• 722 active languages• Most widely spoken language is
Javanese – 85 million people
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Afro-Asiatic Language Family• Semitic Branch• Arabic Language –
Spoken in N. Africa & SW Asia
• Language used to write the holy books of Islam
• Hebrew Language – spoken by Jewish population of Israel
• Language used to write the holy texts of Bible & Torah
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