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Landscape protection system Comparative study: Poland and Germany Marta Kubacka Ulrike Schenke

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1. Methodological notes Poland Germany Nature protection means maintenance, sustainable use and restoration of resources, formations and elements of nature; Landscape protection means preservation of characteristic of a particular landscape (reference: the Act on Environmental Protection of 16 April 2004 (Dz. U. of 2004, no. 92, item 880) Nature protection is for preservation of landscapes or parts of a landscape by ordering, protecting, regenerating, maintaining and developing measures Landscape protection measures for conservation and maintenance of the natural and cultural characteristics of a landscape ( reference: Umweltportal 2014 )

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1I. Forms of special nature value protected by law: POLANDGERMANY National parks 24 National parks Nature reserves 23 Nature reserves Nature 2000 areas 31 Natura2000 areas Landscape parks 26 Landscape protection area Protected landscape areas 25 Biosphere reserves Nature monuments 23 National nature monuments Documentation sites 28 Nature monument Ecological arable areas 27 Nature parks Natural and scenic complexes 29 Protected landscape components Plant, animal and fungi species protection 30 Legally protected biotopes Reference: the Act on Environmental Protection of 16 April 2004 (Dz. U. of 2004, no. 92, item 880); BNatschG (2010),

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III. The regime of nature protection in Poland Protected landscape area Documentation site Ecological arable land Nature monuments Landscape-nature complexes Landscape park Natura 2000 Nature reserve National park Plant, animal and fungi species protection

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III. The regime of nature protection in Germany Biosphere reserves Nature park Landscape protection area legally protected biotopes Nature reserves Natura 2000 Protected landscape components National nature monuments National parks IUCN Categories

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Specification No. of objects Area in thousands hectares % of total areas of the country National parks23312,01,0 Nature reserves1.469123,20,5 Natura 20009606.150,419,7 Landscape parks1212.577,88,1 Protected landscape areas 3867600,122,4 Documentation sities 1570,90,0 Ecological arable lands 6.95251,70,2 Landscape-nature complexes 32494,90,3 TOTAL--41,4 IV. Area of special nature value protected by law in Poland: Source: Polish General Statistical Office, Warsaw (2013) and own works.

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Specification No. of objects Area in km 2 % of total areas of the country 23 Nature reserves 8.481 130143,6 24 National parks15103952.9 25 Biosphere Reserve16184693,7 26 Landscape protection areas 8.21010000028,4 27 Nature parks1049500027 28 Nature monumentsNodataavailable 29 Protected landscape components Nodataavailable 30 Legally protected biotopes Nodataavailable 31 Natura 20005.25380,72915,4 IV. Area of special nature value protected by law in Germany: Source: BfN (2014),

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41,4% Areas under protection 47,6% 19,9% Landscape parks Natura 2000

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Reference: DUH (2008) Nature parks: 104 Biosphere reserve: 16 National parks: 15

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V. The main problems of landscape and nature protection: PolandGermany improper implementation of law and administration system (e.g. the European Landscape Convention) ca. 60 % of all nature reserves are smaller than 50 ha, no buffering against negative external influences incerasing demand for areas with substantial environmental and landscape value (e.g. built-up area) nature protection depends on the owner of the property incorrect spatial development, the lack of local cooperation protection areas are created without serious usage restrictions low citizen ecological knowledge Many protected areas have a double function lack of new types of protected areas (e.g. ecological corridors) conservation managements agreements

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VI. Protection of border landscape: a case study The unique valley of Lower Odra

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VII. Protection of border landscape: a case study The unique valley of Lower Odra

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A project is a result of the long-term cooperation between Poland and Germany in the Valley of the Lower Odra; The major objective of the project is the elaboration of the best solutions about international cooperation in the nature and landscape protection; The scope of the project includes: nature protection, development of landscape tourism, increasing of ecological knowledge and supporting of regional development; A value of the project is about 3,5 million euro and about 85% is founded by the European Regional Development Fund

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Reference: LUA 2009 National park Lower Odra Valley National park Lower Odra Valley was founded in 1995 60 km long wide flood plain, drained by many oxbow lakes Vegetation is : flood plain forests, wetland vegetation and dry grasslands At some parts: process conservation (Reference: Tourismusverein Unterers Odertal e.V., 2014)

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formed in 2001 Warta Mouth National Park covers a surface of 8.074 hectares the Warta River flowing through the middle of the Park is a natural border between two areas, Northern Polder and the floodland the record of bird species of Warta Mouth National Park includes over 270 species along with 170 breeding ones Reference: http://www.pnujsciewarty.gov.pl/ Warta Mouth National Park

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References: BfN (2014) http://www.bfn.de/0308_gebietsschutz.html [accessed: 10.04.2014] Polish General Statistical Office, Warsaw BNatschG, 2010., Bundesnaturschutzgesetz der BRD, Auszug, Bundesministeriums der Justiz und fr Verbraucherschutz, http://www.gesetze-im- internet.de/bnatschg_2009/index.html [accessed: 10.04.2014]http://www.gesetze-im- internet.de/bnatschg_2009/index.html DUH Deutsche Umwelthilfe (2008), Groschutzgebiete in Deutschland unsere Potntaile fr Artenvielfalt werden zu wenig entwickelt, Magazin der Deutschen Umwelthilfe; p. 8-9 Landesumweltamt Brandenburg (LUA) (2014): Information flyer of the national park lower odra valley. Published by Landesumweltamt Brandenburg,1p. The Act on Environmental Protection of 16 April 2004 (Dz. U. of 2004, No. 92, item 880) The unique valley of Lower Odra http://unikalnadolinadolnejodry.eu/index.php [accessed: 24.04.2014] Tourismusverein Unterers Odertal e.V., (2014) http://www.unteres- odertal.de/de/nationalpark/wissenswertes/zahlen-und-fakten/ [accessed: 28.04.0214] Umweltportal Gelsenkirchen (2014): https://umweltportal.gelsenkirchen.de/Landschaft_und_Naturschutz/definition_Begriffe.as p [accessed: 10.04.2014] Warta Mouth National Park http://www.pnujsciewarty.gov.pl [accessed: 30.04.2014]