Landmine Detecting Robot part 1

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LANDMINE DETECTING ROBOT

SKNCOE, DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION – 2012-13

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION





1.1.INTRODUCTION

Metal detectors were first used for demining, after their invention by the Polish

officer JózefKosacki. His invention, known as the Polish mine detector, was

used by the Allies alongside mechanical methods, to clear the German mine

fields during the Second Battle of El Alamein when 500 units were shipped to

Field Marshal Montgomery's Eighth Army.

A land mine detection robot is needed to be designed to employ in peace

support operations and in the clearance of contaminated areas. The robot shall

be able to detect 90% of landmines (Anti-personnel mines and Anti-tank

mines) and mark the locations of the mines.

Anti-personnel are buried 10mm to 40mm beneath the soil and it requires

about 9 kg minimum pressures to detonate them; while an anti-tank mine

detonates when a pressure of 158 kg minimum is applied.

For the safety of the operator, the designed robot must be able to operate

remotely, moreover, must be equipped with wireless data transmitting





capabilities. The robot shall not detonate the mines while scanning the area and

marking the locations of the mines.In the detection of landmines, Robots can be used because of their easy cost,

easily serviced and maintained. The robot will not only find the landmine, but

also find the location of the landmine. And hence forth the landmine can be de-

mined or avoided easily. The robot will be light in weight and also can operate

on the rough terrain. Hence, for the detection of landmines , robot vehicles can be used effectively and efficiently.

1.1 MOTIVATION

The landmine crisis is globally alarming since there are 40-120 million

landmines worldwide today. Landmines injure/kill about 10,000 every year.

Governments are looking into this situation seriously since landmines are

claiming thelimbs and lives of civilians every day.

The below figure shows the determines the causalities due to landmines.





The landmine is eternally prepared to take victims. It is true that the forgotten

landmines are taking the lives of civilians every now and then. Thus, different

counties use different methods to deal with buried landmines which possess

potential danger to the lives of its own civilians. The most commonly used

methods are as followed.





1. Probing the ground ; For many years, the most sophisticated technology

used for locating landmines was probing the ground with a stick or bayonet. Soldiers are trained to poke the ground lightly with a bayonet and

search for buried mines.

2. Metal Detectors ; The detectors try to discover a buried mine by sensing

the metal components inside the mines.

3. The use of trained dogs and rats ; They are trained to sniff out vapors

coming from the explosive ingredients inside the landmine.

People will have to go in and still remove the landmine by hand with a prod.

Process is fraught with dangers and long-term viable demining methods are

needed.

The purpose of this project is to design a robot which is capable of detecting

buried land mines and marking their locations, while enabling the operator to

control the robot wirelessly from a distance. Robust detection of mines and

minefields over wide areas presents a significant challenge to both

humanitarian and tactical demining efforts. Ground-based methods are very

effective.





Fig 1.1:shows the traditional landmine demining methods

Hence the robot is very effective and efficient for detecting the buried landmine

which save the life and with the help of robot we can not only detect the landmine but

also can find the position of it. This is also simple and efficient.





CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY





2.1. INTRODUCTION

Landmines are easy-to-make, cheap and effective weapons that can be deployed

easily over large areas to prevent enemy movements. Mines are often laid in

groups, called mine fields, and are designed to prevent the enemy from passing

through a certain area, or sometimes to force an enemy through a particular area.

While more than 350 varieties of mines exist, they can be broken into two

categories, namely, anti-personnel mines and anti-tank mines.

Anti-personnel mines are designed to kill or injure enemy combatants. They are

usually buried 10mm to 40mm beneath the soil and it requires about 9 kg

minimum pressures to detonate them. The face diameter of most the anti-personal

mines ranges from 5.6cm to 13.3cm.





Fig 2.1:Antipersonnel Landmine





An anti-tank mine is a type of land mine designed to damage or destroy

vehicles including tank and armored fighting vehicles. An applied pressure of 158 kg minimum is required to detonate it; hence the footstep of a person won't

detonate them. Most anti-tank mines possess a larger face diameter compare to

anti-personal mines, usually around 33.7cm.

Fig 2.2: Anti-tank landmine





2.2. EXSITING SYSTEM

At the same time, landmine detection robots are created by various organizations

trying to solve the “forgotten landmines” problems. Wheeled robots are mainly

used to dodge around the possible mine buried spots, while some tracked robots

are designed to possess weight lighter than detonating pressure and then they roll

over the mines after marking the possible spots. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)

are also deployed to scan the mine fields. The most advanced carrying vehicle is a

walking robot with mechanical legs.

Different combinations of mine detecting unit and carrying vehicle are employed

with the aim of detecting all the mines in the desired direction and precisely pin-

pointing their locations, with efficiency.

The reliability on a landmine searching robot is highly dependent upon the

performance of the detector with respect to the landmines, whereas, the purpose of

the carrying vehicle is to provide the require pattern of movement in such a way

that the detector can do its job. A data processing unit is needed on board, to

process the input data from the operator and to send out output data to the specific

mechanism to perform the necessary function.





2.2.1: METAL DETECTOR:

For the past decade, landmines, both anti-personnel and anti-tank mines, are made

in metal casings. Therefore, the detection of landmine by using metal detectors is a

simple and workable method. However, nowadays, the mines manufacturers tend

to use as little metal as possible to redundant the use of metal detectors and so that

their landmines will serve their purpose.

Moreover, the metal detectors give out false signals upon sensing every presence

of metal pieces instead of only when detecting the real mine. In statistical

language, it can be said that 100 to 10,000 false signals are sent out before

detecting a real landmine.

Due to the above reasons, using a metal detector as a mine detector in the robot has

become an unfavourable option.





2.2.2.GROUND PENETRATION RADAR(GPR):

Another proposal to search for a buried mine is the use of ground penetrating radar

(GPR). This equipment detects the inconsistencies in the soil and tries to identify the

differences in the densities of the soil and a buried mine. This concept is theoretically

workable; however, it is not an absolute fool-proof system since natural

inconsistencies in the soil can trigger a false alarm. On-going researches are carried

out around the world in order to rectify the false alarms and to detect the buried mineswithout missing it.

Fig 2.2. Ground Penetration Radar





2.2.3: THERMAL IMAGEING:

The third concept comes with a simple physics theory. Each element or each

material has their own thermal properties, such as thermal conductivity, rate of

heat absorption and thermal radiation. A buried landmine comprises of different

materials from the surrounding soil and they will react to the surrounding heat in a

different manner from the soil. They will absorb the heat slower or faster than the

surrounding soil and they will release or radiate the contained heat slower or faster

than the surrounding soil. Therefore, at any point of time, the land mine will

possess slightly different temperature form the surrounding, due to the constantly

varying heat supply from day time and night time.

Fig 2.3: Thermal image of buried landmine





Therefore, thermal imaging Infra Red camera is the best option for this project.

They provide us with thermal images whose displays enable us to differentiate

objects with different temperature profiles. However, on the other hand, the prices

of the thermal imaging cameras are very expensive. Due to budget constraints, the

idea of employing and experimenting with the thermal imaging cameras is saved

for the next stage of this project. The same applies for GPR (ground penetration

radar) since the equipment is expensive and requires military clearance in order to

purchase one. Hence, even though metal detectors may seem inferior in

performance to thermal imaging cameras and GPR, they are the most suitable to be

used in the first stage of this venturing project.





CHAPTER 3

DESIGN AND DRAWING





3.1: BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 3.1: Block diagram

MICROCONT

ROLLER

DC MOTOR

DRIVER

MECHANICAL

ASSEMBLY

SENSOR

INPUT

LCD

DISPLAY





3.2 BLOCK DIGRAM DISCRIPTION

The Project consists of following blocks

1. Microcontroller.

2. LCD display.

3. Mine detector(sensor).

4. RF module.

5. Power sopply.

The description of above blocks is given as follows:

1. Microcontroller

A microcontroller (also microcontroller, MCU or microcomputer) is a small

computer on a single integrated circuit consisting internally of a relatively

simple CPU, clock, timer, I/O ports, and memory. Program memory in the

form of NOR flash or OPT RAM is also included on chip, as well as a typically

small amount of RAM.

Microcontroller is one of the key components of the project. It receives the

signal from the metal detector and RF module. When metal is detected the

LED will glow and logic 1 signal is sensed by microcontroller and LCD will





display the landmine is detected. The RF module will send signals to

microcontroller for controlling the robot.

2. LCD display

In our project, we use LCD for displaying the various ongoing operations.

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is preferred over the LED’s and the BCD’s

because of its efficiency and its effective use. It has low power consumption. It

is available in market easily and at a very cheap cost. It has uniform contrast

level and brightness control potentiometer provides us to select the appropriate

brightness. Due to its various advantages we have used 16X2 LCD display.

3. Mine detector(sensor)

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