Landscape Pattern
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Transcript of Landscape Pattern
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Landscape PatternI. Landscape Components
(attributes of features or spatial elements)
landscape are comprised of:
- corridors
- patches
- matrix
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Landscape PatternI. Landscape Components
(attributes of features or spatial elements)landscape are comprised of:
- corridors- patches- matrix
A. CompositionB. ConfigurationC. Connectivity
Relative to landscape spatial elements….
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How much of the area is comprised of each type of spatial element?How are spatial elements arranged in space?
How do these attributes change through time?
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How does one quantify landscape pattern?How do biotic communities interact with pattern?
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• Patch – relatively homogeneous ecological unit; differentiated from landscape as a whole
• Corridor – linear element that differs from matrix on either side; form & context determines function (habitat, conduit, barrier, filter)
• Matrix – element encompassing greatest relative area; most connected; dominant role in landscape dynamics
Landscape Pattern Patch-Corridor-Matrix Model
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Landscape PatternPatches
Defining patches using vector data• Digitizing = delineating polygon patches using remotely-
sensed data (e.g., DOQ) based on visual interpretation of patch boundaries; subjective, but ground truthing needed
DOQ Vector Coverage
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Landscape PatternPatches
Defining patches using raster data• Satellite sensor = delineating pixel-shaped patches based on
spectral signatures; aggregating cells based on shared attributes
DOQ Raster Coverage
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• Patch defined relative to phenomenon investigated (scale relevant)
• Patches are dynamic and occur at a multiple scales (space & time)
• Patch boundaries meaningful only when referenced to particular scale & phenomenon; resolution impt., gradients or discrete boundaries?
Landscape Pattern Patches
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• linear elements
Landscape Pattern Corridors
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• Definition based on function…..
• Habitat – increase connectivity by providing breeding habitat…facilitate gene flow
• Facilitated Movement – increase connectivity by facilitating dispersal, migration, and/or range shifts
• Barrier or Filter – prohibit (barrier) or impede differentially (filter) movements
Landscape Pattern Corridors
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Facilitated Movement Corridors
• Roads/right-of-ways
• Woody strips, windbreaks, fencerows
• Riparian corridors
Landscape Pattern Corridors
Do corridors function to facilitate movement of organisms among patches, thereby mitigating against land use in the matrix?
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Facilitated Movement Corridors
• Selectivity (s): degree of discrimination of possible pathways
• Resistance (k): survival cost per unit time spent in corridor
• Velocity (v): avg rate of movement through
• Final evaluation = immigration rate
Landscape Pattern Corridors
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Barriers & Filters• Roads/right-of-
ways• Riparian corridors
Landscape Pattern Corridors
Do corridors function to prevent or impede movement of organisms among patches and across the landscape (i.e., decrease landscape connectivity)?
Yes, but dependent on:– Corridor type & width– Frequency of human and other spp. activity in corridor– Mobility & behavior of species
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• Most abundant and highest connectivity
• Defined relative to phenomenon studied
• Dynamic and variable with scale
• Influences choice of landscape metrics for measuring pattern
Landscape Pattern Matrix
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Causes of Landscape PatternI. Abiotic Factors
II. Biotic FactorsIII. Human LanduseIV. Disturbance & Succession
What is the dominant force here?
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• Primary constraints on vegetation pattern:
– Climate….long-term, prevailing weather affects energy & water dist’n
• Temperature (elevation)
• Moisture (exposure)
– Landform…. Geomorphology; physical relief & soil
Landscape Pattern Climate & Landform
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Merriam
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• Topographic patterns– elevation– aspect– parent material– slope
• Influencing air & ground temps., moisture, nutrients, pollutants
Landscape Pattern Landform Effects
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• Flow of Materials– Organisms– Propagules– Energy– Water– DOM &
inorganics
Landscape Pattern Landform Effects
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• Disturbance Regime– Exogenous agents
• Frequency, Intensity, & Spatial Patterning components
Landscape Pattern Landform Effects
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• Geomorphic Processes– Frequency &
spatial patterning
Landscape Pattern Landform Effects
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Influence of landform – spatial pattern of species
distribution
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Causes of Landscape PatternPhysical Template
• Inferences about physical gradients are confounded because:
• Each factor has specific spatial scale = behaves at its own scale:– Soil depth & texture
• cm and all other scales– Topography
• 10’s to 100’s m– Temperature
• 100’s m (elevation) or 100’s km (latitude)– Precipitation
• 100’s m (elevation)
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Historical Context
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Influence of Global Climate Change
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Common N.A. trees – contractions & radiations in distribution
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Modeling Changes in Landscape (vegetative) Patterns – Global Climate Change
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Causes of Landscape Pattern• Biotic Factors
– Competition– Predation
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Causes of Landscape Pattern• Competition
– Competitive exclusion could lead to homogenous spatial pattern at least at some spatial scale
– Multiple stable states (stochastic disturbance patterns can mitigate influence of competition) (e.g., Allee Effect)
– Influence of disturbance events (abiotic and human)
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Causes of Landscape Pattern• Competition
– Species-mediated interactions (e.g., keystone sp.)• Dominant organisms (typically impact processes and pattern over large spatial and temporal scales) – primarily herbivores?
– e.g., beaver, bison, elephants, other megafauna?– Pleistocene megafauna and vegetation patterns
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Causes of Landscape Pattern• Predation
– keystone sp– ecology of fear– Trophic
cascades
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Causes of Landscape Pattern• Human Land Use
– Prehistoric, Historic, Present Effects• Shift from nomadic hunter-gatherer to farming systems
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Human Land Use Practices 1) Agriculture2) Suburban Development
*Landuse / Landcover Data from USGS sources (typically resolution to 30 m)
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Causes of Landscape Pattern• Human Land Use
– Present Effects• Extraction of natural resources• Patterns of development• Transportation networks
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Roads: Formation of Barriers in Landscapes
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Clearcuts and National Forest Management
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Patch Clearcuts
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Causes of Landscape Pattern• Disturbance & Succession
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Patch Clearcuts Simulating Natural Disturbance
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