Language Arts Language Arts Language Arts Language Arts

The Eight Parts The Eight Parts of Speechof Speech

The Eight Parts The Eight Parts of Speechof Speech

©2012HappyEdugator

Eight Parts of SpeechEight Parts of Speech

Nouns

Interjections

Verbs

Adverbs

Adverbs

ConjunctionsConjunctions

PrepositionsAdjectives

PronounsPronouns

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a word that statesa word that states

A PersonA Person

An Idea or An Idea or EmotionEmotion

A ThingA Thing

A PlaceA Place

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Concrete NounsConcrete Nouns

Concrete nouns: You can experience this group of nouns with your five senses: You see them, hear them, smell them, taste them, and feel them.

Abstract NounsAbstract Nouns

You cannot experience abstract nouns with your senses. Read this example:

She tried to imagine what Daniel would do in a similar situation.

What color is situation? You don't know because you cannot see it. What texture is situation ? Who knows? You cannot touch it. What flavor is situation? No clue! You cannot taste it! Does it make a sound? Of course not! Does it smell? Not a bit!

Kinds of NounsKinds of NounsKinds of NounsKinds of Nouns

Common Nouns boy girl

Proper Nouns John Mary

Singular Nouns boy girl

Plural Nouns boys girls

Singular Possessive boy’s girl’s

Plural Possessive boys’ girls’

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Practice - NOUNSPractice - NOUNSAnswer the following questions about Answer the following questions about nouns:nouns:

1.1. A noun is a person, place, thing, or A noun is a person, place, thing, or __________.__________.

2.2. _________ nouns can be experienced using _________ nouns can be experienced using your five senses.your five senses.

3.3. _________ nouns are only ideas and cannot be _________ nouns are only ideas and cannot be experienced with your senses.experienced with your senses.

4.4. Nouns that name general things are called Nouns that name general things are called ________________.________________.

5.5. Nouns that name specific things are called Nouns that name specific things are called ______________ and always begin with a ______________ and always begin with a ___________. ___________.

Practice - NOUNS Practice - NOUNS (KEY)(KEY)Answer the following questions about Answer the following questions about nouns:nouns:

1.1. A noun is a person, place, thing, or __A noun is a person, place, thing, or __ideaidea___.___.

2.2. __ConcreteConcrete__ nouns can be experienced using __ nouns can be experienced using your five senses.your five senses.

3.3. __AbstractAbstract_ nouns are only ideas and cannot _ nouns are only ideas and cannot be experienced with your senses.be experienced with your senses.

4.4. Nouns that name general things are called Nouns that name general things are called __common nounscommon nouns___.___.

5.5. Nouns that name specific things are called Nouns that name specific things are called __proper nounsproper nouns_ and always begin with a _ and always begin with a __capital lettercapital letter_. _.

A word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement – indicating a

state of being

LinkingLinking

SubjectSubject

predicatepredicate

“be” verbs

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Forms of “To Be”Forms of “To Be”

I amYou areHe/ She/It isThey are

I wasYou wereHe/ She/It wasThey were

Recognize them and try to avoid overusing them in your writing!

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Every sentence Every sentence mustmust have havea subject anda subject andEvery sentence Every sentence mustmust have havea subject anda subject and

aaaa

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Action verbs Action verbs express mental or express mental or physical physical actionaction. .

Something is being Something is being done by someone done by someone

or something.or something.

Paul Revere rode his horse to warn the

colonists.

Action VerbsAction Verbs

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Linking Linking VerbsVerbs

Linking verbs Linking verbs make a make a statement by statement by connectingconnecting the the subject with a subject with a word that word that describes or describes or explains it.explains it. He has been sick.

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Practice - VERBSPractice - VERBSAnswer the following questions about Answer the following questions about verbs:verbs:

1.1. A verb is a word that expresses __________ A verb is a word that expresses __________ or indicates a _________________.or indicates a _________________.

2.2. _________ verbs express a physical or _________ verbs express a physical or mental action.mental action.

3.3. _________ verbs connect a subject to a _________ verbs connect a subject to a word describing it.word describing it.

4.4. You should not overuse _______ verbs in You should not overuse _______ verbs in writing.writing.

5.5. Every sentence must have a ___________. Every sentence must have a ___________.

Practice - VERBS Practice - VERBS (Key)(Key)Answer the following questions about Answer the following questions about verbs:verbs:

1.1. A verb is a word that expresses _A verb is a word that expresses _actionaction___ ___ or indicates a _or indicates a _a state of beinga state of being__.__.

2.2. __ActionAction__ verbs express a physical or __ verbs express a physical or mental action.mental action.

3.3. __LinkingLinking_ verbs connect a subject to a _ verbs connect a subject to a word describing it.word describing it.

4.4. You should not overuse _You should not overuse _”to be””to be”_ verbs in _ verbs in writing.writing.

5.5. Every sentence must have a _Every sentence must have a _verbverb__. __.

The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.It may substitute for a person, place, thing, or idea.

The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.It may substitute for a person, place, thing, or idea.

Personal Pronouns-

stand for people

I, me, mine

you, your, yours

she, her, hers,

it, its

we, us, our, ours

they, them, their,

theirs

myself

yourself

Indefinite Pronouns – aren’t specific

anybodyeach

eithernone

someone, one, etc. Interrogative Pronouns –ask questionswhowhomwhat

whichwhose

Demonstrative Pronouns – point out particular things

thisthat

thesethose

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Pronouns must agree with their antecedent!(in gender and in number)

Pronouns must agree with their antecedent!(in gender and in number)

Antecedents are the words the pronouns are representingJanet went to the park, and she had fun.

John likes rock music. He listens to it loud.

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Practice - PRONOUNSPractice - PRONOUNSAnswer the following questions about Answer the following questions about pronouns:pronouns:

1.1. A pronoun is a word that ________ for a A pronoun is a word that ________ for a _______._______.

2.2. _________ pronouns point out particular _________ pronouns point out particular things.things.

3.3. ______________ pronouns ask questions.______________ pronouns ask questions.

4.4. ______________ pronouns refer to people.______________ pronouns refer to people.

5.5. A pronoun that isn’t specific is A pronoun that isn’t specific is ______________. ______________.

6.6. Pronouns must always agree with their Pronouns must always agree with their _________________._________________.

Practice - PRONOUNS Practice - PRONOUNS (Key)(Key)Answer the following questions about Answer the following questions about

pronouns:pronouns:

1.1. A pronoun is a word that _A pronoun is a word that _substitutessubstitutes_ for _ for a _a _nounnoun_._.

2.2. __DemonstrativeDemonstrative_ pronouns point out _ pronouns point out particular things.particular things.

3.3. __InterrogativeInterrogative_ pronouns ask questions._ pronouns ask questions.

4.4. __PersonalPersonal__ pronouns refer to people.__ pronouns refer to people.

5.5. A pronoun that isn’t specific is A pronoun that isn’t specific is __indefiniteindefinite__. __.

6.6. Pronouns must always agree with their Pronouns must always agree with their ____antecedentsantecedents__.__.

Modifies (or describes) a noun or pronoun.

Is that a wool uniform?

There are five branches onthat bush.

Did you find your mechanical pencil?

Answers these questions:

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The words “a,” “an,” and “the” are special adjectives called The words “a,” “an,” and “the” are special adjectives called articlesarticles..

Adjectives - Degrees of Adjectives - Degrees of ComparisonComparison

Superlative –Superlative – comparing more comparing more than two nouns; “the” + adj, than two nouns; “the” + adj, add “est”add “est”

Ex – Jen is the sweetest girl in Ex – Jen is the sweetest girl in the class.the class.

ComparativeComparative - - comparing two nouns; comparing two nouns; adj + “than”, add “er”adj + “than”, add “er”

Ex – Sue is sweeter Ex – Sue is sweeter than Ann.than Ann.

PositivePositive – base – base adjective; no adjective; no comparisoncomparison

Ex – Ann is sweet.Ex – Ann is sweet.

How to Form How to Form Comparisons -Comparisons -

1 syllable 1 syllable adjectives adjectives

Add -er and –estAdd -er and –est

EXAMPLES – EXAMPLES –

BIG - Bigger planesBIG - Bigger planes

FAT - Fattest sheepFAT - Fattest sheep

SLOW - Slower carSLOW - Slower car

More than 2 syllablesMore than 2 syllables Add the wordsAdd the words “ “less” or “least” or less” or “least” or

“more” or “most”“more” or “most” EXAMPLES –EXAMPLES – Energetic -less energeticEnergetic -less energetic Expensive - more Expensive - more

expensiveexpensive Fortunate -most fortunate Fortunate -most fortunate

2 syllables: either way, but never use both at the same time!

Irregular Comparative Irregular Comparative AdjectivesAdjectives

Irregular Comparative Adjectives do not follow the rules…

Little Less Least

Irregular Comparative Irregular Comparative Adjectives – Adjectives – MemorizeMemorize These!These!

Adjective Comparative Superlative

good better best

bad worse worst

little less least

much more most

far further / farther furthest / farthest

so you just have to remember them!

Coordinate AdjectivesCoordinate Adjectives

Coordinate adjectives  appear in sequence with one another to modify the same noun. Their order can be reversed. They work equally and therefore must be separated by a comma or the word “and.”EXAMPLE : It was a bright, sunny day.

It was a sunny, bright day. It was a bright and sunny day. It was a sunny and bright day.

Cumulative AdjectivesCumulative Adjectives

Cumulative adjectives appear in sequence with one another to modify the same noun, but they do not work equally. They must remain in their order and cannot exchange places and still make sense. Cumulative adjectives do not have a comma or the word and.EXAMPLE : I have an old blue car.

Not I have a blue old car.

Order of Cumulative Order of Cumulative AdjectivesAdjectives

Opiniongood, attractive, beautiful, delicious...

Size large, small, enormous...

Age old, new, modern, young...

Length or shape long, short, square, round...

Color red, blue, green...

Origin (nationality, religion)American, French, Muslim, Christian...

Materialplastic, woolen, wooden, cotton..

Purposeelectric (wire) , tennis (shirt)

Cumulative adjectives generally follow a certain order of arrangement.Cumulative adjectives generally follow a certain order of arrangement.

Cumulative Adjectives generally follow the order above. As a rule, do not string more than three adjectives together in front of a noun.

Practice - ADJECTIVESPractice - ADJECTIVESAnswer the following questions about Answer the following questions about adjectives:adjectives:1.1. An adjective is a word that ________ a noun An adjective is a word that ________ a noun

or pronoun.or pronoun.

2.2. _________ adjectives do not show comparison._________ adjectives do not show comparison.

3.3. _________ adjectives compare two nouns._________ adjectives compare two nouns.

4.4. _________ adjectives compare more than two _________ adjectives compare more than two nouns.nouns.

5.5. _____________ adjectives may be used in _____________ adjectives may be used in different order and must be separated by a different order and must be separated by a comma. comma.

6.6. _____________ adjectives must stay in a _____________ adjectives must stay in a certain order and therefore should not have a certain order and therefore should not have a comma.comma.

Practice - ADJECTIVES Practice - ADJECTIVES (Key)(Key)Answer the following questions about Answer the following questions about

adjectives:adjectives:1.1. An adjective is a word that _An adjective is a word that _modifiesmodifies_ a noun _ a noun

or pronoun.or pronoun.

2.2. __PositivePositive_ adjectives do not show comparison._ adjectives do not show comparison.

3.3. __ComparativeComparative_ adjectives compare two nouns._ adjectives compare two nouns.

4.4. __SuperlativeSuperlative _adjectives compare more than _adjectives compare more than two nouns.two nouns.

5.5. __CoordinateCoordinate_ adjectives may be used in _ adjectives may be used in different order and must be separated by a different order and must be separated by a comma. comma.

6.6. __CumulativeCumulative_ adjectives must stay in a _ adjectives must stay in a certain order and therefore should not have a certain order and therefore should not have a comma.comma.

Modifies or describesa verb, an adjective,or another adverb.

Modifies or describesa verb, an adjective,or another adverb.

Answers the questions:Answers the questions:

How?How?Bob ran quickly.Bob ran quickly.

Sue left yesterday.Sue left yesterday.When?When?

We went there.We went there. Where?Where?

It was too cold!It was too cold! To what degree or how much?To what degree or how much?©2012HappyEdugator

Interrogative Adverbs introduce questions

How did you break your arm?

When does your flight leave?

How often do you exercise?

Where did you put the keys to my car?

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Adverbs - Degrees of Adverbs - Degrees of ComparisonComparison

Adverbs, like adjectives, have three degrees of comparison – the positive, the comparative and the superlative.

EX - Soon, sooner, soonest

Adverbs - Forming Adverbs - Forming comparisonscomparisons

1 syllable: add er or est1 syllable: add er or est EXAMPLE – HIGH, HIGHER, EXAMPLE – HIGH, HIGHER,

HIGHESTHIGHEST Adverbs ending in – ly : use more Adverbs ending in – ly : use more

for the comparative and most for for the comparative and most for the superlativethe superlative

EXAMPLE – HAPPILY, MORE EXAMPLE – HAPPILY, MORE HAPPILY, MOST HAPPILYHAPPILY, MOST HAPPILY

The adverb early is an exception to this rule.Early (positive), earlier (comparative), earliest (superlative)

Irregular Comparative Irregular Comparative and and Superlative AdverbsSuperlative Adverbs

You just have to memorize them!

Practice - ADVERBSPractice - ADVERBSAnswer the following questions about Answer the following questions about adverbs:adverbs:

1.1. An adverb is a word that modifies a _______, an An adverb is a word that modifies a _______, an _________, or an ____________ ._________, or an ____________ .

2.2. ______________ adverbs introduce questions.______________ adverbs introduce questions.

3.3. Adverbs, like adjectives, have three degrees of Adverbs, like adjectives, have three degrees of comparison, which are ________, _________, and comparison, which are ________, _________, and ___________.___________.

4.4. Add –er or –est to adverbs that have one Add –er or –est to adverbs that have one _______._______.

5.5. Use “more” or “most” before adverbs that end Use “more” or “most” before adverbs that end in __. in __.

6.6. _____________ adverbs must be memorized._____________ adverbs must be memorized.

Practice - ADVERBS Practice - ADVERBS (Key)(Key)Answer the following questions about adverbs:Answer the following questions about adverbs:

1.1. An adverb is a word that modifies a _An adverb is a word that modifies a _verbverb__, an __, an __adjectiveadjective__, or an _____, or an ___adverbadverb__ .__ .

2.2. __InterrogativeInterrogative___ adverbs introduce questions.___ adverbs introduce questions.

3.3. Adverbs, like adjectives, have three degrees of Adverbs, like adjectives, have three degrees of comparison, which are _comparison, which are _positivepositive__, __, __comparativecomparative__, and ___, and _superlativesuperlative__.__.

4.4. Add –er or –est to adverbs that have one Add –er or –est to adverbs that have one __syllablesyllable..

5.5. Use “more” or “most” before adverbs that end in Use “more” or “most” before adverbs that end in lyly. .

6.6. __Irregular comparative and superlativeIrregular comparative and superlative_ adverbs _ adverbs must be memorized.must be memorized.

A preposition introduces a noun or pronoun, or a phrase or clause functioning in the sentence

as a noun. The word or word group that thepreposition introduces is its object of the preposition.

Together they make prepositional phrases.

They received a postcard from Barry telling

about his cruise to Alaska.

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The preposition never stands alone!

prepositionnoun

pronoun

object ofpreposition

preposition object

can have more thanone object

object can have modifiers

You can’t see the dirt under the carpet.

Her text message to Ali and Raven brought good news.

It occurred during the last hurricane.©2012HappyEdugator

Common Prepositions

aboardaboutaboveacrossafter

against alongamongaround

atbefore

behindbelow

beneathbeside

betweenbeyond

bydown during except

for

fromin

intolikeofoffon

overpastsince

through

throughoutto

towardunder

underneathuntilup

uponwith

withinwithout©2012HappyEdugator

Prepositional Phrases Always Begin With a Preposition

Examples:Aboard the boatAbout the house

Above the groundAcross the streetAfter the storm

Against the wind Along the highwayAround the block

At the circusBefore the dawn

Think of the song…Over the river and Through the woodsTo Grandmother’s House We go…The lines in red are prepositional phrases!

©2012HappyEdugator

Practice - PREPOSITIONSPractice - PREPOSITIONSAnswer the following questions about Answer the following questions about prepositions:prepositions:

1.1. An preposition is a word that introduces a An preposition is a word that introduces a _______ or a ___________ ._______ or a ___________ .

2.2. The word or group of words the The word or group of words the preposition introduces is called the preposition introduces is called the ____________________________________

3.3. A prepositional phrase is composed of a A prepositional phrase is composed of a _________ and a _______________._________ and a _______________.

4.4. Prepositions never ________ _________.Prepositions never ________ _________.

5.5. Prepositional phrases always start with a Prepositional phrases always start with a _______._______.

Practice - PREPOSITIONS Practice - PREPOSITIONS (Key)(Key)Answer the following questions about Answer the following questions about

prepositions:prepositions:

1.1. An preposition is a word that introduces a An preposition is a word that introduces a __nounnoun__ or a ____ or a __pronounpronoun__ .__ .

2.2. The word or group of words the The word or group of words the preposition introduces is called the preposition introduces is called the __object of the prepositionobject of the preposition___.___.

3.3. A prepositional phrase is composed of a A prepositional phrase is composed of a __prepositionpreposition_ and an __ and an _object of the object of the prepositionpreposition_._.

4.4. Prepositions never _Prepositions never _standstand_ __ _alonealone__.__.5.5. Prepositional phrases always start with a Prepositional phrases always start with a

__prepositionpreposition_._.

The Conjunction

A conjunction is a word that joins wordsor groups of words.

and

or

buteither/or

neither/nor©2012HappyEdugator

Two Kinds of Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctionsand

Subordinating conjunctions

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FOR - is to introduce the reason for the preceding clauseAND - joins two similar ideas together

NOR - The conjunction nor is not extinct, but it is not used nearly as often as the other conjunctions. Its most common use

is as the little brother in the correlative pair, neither-norBUT - joins two contrasting ideas together

OR - joins two alternative ideasYET - is very similar to 'but' as it also joins two contrasting

ideas togetherSO - shows that the second idea is the result of the first

©2012HappyEdugator

for and nor but or yet so

An easy way to remember…

©2012HappyEdugator

A subordinating conjunction joins a subordinate clause to a main clause

(remember – a clause has a subject and a verb, a phrase does not)

Here is a list of the most common subordinating conjunctions:

A subordinating conjunction joins a subordinate clause to a main clause

(remember – a clause has a subject and a verb, a phrase does not)

When you join a subordinate (or dependent clause) to a main clause (or independent clause) you create a complex sentence!

Knowing subordinate conjunctions will help you identify complex sentences!

Example:Although I thought it was impossible, I got an A on the test.

Practice - Practice - CONJUNCTIONSCONJUNCTIONSAnswer the following questions about Answer the following questions about

conjunctions:conjunctions:1.1. A conjunction is a word that ______ words A conjunction is a word that ______ words

or groups of words.or groups of words.

2.2. ____________ conjunctions are often used ____________ conjunctions are often used to join compound sentences. to join compound sentences.

3.3. _____________ is an easy way to remember _____________ is an easy way to remember the coordinating conjunctions.the coordinating conjunctions.

4.4. _____________ conjunctions join __________ _____________ conjunctions join __________ clauses to main clauses.clauses to main clauses.

5.5. Joining clauses with subordinate Joining clauses with subordinate conjunctions creates ___________ conjunctions creates ___________ sentences.sentences.

Practice - Practice - CONJUNCTIONS CONJUNCTIONS (Key)(Key)Answer the following questions about Answer the following questions about

conjunctions:conjunctions:1.1. A conjunction is a word that _A conjunction is a word that _joinsjoins_ words _ words

or groups of words.or groups of words.

2.2. __CoordinatingCoordinating_ conjunctions are often _ conjunctions are often used to join compound sentences. used to join compound sentences.

3.3. ____FANBOYSFANBOYS__ is an easy way to __ is an easy way to remember the coordinating conjunctions.remember the coordinating conjunctions.

4.4. ____SubordinatingSubordinating__ conjunctions join __ conjunctions join __subordinatesubordinate___ clauses to main clauses.___ clauses to main clauses.

5.5. Joining clauses with subordinate Joining clauses with subordinate conjunctions creates __conjunctions creates __complexcomplex_ _ sentences.sentences.

The Interjection

is an exclamatory word that expressesEMOTION!

Oh! What a cute baby!

Wow! Look at thatsunset!

INTERJECTIONS CAN INTERJECTIONS CAN STAND STAND ALONE WITH ALONE WITH PUNCTUATIONPUNCTUATION An interjection shows strong emotion An interjection shows strong emotion

or surprise. Examples of interjections or surprise. Examples of interjections used in sentences: used in sentences:

Shh, Shh, we are in the library! Orwe are in the library! Or Oh, no! Oh, no! I forgot my homework.I forgot my homework.   It is important to notice that It is important to notice that

interjections usually ends with an interjections usually ends with an exclamation point or a comma.exclamation point or a comma.

WOW! WOW!

Examples of InterjectionsExamples of Interjections

Using interjections can add flavor to your writing. Just don’t overdo it! With all things, moderation is key.

Watch the video on Watch the video on Interjections – Click the link!Interjections – Click the link!

http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=159691

MORE ABOUT MORE ABOUT INTERJECTIONSINTERJECTIONS Interjections are often placed at the Interjections are often placed at the

beginning of a sentence.beginning of a sentence. The isolated usage of an interjection does The isolated usage of an interjection does

not represent a complete sentence.  not represent a complete sentence.   They are not grammatically connected to They are not grammatically connected to

the rest of the sentence. Click on the link the rest of the sentence. Click on the link below for some examples and a short below for some examples and a short video clip.video clip.

http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/list-of-interjections.html

Practice - Practice - INTERJECTIONSINTERJECTIONSAnswer the following questions about Answer the following questions about

interjections:interjections:1.1. An interjection is a word that expresses An interjection is a word that expresses

________.________.

2.2. Interjections with strong feeling are Interjections with strong feeling are punctuated with an ____________ _______ and punctuated with an ____________ _______ and stand alone. stand alone.

3.3. When the feeling is not as strong, an When the feeling is not as strong, an interjection is punctuated with a ________ and interjection is punctuated with a ________ and remains in the sentence.remains in the sentence.

4.4. Interjections are not ___________ connected to Interjections are not ___________ connected to the rest of the sentence.the rest of the sentence.

5.5. Using interjections can add ________ to your Using interjections can add ________ to your writing as long as they are used in writing as long as they are used in ____________.____________.

Practice - Practice - INTERJECTIONS INTERJECTIONS (Key)(Key)Answer the following questions about Answer the following questions about

interjections:interjections:1.1. An interjection is a word that expresses An interjection is a word that expresses

__emotionemotion_._.

2.2. Interjections with strong feeling are Interjections with strong feeling are punctuated with an _punctuated with an _exclamationexclamation _ _ _ _pointpoint_ and _ and stand alone. stand alone.

3.3. When the feeling is not as strong, an When the feeling is not as strong, an interjection is punctuated with a _interjection is punctuated with a _commacomma_ and _ and remains in the sentence.remains in the sentence.

4.4. Interjections are not _Interjections are not _grammaticallygrammatically_ _ connected to the rest of the sentence.connected to the rest of the sentence.

5.5. Using interjections can add _Using interjections can add _flavorflavor_ to your _ to your writing as long as they are used in writing as long as they are used in __moderationmoderation_._.

Remember…Remember…

The The part of speech part of speech is is dependent on how a word dependent on how a word functions in a sentence. functions in a sentence. Some words can perform as Some words can perform as different parts of speech, different parts of speech, depending on how they are depending on how they are used.used.

The The ENDEND

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