How different the World Is! Different Landscapes – Different Countries.
Landscapes of world
Transcript of Landscapes of world
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Landscapes of the world
Importance for tourism
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Contents
The concept of landscapes
Preferences of tourists
Images of landscapes
Film tourism and landscapes
Wildlife tourism Landscapes under threat
Future of changing landscapes
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Landscapes
The word landscape is from the Dutch
landschap meaning a sheaf, a patch of
cultivated ground
Landscape = cultivated = not wilderness?
From landscape art to tourist gaze
Other scapes: seascapes, riverscapes,
cityscapes, etc.
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What forms a landscape?
Landform and
geology
Natural vegetation
and animals
Presence of
man
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From cultural to natural
landscapes
NaturalCultural
WildernessUrban/cityscapes Rural
Human interventionhigh low
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Wilderness
Wilderness is generallydefined as a naturalenvironment on Earth that has
not been significantlymodified by human activity.
Wilderness is deeply valuedfor cultural, spiritual, moral,
and aesthetic reasons. How much of Earths surfaceis still wilderness?
46%
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From wilderness to National Parks
First protection of wilderness: English Kings,
to protect hunting grounds
Urbanisation & industrialisation: more value
for nature protection
First National Park: Yellowstone, 1872 USA
Conservation versus protection: Proper use
of nature versus protection of nature from
use
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What is an attractive landscape?
Enlightment: back to nature, what was seen
as beautiful (art)
Global dominance of Northern Europe:
exported aesthetic inscriptions
UNESCO: universal ideas about what is
beautiful
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Art, landscapes and tourism
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What landscapes do tourists prefer?
Nature, forest, varied landscape
Wild landscapes with mountains
and water
High relief differences
Landscapes with a special value
(by art, film, TV)
Heritage landscapes
Landscapes with animals
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Worlds most popular landscapes
Great Barrier Reef
Mount Everest
Victoria Falls, Zambia/Zimbabwe
Angel Falls, Venezuela
Niagara Falls, USA/Canada
Northern Lights Amazon river and rainforest
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Status of landscapes
Important aspect in tourism: being seen in(famous) landscape
Doing, being active, being part of it
Visitors seek to own landscape
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Experiencing famous landscapes
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Landscapes are cultural
constructions Images of landscapes attract tourists
A landscape is a cultural construction Artistic representations, films, TV
programmes, media exposure of landscapes
generate tourism
A landscape destination is created for
tourism consumption
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Film & TV tourism
Places, and images of places, are fundamental in
tourism
Experiencing a film is going into a fantasy world Going on holiday, tourists also enter a world between
imagined and real culture and places being visited
Successfull film can lead to increased visitor numbers
Marketing can change visitor profile
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Experience of film tourists
Film tourists consume familiar signs and
symbols in film
Real landscape is covered with several new
layers of meaning for the consumption of film
tourists
Re-enacting parts of the film
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Film locations boost UK tourism
British tourism has enjoyed a huge boostfrom a rise in visits to film and TV show
locations, says a report.
Film and tourism bodies identified increased
visits to the settings of productionsincluding The Da Vinci Code and GosfordPark and TV's Balamory.
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Film locations: Tobermory
Isle of Mull, Tobermory: location for pre-school childrens TV programme Balamory
The village of Tobermory experienced a 40per cent rise in visitors - an increase of160,000. The series is thought to be
contributing 5 million a year to the localeconomy.
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Balamory orTobermory
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Wildlife tourism
Worldwide, the wildlife tourism industry isincreasing by up to 12% year on year
(November 2007) For instance in Scotland alone there are between250 and 300 wildlife tourism operators.
Offering everything from whale and dolphinspotting to bushcraft and farm projects, theygenerate around 200m a year for the Scottisheconomy.
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Popular wildlife destinations
National Parks Africa
Nature reserves India
Great Barrier Reef &
Outback, Australia Sahara, Africa
Canadian Rockies, Canada
Alaska, USA
Amazon, South America
Galapolos Islands,
Ecuador Grand Canyon, USA
Hawaii, USA
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Climate change
Global Warming is accelerating
Expected global average temperature
expected to increase between 1.4 and 5.8degrees this century
Increase in rainfall 3-10% by 2050
Increase in droughts
4-10 cm increase in sealevel per decade
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Effect on tourism in Alpes
Shorter skiing season
Greater demand for higher altitude skiing
resorts
Extended season for non-skiing activities
Less demand for skiing?
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Effect on tropical islands
Tropical islands
Sea level rises are critical
Storm frequency increasing
Coral bleaching
Reef damaging
New tropical diseases
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Melting glacier Kilimanjaro
Estimated to be gone by 2012
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Mount Kilimanjaro
The tallest mountain of Africa lost 82% of
its ice cover in the last 80 years
Africas two highest mountains MountKilimanjaro and Mount Kenya will lose
their ice cover within 25 to 50 years if
deforestation and carbon emissions are notstopped, says the United Nations
Environment Program.
Less water => droughts
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European Union policy
on climate change Climate change is already happening and
represents one of the greatest environmental,
social and economic threats facing the planet. TheEuropean Union is committed to working
constructively for a global agreement to control
climate change, and is leading the way by taking
ambitious action of its own. Expected water battles, for instance between
agriculture and tourism
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Protection of landscapes
No attractive environment = no tourism
The environment is the foundation of
tourism industry
Tourism requires the protection of the
scenic and historical heritage of
destination areas.
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Protection of wildlife
Example: Polar Bears: Protected, but Not Safe!
In May 2008, the Bush Administration listed the polar
bear as "threatened" under the Endangered Species Act(ESA).
Is it too late? Arctic sea ice is receding, and scientificstudies by the U.S. Geological Service (USGS) estimated
some 30% decline in sea ice by mid-century.
A study by the USGS projected a two-thirds decline inthe world's polar bear population currently standing atup to 25,000 by 2050.
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How could landscapes be protected?
United Nations and International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources (IUCN) World Heritage Sites (1972)
National Parks
Protected landscapes
International National Parks
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What can we do?
Carbon emmissions: renewable energy
Creative and new ideas for tourism
Small steps make great contribution Turn credit crisis into positive movement
Examples: improve cycling possibilities (=
cheaper means of transport), invest in solarpowered transportation
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Future of world landscapes Environment is prime resource for tourism
Threats by tourism development, climate
change and increased scarcity of resources
Protection and conservation is mission for
tourism industry
Challenges for the future