Landraces: importance and use in b d d llbreeding and environmentally friendly agronomic systemsfriendly agronomic systems

s ceccarelli@cgiar orgs.ceccarelli@cgiar.org

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BiodiversityBiodiversity

The complex of biological entities around usThe complex of biological entities around usThe complex of biological entities around usThe complex of biological entities around us

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Agro Agro –– biodiversitybiodiversity

The diversity of crops resulting fromThe diversity of crops resulting fromThe diversity of crops resulting from The diversity of crops resulting from diversity between species, between diversity between species, between varieties within species and withinvarieties within species and withinvarieties within species and within varieties within species and within varietiesvarieties

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Reduction of biodiversityThe Right to Food is the Right to yBiodiversity

g gBiodiversity

It has been recognized that biodiversityBiodiversity

75% of genetic diversity of agricultural crops has been lost

It has been recognized that biodiversity is key to securing global food supply

Source Thrupp LA (2000) Linking agricultural biodiversity and food securityReport of the Special Rapporteur on the Source Thrupp LA (2000). Linking agricultural biodiversity and food security. The valuable role of agrobiodiversity for sustainable agriculture. Int. Affairs, 76:

265-281

right to food

United NationsGeneral Assembly

Source International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

265 281

F d iRi h F d

General Assembly23 July 2009

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(IUCN) Food securityRight to Food

Reduction of biodiversityRice in Sri Lanka

71% of commercial corn in USA from 6 varieties65% of rice crop from 4 varieties2000

2500

Rice in Sri Lanka

65% of rice crop from 4 varieties75% of the potato crop from 4 varieties 1500

2000

50% of the soybean crop from 6 varieties50% of the wheat from 9 varieties500

1000

0

1959 1992

World Conservation Monitoring Center, Global Biodiversity: Status

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of the Earth’s living resources, London: Chapman and Hall, 1992; Stephen R. Gliessmann, Agroecology: the ecology of sustainable food systems, Technology & Engineering, 2006, p. 193.

Biodiversity continues to decline

In 2002, world leaders committed, through theConvention on Biological Diversity (CBD), “to achieve by g y ( ), y2010 a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss”

Based on 31 indicators there is no significant recent reductions in rate of decline A number of indicatorsreductions in rate of decline. A number of indicators actually show an increase of the rate of biodiversity decline.

Global Biodiversity Indicators of Recent Declines, 2010

decline.

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(Stuart and Butchart, Science 328: 1164)

Genetic vulnerability

The Great Potato famine in Ireland (1845The Great Potato famine in Ireland (1845--1849)1849)

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Genetic uniformity and vulnerability Genetic uniformity and vulnerability (UG99)(UG99)

IRAN 2008

PAKISTAN 2009

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Di it F d d H lthDiversity, Food…… and Health

50 000 are edible

There are approximately 250.000 plant species

50.000 are edible

250 are food crops

90% of the calories in the human diet come from 15 crops and 60% from 3 crops (wheat, rice and p p ( ,maize)

The most widely grown varieties of these threeThe most widely grown varieties of these three crops are closely related and genetically uniform (pure lines and hybrids)

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(pure lines and hybrids)

How did we do that?How did we do that?

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Th E l ti f Pl t B diTh E l ti f Pl t B diThe Evolution of Plant BreedingThe Evolution of Plant Breeding

For millennia plant breeding has been done by farmers

Many different farmers in very many places selected for

With the beginning of Genetics plant breeding was taken

Many different farmers in very many places selected for specific adaptation landraces

With the beginning of Genetics plant breeding was taken away from farmers and started being done by very few people in very few placespeop e e y e p aces

Breeding for specific adaptation was replaced by breeding for wide adaptation displacement of landraces

……. and then most plant breeding became private and farmers’ breeding illegal

for wide adaptation displacement of landraces

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farmers breeding illegal

Fertilizer and Biodiversity

A 23-years field experiment in grasslands

Chronic addition of as little as 10 kg/ha/year of N b bi t th f i it d iti (6above ambient athmosferic nitrogen deposition (6

kg/ha/year) reduced plant species number by 17%

C.M. Clarck and D. Tilman, 2008Loss of plant species after chronic low-level nitrogen deposition to prairie grasslands

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deposition to prairie grasslandsNature 451: 712-715

World’s Top 10 Seed Companies

Company 2007 seed sales

World s Top 10 Seed Companies

Company (US$ millions) % of global seedmarket

1 M t (US) $ 4 964 23%1. Monsanto (US)  $ 4,964  23%2. DuPont (US)  $ 3,300 15%3. Syngenta (Switzerland)  $ 2,018 9%4 Groupe Limagrain (France) $ 1 226 6%4. Groupe Limagrain (France) $ 1,226 6%5. Land O’ Lakes (US) $    917 4%6. KWS AG (Germany)  $    702 3%7 Bayer Crop Science (Germany) $ 524 2%7. Bayer Crop Science (Germany)   $    524 2%8. Sakata (Japan) $    396 <2%9. DLF‐Trifolium (Denmark) $    391 <2%10.Takii (Japan) $ 347 <2%10.Takii (Japan)                                  $    347 <2%

Top 10 Total       $ 14,785     67%

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World’s Top 10 Pesticide CompaniesCompany Agrochemical Sales 2007

(US$ millions) % Market

World s Top 10 Pesticide Companies

(US$ millions) % Market Share

1. Bayer (Germany) $ 7,458                 19%2 Syngenta (Switzerland) $ 7 285 19%2. Syngenta (Switzerland) $ 7,285 19%3. BASF (Germany) $ 4,297                 11%4. Dow AgroSciences (USA) $3,779 10%5 Monsanto (USA) $3 599 9%5. Monsanto (USA) $3,599 9%6. DuPont (USA) $2,369 6%7. Makhteshim Agan (Israel) $1,895  5%8. Nufarm (Australia) $1,470 4%8. Nufarm (Australia) $1,470 4%9. Sumitomo Chemical (Japan)    $1,209 3%10. Arysta Lifescience (Japan) $1,035 3%

Total $34,396      89% 

ld

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Source: Agrow World Crop Protection News, August 2008

Who decides what you will have forWho decides what you will have for dinner tonight?

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Three Levels of Biodiversity

Different Crops

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Three Levels of biodiversity

Different CropsDifferent Varieties within the same cropDifferent Varieties within the same crop

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Three Levels of biodiversity

Different CropsDifferent Varieties within the same cropDifferent Varieties within the same cropHeterogeneous Varieties

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Local Knowledge and Diversityg y

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N t l i d l i t iNot only in developing countries

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Farmers’ knowledge of landracesof landraces

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Iran160 accessions of wheat and 160 accessions ofand 160 accessions of barley in 3 locations and two yearstwo years

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Jordan160 accessions of wheat160 accessions of wheat and 160 accessions of barleybarley

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Yemen

65 wheat, 100 barley, 47 lentil 22 pea47 lentil, 22 pea

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LandracesLLandracesandraces and wild relativesand wild relatives

PastPastUseful genes Useful genes for adaptationfor adaptationPresentPresent

FutureFuture

for adaptation for adaptation to climate to climate

FutureFuturechangechange

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The Contribution of Landraces

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The Contribution of Landraces

Nutrient uptake and utilizationNutrient uptake and utilizationppa)a) Roots (are landraces heterogeneous Roots (are landraces heterogeneous

below ground as they are abovebelow ground as they are abovebelow ground as they are above below ground as they are above ground?)ground?)

b)b) MychorrizaMychorrizab)b) MychorrizaMychorrizac)c) NitrogenNitrogen--fixing bacteriafixing bacteriad)d) Absorption and translocation of NAbsorption and translocation of N

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Biotic stress resistanceBiotic stress resistance

Septoria leaf blotchSeptoria leaf blotch•• Septoria leaf blotchSeptoria leaf blotch•• Powdery mildewPowdery mildew•• Fusarium Head BlightFusarium Head Blight•• Bunts and smutsBunts and smuts•• Rust diseasesRust diseases

AphidsAphids

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•• AphidsAphids

Abiotic stress resistanceAbiotic stress resistance

D ht t lD ht t lT i itiT i iti Drought toleranceDrought toleranceToxicitiesToxicities

ICARDAFrost toleranceFrost toleranceSalinity toleranceSalinity tolerance

PhenotypingGenotyping >

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A collection of barley landraces made in 1981 in Syria (60 collection sites) and Jordan (10 collection sites) – 100

k / ll ( l 988)Turkey

Hassake15 1958

spikes/collection sites (Weltzien, 1988).

Deir Ez Zor

Aleppo

HamaLattakia

NortheastSyriaWest

Syria 22

4249

345

32

6766

Syria

CentralSyriaPalmira

Hama

Homs

Lebanon

30

4012

3

Evaluation and SelectionIraq

SyriaDamascus

Suweida

1039 Assessment of diversity

North Jordan-South Syria

Amman

938

Varieties

Jordan

South Jordan

63736

Parental material

ICARDASaudi Arabia

Ma`an8

7

Evaluation and Selection (1985 -2000)( )

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Frequency distribution of grain yield of modern Frequency distribution of grain yield of modern cultivars and Syrian landraces with 504 mm rainfallcultivars and Syrian landraces with 504 mm rainfallcultivars and Syrian landraces with 504 mm rainfall, cultivars and Syrian landraces with 504 mm rainfall, fertilizer and weed controlfertilizer and weed control

20

25Landraces

Modern

15

20

cy A t f10

15

freq

uen

c Assessment of Diversity

5

10f Diversity

0

5

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Kg/ha

Frequency distribution of grain yield of modern Frequency distribution of grain yield of modern q y g yq y g ycultivars and Syrian landraces with 186 mm rainfall cultivars and Syrian landraces with 186 mm rainfall and no inputsand no inputs

4550 Landraces

M d

30354045

cy

Modern

202530

freq

uen

51015

00 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000

Kg/ha

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Kg/ha

GGE bi-plot of mean yields of 192 barley genotypes (colored circles) grown in 28 trials (green squares)

Local landraces of barley were better adapted to environments yieldingadapted to environments yielding below 2 t/ha (Pswarayi et al. 2008)

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Chloroplast haplotype distribution in Jordan and Syria(Each ‘pie’ represents up to 20 lines, the total number of lines in 448)

ws66

(Each pie represents up to 20 lines, the total number of lines in 448)

West Syria North East Syria

Central Syria

101bp

North Jordan, South Syria

y

100bp

South Jordan

Russell et al 2003 Patterns of polymorphism detected

South Jordan

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Russell et al., 2003. Patterns of polymorphism detected in the chloroplast and nuclear genomes of barley landraces sampled from Syria and JordanTheor Appl Genet (2003) 107:413–421

From germplasm evaluation to varieties From germplasm evaluation to varieties

T dA Z b k TadmorArta Zanbaka

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Grain yield (kg/ha) of Arta and the local landrace in Grain yield (kg/ha) of Arta and the local landrace in MET (69 locations/years combinations) in SyriaMET (69 locations/years combinations) in SyriaMET (69 locations/years combinations) in Syria MET (69 locations/years combinations) in Syria

Location below 2.5 t/ha P = 0.94 gy > localLocation above 2.5 t/ha P = 0.40 gy > local

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Grain yield (kg/ha) of Tadmor and the local landrace Grain yield (kg/ha) of Tadmor and the local landrace in the Official and PPB trials in Syriain the Official and PPB trials in Syria

3000

in the Official and PPB trials in Syria in the Official and PPB trials in Syria

2000

2500

1500

2000

kg/h

a

+19.3%+3.6%

1000

k

500 On-Farm Trials PPB Trials

01986 1987 1988 1989 M ean

OF V2001 2002 2003 M ean

P P B

Trials and Years

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Trials and Years

Tadmor A. Aswad

Grain yield (kg/ha) of Zanbaka and the local Grain yield (kg/ha) of Zanbaka and the local landrace in the Official and PPB trials in Syrialandrace in the Official and PPB trials in Syria

2500

landrace in the Official and PPB trials in Syria landrace in the Official and PPB trials in Syria

2000

+17 0%

1500

kg/h

a

+17.0%

+1.5%

1000

k

500 On-Farm Trials PPB Trials

01990 1991 1992 1993 M ean

OF V2001 2002 2003 M ean

P P B

Trials and Years

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Trials and Years

Zanbaka A. Aswad

Use of landraces and wild relatives asUse of landraces and wild relatives asUse of landraces and wild relatives as Use of landraces and wild relatives as parental materialparental material

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Kherbet El Dieb, Syria, 2007 (198 mm)

Line 70 = Tadmor//ER/Apm/3/WI2291/Tadmor Line 67 = H.spont.41-1/Tadmor/6/Emir/Sbt//CM67 ......../Alger/Ceres362-1-1

+22% +55% +114%+22%+7%

55%

+36%

114%

+144%

(Landrace)

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Improved

Kherbet El Jamal, Syria, 2010 (271 mm)

Line 26 Tadmor//Roho/Mazurka/3/Tadmor/4/WI2291/Tadmor (Sabah)Line 17 Tadmor//ER/Apm/3/Sara (Jemelieh10)Line 18 Tadmor//ER/Apm/3/Sara

+59% +73%+49% +62%+49% +62%

+28% +38%

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(Landrace)(Improved)

Wide adaptation in dry areas? (the case of Byloun)

Zanbaka/5/Pitayo/Cam//Avt/RM1508/3/Pon/4/Mona/Ben//Cam/6/Moroc9-75/ArabiAswad/7/WI2291/Tadmor

700

800

+37%

Byloun

Best check

500

600+5%

+56%

+59%

300

400

500

200

300

0

100

Kerbet El Dieb Kokab J.Aswad Bylounan

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(203 mm) (190 mm) (233 mm)y

(244 mm)

Farmers preferences (the case of Byloun)

Zanbaka/5/Pitayo/Cam//Avt/RM1508/3/Pon/4/Mona/Ben//Cam/6/Moroc9-75/ArabiAswad/7/WI2291/Tadmor

2.5 Byloun

Best check

1 5

2

1

1.5

0.5

1

0 Kerbet El Dieb Kokab J.Aswad Bylounan

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(203 mm) (190 mm) (233 mm)y

(244 mm)

From the Gene Bank From the Gene Bank to a variety: the cases to a variety: the cases yyof Ethiopia, Eritrea and of Ethiopia, Eritrea and YemenYemenYemenYemen

Multi location testing Multi location testing in farmers’ fieldsin farmers’ fields

ShishyShishy

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New genes: landraces and wild New genes: landraces and wild ggrelativesrelatives

H. spontaneumLandraces

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Wild relativesWild relatives

Bouider, 1987, 164 mm rainfall, six weeks drought, 52 frost days

H. spont Local

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Frequency of selection by farmers of four types of germplasm grown under severe stress in fourof germplasm grown under severe stress in four locations in Syria

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(87mm) (87mm) (121mm) (130mm)

Contribution of H spontaneum to grain yieldContribution of H. spontaneum to grain yield under stress Lakew B. et al. (in press)

KH05

PC1 = 66.3%, PC2 = 20.8%, Total = 87.1%1.6

Single crosses with Moderate Severe stress

0.8 BR05

BR0611.2 H. Spontaneum 41-1 stress

PC

2 0.4

BR05

BR04

52

No stressTH06

-0.4

0.0

TH05TH04

764

3-0.88 Improved

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PC 1-0.4 1.2 1.60.80.0 2.0-1.2 -0.8 0.4

Freezing Diversity: from fields toFreezing Diversity: from fields to gene banks

G B k i t tGene Banks are very importantNot all has been conserved They freeze not only seed but also evolutionMust be complemented by in situ conservationMust be complemented by in situ conservation

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Linking knowledge, conservation and g g ,improvement

Participatory Plant Breeding

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What is Participatory PlantWhat is Participatory PlantWhat is Participatory Plant What is Participatory Plant Breeding?Breeding?

Is a dynamic collaboration between B di I tit ti (N ti lBreeding Institutions (National or International) and farmers which exploits their comparative advantages

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Participatory Plant Breeding

fScientifically Conventional and Participatory Plant Breeding are id ti l ith thidentical processes with three organizational differences:

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Trials from ResearchTrials from Research Station to Farmers’ Fields

Decisions shared between breeder and farmers

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breeder and farmers

PPB in Barley covers 300 300

350400

400

500500

HASSAKEH

ALEPPO

PPB in Barley covers 90% of the

production area in Syria

250300

350

LATAKIA

1000

1400

ALEPPORAQQA

TH200IDLIB

LATAKIA

TARTUS200

1200

1000

DEIR EZZORHAMA

150

1000

PALMYRA

HOMS

The process is conducted independently in each target

DAMASCUS Research sites

independently in each target environment

500

600

800DAMASCUS

SUWEIDA

Research sites

Research Station of the Ministry of AgricultureDARA'A

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100

SU

ICARDA headquartersTH

A global decentralized breeding programA global decentralized breeding programA global decentralizedA global decentralized--participatory breeding programparticipatory breeding program

N. Africa(Morocco Algeria(Morocco, Algeria,

Tunisia, Libya, Egypt)Lebanon Jordan

C ti

Central Asia,Iran Turkey

NARS

EritreaNARS

NARSNARS NARS

Creationof

VariabilityYemen

NARS

NARS Iraq:IrrigatedRainfed

Far East( h d l

Ethiopia

NARSNARS

NARS

Latin America(Colombia, Peru, Ecuador Bolivia)

(China, India, Nepal, Korea)

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Ecuador, Bolivia)

Countries and Crops with PPB programsCountries and Crops with PPB programsCountries and Crops with PPB programsCountries and Crops with PPB programs

barley

lentil

New

wheat chickpea faba bean

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Women participation

ddJordanJordan EritreaEritrea IranIran

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SyriaSyriaYemenYemen EgyptEgypt

Women pa ticipationWomen participation

In participatory research (by definition inclusive) women have the priority because:inclusive) women have the priority because:

f fOften have a deep knowledge of productionprocesses

f f dHave a specific interest in food securityIn most developing countries are the poorest ofhthe poor

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B l d D Wh t i Al iB l d D Wh t i Al iBarley and Durum Wheat in AlgeriaBarley and Durum Wheat in Algeria

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Barley and lentil in Yemen at 3000 m aslBarley and lentil in Yemen at 3000 m asl

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Bread wheat in Bread wheat in EritreaEritrea

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Irrigated barley in IranIrrigated barley in Iran

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Irrigated barley in IranIrrigated barley in Iran

M i d Ri i ChiM i d Ri i ChiMaize and Rice in ChinaMaize and Rice in China

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Direct to consumer sales

Direct to consumer salesconsumer sales

in the USconsumer sales

in the US

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Combining Participation and EvolutionCombining Participation and Evolution

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Evolutionary Plant BreedingEvolutionary Plant Breedingy gy g

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Populations obtained from Populations obtained from thousand of crosses or from thousand of crosses or from mixing new and old varieties left mixing new and old varieties left evolving in the target evolving in the target environmentsenvironments

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E l i Pl B diE l i Pl B diEvolutionary Plant BreedingEvolutionary Plant Breeding

One mega population of barleyOne mega population of barley(1600 F(1600 F2’s)

Kazakhstan

UzbekistanGeorgiaArmenia Azerbaijan

Kyrgyzstan

(1600 F(1600 F2 s)

Iraq

Tajikistan

Iran

Turkey

Syria

Jordan

TunisiaMorocco

Kuwait

CyprusLebanon

Armenia Azerbaijan

Afghanistan

Turkmenistan

Iran

UAE

EgyptLibyaAlgeria

Mauritania Oman

QatarBahrain

Kuwait

SaudiArabia

Sudan

Ethiopia

YemenEritrea

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p

Somalia

Evolutionary Participatory Plant BreedingEvolutionary Participatory Plant Breeding

Original Population

PPB programPPB program

Dry and Hot sites Dry and Hot sites

S lt Aff t d PPB programPPB program

PPB programPPB program

Salt Affected

PPB programPPB program

High InputHigh Input

PPBPPBPPB programPPB program

ColdCold Pest and DiseasesPest and Diseases

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PPB programPPB program PPB programPPB program

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E l i Pl B diE l i Pl B diEvolutionary Plant BreedingEvolutionary Plant Breeding

One mega population of durum wheatOne mega population of durum wheat(700 F(700 F2’s)

Kazakhstan

UzbekistanGeorgiaArmenia Azerbaijan

Kyrgyzstan

(700 F(700 F2 s)

Iraq

Tajikistan

Iran

Turkey

Syria

Jordan

TunisiaMorocco

Kuwait

CyprusLebanon

Armenia Azerbaijan

Afghanistan

Turkmenistan

Iran

UAE

EgyptLibyaAlgeria

Mauritania Oman

QatarBahrain

Kuwait

SaudiArabia

Sudan

Ethiopia

YemenEritrea

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p

Somalia

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Variety release systems and seed laws are the main obstacleslaws are the main obstacles

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Local seed production Local seed production by farmers’ groupsby farmers’ groupsby farmers’ groupsby farmers’ groups

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http://www.srfood.org/

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Article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights imposes onEconomic, Social and Cultural Rights imposes on States three levels of obligations in the realization of the right to foodof the right to food

to respect existing access to adequate foodadequate foodto protect the right to food to fulfill the right to foodto fulfill the right to food

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Recommendations to fulfill theseRecommendations to fulfill theseobligationsobligations

Allow farmers to rely on informal seed systemsIncludeInclude landraceslandraces inin thethe varietyvariety listslistsyySupport and scale up local seed exchange systemsDevelop incentives to the wider use of food products

d t f f ’ i timade out of farmers’ varietiesEnsure the active participation of farmers in decisionsrelated to the conservation and sustainable use ofrelated to the conservation and sustainable use ofplant genetic resourcesIncrease the resources allocated to public agriculturalp gresearchPut farmers at the centre of research through

ti i t h h h ti i t

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participatory research schemes such as participatory plant breeding

Plant Breeding for Farmersby H J Webber 1908by H. J. Webber, 1908Bulletin, 251, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.

To every farmer the field of breeding, whether in plants or animals, furnishes an interesting and profitable diversion. , g pPlant-breeding especially should become farmers’ fad. Few can afford to breed animals in the extensive way necessary t i t t lt i t N fto secure important results owing to expense. No farmer, however, is so poor but that he can have such a breeding patch of corn wheat or potatoes Indeed if they but knewpatch of corn, wheat or potatoes. Indeed, if they but knew it, they can ill afford not to have such a breeding patch to furnish seed for their own planting. p g

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ConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusions

Institutions could do plant breeding in a way that Institutions could do plant breeding in a way that addresses some of the major global issues suchaddresses some of the major global issues suchaddresses some of the major global issues such addresses some of the major global issues such as: as:

Food securityFood securityCli ti hCli ti hClimatic changesClimatic changesBiodiversityBiodiversitySeed Seed

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ConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusions

Being a highly decentralized process participatory plant breeding produces varieties which are:plant breeding produces varieties which are:

Different from country tocountryDifferent from village to village

i hiwithin a countryDifferent within the samevillagevillage

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ConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusions

One consequence of participation is an increased farmers’ awareness of the value of landraces andfarmers awareness of the value of landraces and wild relatives Iran: Hordeum spontaneum

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ConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusions

In addition to the Treaty we have another legal body that we can use to try removing a number ofbody that we can use to try removing a number of legal obstacles

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Thank youThank youThank youThank you

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