Language
Transcript of Language
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The Geography of Language
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What variations exist within languages?
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Standard language
• A standard language uses the accepted community norms of syntax, vocabulary, and pronunciation.
• Who decides? Those in power.
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Dialects
• Dialects display variations in vocabulary, pronunciation, rhythm, and speed at which the language is spoken.
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•Social dialects denote social class and educational level.Those of lower class are more likely to use the vernacular (nonstandard) language.
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More commonly we think of dialect in spatial terms.
• Geographers use isoglosses to map a single dialect feature.
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What term do you prefer for a sale of unwanted items on your porch, in your yard,
etc.?
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Pidgin
• Pidgin is a simplified language that is used informally in the marketplace or for work administration.
• Pidgin uses a highly simplified grammatical structure and limited vocabulary.
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• Translation of “The Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe”
• Dere waz one ol Tutu
• Stay living in one slippa
• She get choke kids
• Planny braddahs and one sistah
• She geev um lau lau
• But no mo da poi
• Den broke dere okoles
• And sent dem moi moi
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Creole
• If a pidgin becomes the first language of a group of speakers, a creole language has evolved.
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A newspaper ad in an English-language
newspaper in Papua/New Guinea
encouraging advertisers to appeal to those who speak
pidgin as a first language.
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• Gullah creole language
• "Tek'e foot een 'e han"= to run, or to leave quickly.• "Dry 'long so " = without a reason or explanation.• "Two -time-one-gun"= a double barreled gun.• "Tas'e 'e mout'"= something appetizing to eat.• "Lawfully lady"= lawfully wedded wife.• "Haa'dly'kin"= barely able.
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Lingua franca
• A lingua franca is an third language used by people who could not otherwise understand each other.
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Three African lingua franca
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• Swahili began as a trade language of East Africa--it has progressed to a legitimate language.
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Official languages
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Multilingual states
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Switzerland is a multilingual state. (There is no Swiss language.)
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Mexico’s multilingualism reflects culture regions that do not coincide
with political boundaries.
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Nigeria is representative of many African countries with a multitude of languages. The colonial language is
often the lingua franca.
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• Languages of Europe
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• Languages of India
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• Languages of Africa
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Ethnolinguistic Areas of China
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How are Languages Classified?
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A language family is a collection of languages that existed long before
recorded history.
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A language subfamily is a collection of
languages related through a
common ancestor that
existed several thousand years
ago
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A language group is a collection of languages within a subfamily
branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past.
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Where did the Indo-European Language originate?
• There is some disagreement about this.
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The dispersal hypothesis
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The Agriculture theory proposed an Anatolian origin for the Indo-
European language family
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The Renfrew Model suggests three source areas of agriculture, each of which gave rise to a great
language family
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How do languages spread and change?
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Stages in Austronesian Expansion
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Greenberg’s Three Indigenous Language Families
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Diffusion of Languages
• Relocation diffusion of language occurs massive migration transports a culture to and becomes dominant in a new location. (Bantu, Arabic)
• Expansion diffusion occurs when the advantages of a new language are discerned and it is adopted by native speakers of another language as they become acculturated.
• Hierarchical diffusion occurs when those who aspire to positions of importance are the first to adopt the language of control and prestige.
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Barriers to diffusion of language
• Cultural barriers may slow or prevent language adoption. (Greeks resisted Turkish rule and clung to their language.)
• Migrants or invaders follow paths of least topographic resistance, and linguistic barriers often coincide with physical barriers.
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How has technology affected language?
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Technology can both increase vulnerability and create a vehicle for preservation.
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The Printing Press
• Standardized written languages
• Aided in diffusion
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Radio
• Standardized spoken language
• Wider diffusion
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Television and the Movies
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The Internet
• 83% of all web pages are in English.
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How can language lead to conflict?
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French in Quebec
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Belgium
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Cyprus
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