land U~~.and the Biodiversity offrogs in Selected Br~~ding Sites in.Southeast Kansas

Submitted to:

Ken Brunson Non-CiameSpecies•.Progr;im Coordinator Kansas [)~partmentofWildl ife and Parks

512 SE 25th Ave: . Pratt,KS 67124:8174

Principal.lnvestigators: ~ '' ,, ' " ' ' " •' ' ' ' '

Lewis Anderson Dr. joseph Arn.lda

[)epartmer~t of.Biolqgy Pittsburg·State Universiti

Pittsburg, KS. 66762

November 1994

INTRODUCTION

Amphibians are among the oldest creatures on Earth, first appearing in the fossil record

350 million years ago. Today's frogs and toads have existed in their present morphological forms

for about 150 million years (Phillips 1990). Global environmental conditions have fluctuated

widely during this time period and amphibians have been successful in adapting to these

conditions. Human activities are now changing environmental conditions faster than many

organisms can adapt and there is strong evidence that amphibian populations are undergoing a

global decline as a result (Blaustein 1994a).

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, there was anecdotal evidence that amphibians were

not as numerous as they previously were. "Frog-Pickers" who harvest frogs for bio-medical

research and food were among the first to notice this phenomenon. In 1973, George Nace,

director of the amphibian facility at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, estimated that since

1963, the United States frog population had dropped by 50 percent (Anonymous 1973). In

1989, the first World Congress of Herpetology was held in Canterbury England and scientists

from around the globe attended (Baringa 1990). After some discussion it became apparent that

amphibian populations were undergoing drastic declines in many countries (Baringa 1990). After

this meeting, David Wake, director of Vertebrate Zoology at the University of California at

Berkely, organized a meeting which was held at Irvine, California in February 1990. This

meeting focused on declining amphibian populations and as a result of the sufficient evidence

presented, the World Conservation Union (Species Survival Commission) activated the Declining

Amphibian Populations Task Force to coordinate data and research from around the world

(Baringa 1990). The task force is encouraging new amphibian research, especially in regions

where such research has been lacking.

Southeast Kansas supports a greater diversity of anurans than the rest of the state,

1

probably due to climate, rainfall, and habitat. As many as 18 species and sub-species of frogs and

toads may occur in southeast Kansas and for many of these anurans, southeast Kansas is at the

edge of their distribution (Table 1) (Collins 1982, Johnson 1987, and Conant and Collins 1991).

Quantitative research efforts are lacking in southeast Kansas. Most of what is known

about anurans in southeast Kansas is qualitative information such as presence/absence of species

and some of this basic information is inadequate at present. For instance, in Bourbon County the

Spring Peeper Pseudacris crucifer crucifer has occurred in some aref!S of the Marmaton

River/Paint Creek/Pawnee Creek Basin for years (Anderson, personal observation) but is not

documented as existing in the county at all (Collins 1994).

Qualitative information exists in reports published by the Kansas Biological Survey (KBS)

containing records of amp~ibians for Cherokee County (Rundquist and Collins 1977). Element

occurrence records dating from 1910-1990, published by the KBS, document species occurrence

accounts in southeast Kansas for Rana areolata, Rana clamitans melanota, Rana pa/ustris,

Gastrophryne carolinensis, and Pseudacris crucifer crucifer (KBS 1994). This information, along

with information obtained from prior research funded by the Kansas Department of Wildlife and

Parks, invites a quantitative study.

Recent herpetological activities in southeast Kansas include a field trip to Cherokee

County held on 30 April and 1 May 1994 by the Kansas Herpetological Society (KHS) (KHS

1994). To the best of my knowledge, the only field work performed recently in southeast Kansas

consists of informal counts by herpetology enthusiasts and college students enrolled in

herpetology classes. The most recent newsletter published by the KHS listed species counts

performed from across the state. Counts from southeast Kansas consisted of seven from Bourbon

County by one of us (Anderson), one in Bourbon County by Chris Mammoliti, of the Kansas

Department of Wildlife and Parks (KDWP), and one in Cherokee County by members of KHS

2

Table 1. Potential species list for southeast Kansas (based on Conant and Collins 1991).

Scientific name

Acris· crepitans b.lanchardi Bufo americanus americanus Bufo americanus charlesmithi Bufo woodhousii fowleri Bufo woodhousii woodhousii Gastrophryne carolinensis Gastrophryne olivacea Hyla chrysoscelis Hyla versicolor Pseudacris crucifer crucifer Pseudacris triseriata triseriata Rana areolata circulosa Rana blairi Rana catesbeiana Rana clamitans melanota Rana palustris Rana utricularia utricularia Scaphiopus holbrookii hurterii

Common Name

Blanchard's Cricket Frog Eastern American Toad Dwarf American Toad Fowler's Toad Woodhouse's Toad Eastern Narrowmouth Toad Great Plains Narrowmouth Toad Cope's Gray Treefrog Eastern Gray Treefrog Northern Spring Peeper Western Chorus frog Northern Crawfish Frog Plains Leopard frog Bullfrog Green frog Pickerel Frog Southern Leopard frog Hurter's spadefoot

3

Current Position in Distribution

middle southwest ·- at edge northwest I central - at edge western edge - tip of SE KS eastern edge northwest edge - tip of SE KS northeast edge west I ·central app. west I central app. west I central - at south - southwest

130 miles 130 miles edge

middle of western corridor southeast I central - at edge middle I western southwest - tip of SE KS

from western edge from western edge

middle of western edge - tip of SE KS northwest Cherokee County - at extreme northern edge of range

during their field trip (KHS 1994).

Anurans require one habitat in which to live for most of the year and another habitat for

breeding and development through the tadpole stage. Both of these habitats may be influenced

by anthropogenic activity to varying degrees including complete destruction. Much of southeast

Kansas has been mined in the past and problems remain from this activity. Crawford County, and

many other areas of southeast Kansas, are experiencing new development in rural areas for

housing and commercial activities such as the new greyhound racing track just north of Pittsburg.

Pittsburg is also one of the five final contenders in Kansas for a new airplane manufacturing

facility. Government projects such as the reservoir on Bone Creek in Crawford County and the

proposed lake on Cedar Creek in Bourbon County will destroy prime habitat for anurans and

other wildlife. The Cedar Creek site is an area where the Spring Peeper now exists and this area

is in danger of being impacted if the Jake is approved. Impacts from agricultural runoff have not

been examined in this area of the state and logging is ongoing in southeast Kansas as there are

several sawmills and an undetermined number of commercial firewood distributors.

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

We propose to assess the potential impact of land use on the biodiversity of frogs in

selected breeding sites in southeast Kansas. Many difficult management decisions that affect

natural areas and the anurans that reside in them are being made now. These decisions are

certain to increase in number and complexity as human populations grow along with the

corresponding impacts on natural areas. As time goes by, increasing environmental degradation

is directly proportional to the level of urgency and importance of amphibian research. As

anthropogenic activities grow in magnitude, the ability to collect valuable and quality baseline

data diminishes. These relationships should be considered carefully while the luxury of doing

so is still a viable option.

4

In order to reach this goal successfully, certain objedives must be achieved: a group of

potential sites where breeding could occur must be identified, final sites must be seleded, land

use must be charaderized, data must be colleded, and data must be analyzed and interpreted.

PROJECT DESIGN AND DESCRIPTION

Identification of Potential Sites

The study area includes Bourbon, Crawford, Cherokee Counties. Labette, Neosho, and

Allen Counties may be included if the necessary number of sites cannot be acquired in the

former counties. Our goal is a list of some 12-20 potential sites to be used as a pool for final site

seledion.

Geomorphology varies within this region from a small area of Ozark Plateau in extreme

southeast Cherokee County, to the Cherokee Lowlands extending north and west which

transitions into the Osage Questas. This region is unique to the rest of Kansas in many respeds.

Bordering Missouri on the east, this region lies in an ecotone between eastern forests and prairies

to the west. Pockets of Oak-Hickory forest exist in many areas of the region, particularly in

northern Crawford County and in Bourbon County. Most of this forest area is along rivers such as

the Marmaton and its tributaries in Bourbon County. Southeast Kansas receives more rainfall than

most counties to the west. This combination of habitat and rainfall, along with a slightly milder

climate than the rest of Kansas, makes it possible for a diverse frog population to exist.

Potential sites already identified include breeding pools on property owned by V.E.

Anderson (my father) and on adjacent land owned by family friends. The~e sites are in Bourbon

County in an area that contains much desirable habitat for ariurans including mature forests,

brushy areas undergoing succession, grassy areas, ponds, ephemeral and perennial streams, and

numerous important vernal pools that the anurans utilize for breeding areas. These sites are in a

unique area of seven to ten squa~e miles with littleor no transeding public roads. This is unusual

5

in this part of the state and this isolation may contribute to its excellent frog diversity. Field

observations of these breeding areas have been made during the last two years (Anderson,

personal observation).

Cropland is abundant in southeast Kansas, the Hollister Wildlife Area, owned by KDWP,

contains some cropland and I know many people who are engaged in farming in southeast

Kansas. At Hollister Wildlife Area, which lies within one mile south of the Anderson land, a

cursory inspection was performed in May of 1994 and turned up many vernal pools containing

tadpoles. Many of these pools were at the ends of crop fields and may receive runoff from the

fields, the runoff may contain pesticides and KDWP keeps records of pesticide applications. One

vernal pool at Hollister lies just west of Pawnee Creek directly next to a road and at the north

end of a crop field and receives runoff from both (Anderson, personal observation).

Mined areas are abundant in southeast Kansas including some areas now owned by

KDWP and several areas owned by Pittsburg State University. One such area owned by the

University has been converted to a prairie and contains a wetland. Finding sites impacted by

mining may be facilitated by the large areas of publicly owned land available for access.

Potential site selection may be performed using a combination of methods. Ponds and

permanent wetlands may be found during most of the year using maps or by simply walking

around and searching visually. Vernal pools may be found after sufficient rainfall in low areas.

Many roadside ditches hold water for part of the spring and summer. During dry periods, one

can look for vegetation that is indicative of wet areas, Sedge and Rush are good indicators in

southeast Kansas. Sedge, for example, may be found in moist soil areas, if it is obviously the

dominant plant or if one sees a "patch" of Sedge, there is a good chance that there is a vernal

pool at that spot in the spring. If a vernal pool is present in the springtime, there may be frogs

breeding in it.

6

Non-breeding habitat must be must be available within the anuran's travel range from the

potential breeding sites. This facilitates a more valid comparison of the anuran data derived from

the different land use categories. When specific anurans are identified at a breeding pool, the

habitat available within their travel ranges may be mapped on a geographic information system

(GIS) and provide more insight into non-breeding habitat requirements.

Final Site Selection

Final selection of sites (location and number) will depend on which of two different

experimental designs are selected. One approach would be to select a wide range of sites with

variable land use around the sites and then to correlate dependent variables, such as number of

species, with land use characteristics. This approach would use regression to analyze the data.

The alternative approach would be to select fewer sites that have more clearly defined and

predominant land use (eg. mostly cropland versus wooded/rangeland). Data analysis would be

with analysis of variance (ANOVA). Dependent and independent variables for these two

approaches will be discussed in the data analysis section. The final number of sites will depend

on which experimental design we decide to select.

Characterization of Land Use

Examples of land use in southeast Kansas include urban, such as small towns and cities,

cropland, farmsteads, hayland, pasture & rangeland for cattle, lots for concentrated cattle or hog

feeding, roads and ditches, recently deforested areas, heavily forested areas, and strip-mined

areas in various stages of condition.

Aerial photos will be obtained and can be purchased through the ASCS or Soil

Conservation Service offices. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service has National Wetlands

Inventory Maps. Southeast Kansas wetlands maps are incomplete but some are available and will

be obtained. The wetland maps are designed to be used in conjunction with USGS 7.5' maps.

7

Preliminary mapping will include utilizing these sources when appropriate and by driving and/or

walking while annotating aerial photos.

The use of a geographic information system (GIS) to map ecological studies is becoming

more prevalent and standard. This technology combines cartography with relational databases

and analytical tools (Heyer et al. 1994). The use of GIS for mapping amphibian studies is in its

infancy, "We know of no specific examples of the use of a computer-based GIS combination

with inventories of amphibian populations or habitats or with data from programs for monitoring

species or sites to ascertain changes in biodiversity. We think that such applications will be

forthcoming. The GIS is particularly appropriate for such work" (Heyer et al.1994). At the 1993

meeting of the Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force USA Central Region Working

Group, Tony Krzysik detailed the use of GIS and statistics to assess the status of amphibian

populations (Saylor 1993). The Environmental Quality Laboratory at Pittsburg State University has

a GIS system and it will be used in this project for mapping site location and land use.

Data Collection

The frog biota of southeast Kansas has been identified through existing publications

(Collins 1982, Johnson 1987, and Conant and Collins 1991) that contain range descriptions and

some life history information. This information may be supplemented with field observations

conducted by Anderson, KHS members, KDWP personnel and prior research funded/conducted

by KDWP, K8S element occurrence records of threatened and endangered species sitings, and

records in university museums. Life history, ecology, and breeding and non-breeding habitat

requirement literature for anurans occurring in southeast Kansas is being reviewed. This

information is too voluminous to be presented in this proposal, but a partial bibliography is

attached.

Historically, the majority of anuran research has been descriptive in nature, with life

8

history, breeding habits, and physiology being examples of research topics. In many states, the

only information on frog populations comes from herpetology enthusiasts performing counts

employing a multitude of mostly informal methods (Aitig 1994). Although this type of qualitative

information is certainly valuable, its limitations must be acknowledged. Research that is;

quantitative represents extreme varieties of techniques. The research would have much more

value if only the data collected were comparable between studies. In order to alleviate this,

situation, the Smithsonian Institution along with the National Biological Survey, organized

leading Herpetologists and Amphibian Biologists (Heyer et al. 1994). Their goal was to

standardize methods so comparisons could be made across study sites as well as at individual

sites in both space and time; da~a collected using standardized methods is also comparable to

data collected using the same protocols in different biogeographic regions (Aitig 1994)~ The end

result of their efforts is a book entitled Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity Standard

Methods for Amphibians (Heyer et al. 1994). This book has been purchased and reviewed for

appropriate methods.

For this project, a combination of visual and aural sampling techniques at each study site

are appropriate for estimating the relative abundance and species composition of the ad4lt

anurans. Aural techniques involve listening to the calls of frogs as they participate in a breeding

chorus. Tape recordings should be made from one end of the breeding site to the other, walking

at a constant speed (Heyer et al. 1994). This method is useful for several reasons. For ex,ample,

one can replay the tape at leisure until an accurate count is derived, and spatial variations

between members of the same species and among species can be examined.

However, aural techniques alone are not sufficient for many studies including this one.

Aural counts will record only male anurans, not females. This is reason alone to supplement the

aural techniques with visual counting methods. Also, many frogs such as the Spring Peeper quit

9

calling when a person is trampling around nearby, conversely, a Bufo americanus americanus

will continue to call when it is picked up and held in one's hands. Another important reason to

conduct visual counts is the phenomenon of satellite males. Satellite males are generally smaller

than those active in a breeding choru.s, they position themselves a short distance.from a callir;lg

male and intercept females as they hone in on the calling male (Forester 1986). The s.exual :-

parasites using this behavior may experience reduced predation , expend less energy, and'

literally breed at the expense of another frog (Forester 1986). This behavior has been observed in

various species of Bufo, Hyla, Pseudacris, Rana, and Gastrophryne and some satellite males

have been observed switching to the calling mode during the same night or between nights

(Duellman and Trueb 1986).

A Visual Encounter Survey (YES) is another appropriate technique for inve11torying and ·~

monitoring studies (Heyer et al. 1994). "The YES is used to determine the species richn~ss of an

area, to compile a species list (species composition of an .assemblage), and to estimate relati.ve:

abundance of species within an assemblage" (Heyer et al. 1994). YES sampling encompasses

several alternative designs including randomized wal~, quadrat, and transect designs. The quadr.at

design is appropriate for this project as it is the most thorough m.ethod for sampling a spec!Jic

area. "A quadrat of given dimensions is established and systematically sampled by waiJ<ing '

parallel paths across the plot" (Heyer et al. 1994).

.,

For the juvenile anurans, several quantitative methods exist for sampling tappole . ,

populations. For this type of project, stratified transect sampling is one appropriate methqc:J, "

especially for vernal pools and .ponds. This method allows for a·variety of depths and ;,. .<, microhabitats to be sampled using dipnets or a quantitative sampling enclosure (Heyer eta!. .~-.

1994). The Smithsonian book presents numerous methodologies Jar statistical an:alysis of this ,\~

method as well as for adult populations (Heyer et al. 1994). Tadpoles p1ay i:JS!, ~s.erved for · .. ,

JD)) ~(CJ_§'IT~&_,WIT)! ) ~ \ j;, · >J 1 j ~ ,

10 1 ,. : ~NOV 2 8 1994 ., i j

anomalies such as deformed tails, and notochord/spinal chord defects that can be caused by

exposure to pesticide contaminants (Cooke 1981 and Elliot-Feeley 1982). The tadpoles are to be

released after a visual check for such anomalies. Pesticide application dates dictate which species

may be affected due to temporal variations of breeding congresses.

If permitted by KDWP, we would also like to remove a small number (perhaps one

dozen) eggs from each sample site during each sampling event. The eggs would be placed in a

glass aquarium containing water taken from the site at the same time the eggs are collected. The

eggs may then be observed for hatching success and any developmental abnormalities that may

arise. If this activity is undertaken, it would be essential for us to avoid collection of any eggs

posited by species on the threatened and endangered list. For example, "The Spring Peeper has

eggs that are posited singly on submerged plants near the bottom" (Oliver 1955). Eggs of other

species on the threatened and endangered list or species in need of conservation list may thus be

avoided by being able to identify them positively.

Sampling will start when the first anurans start breeding congresses in 1995. It i.s

anticipated that the Spring Peeper will be the first anuran observed in a chorus based on the

literature and field observations Uohnson 1987, Oliver 1955, and Anderson, personal

observation). In late winter of 1993, the Spring Peeper was the first frog observed calling at a

breeding site in Bourbon County. On 5 March 1994, 17 Spring Peepers and seven Western

Chorus frogs were observed calling at the same site (Anderson, personal observation and KHS

1994). Weather patterns, temperature, and rainfall will dictate the start of sampling.

Sampling frequency will be determined by the final number of sites selected. For

example, if three land use categories are used, there may be three sample sites under each

category for a total of nine sample sites. These nine sites would be sampled once during a two

week period. Sampling will continue as long as the anurans continue breeding congress activity,·

11

this will also be influenced by ambient temperatures, weather patterns, and rainfall. In 1995,

tadpole egression from breeding pools will be monitored for as long as it takes to occur or until

pools dry up. Factors influencing this time period include temperatures, weather patterns, rainfall,

predation, time required for development and metamorphosis (which varies among species), and

possible anthropogenic disturbances.

Data collected from adult anurans will consist of species lists and numbers of each

species obtained from each sample site that may be used to calculate richness, evenness,

diversity, and relative abundance. Data collected from tadpoles may include abundance, density,

percent of tadpoles displaying anomalies, type of anomalies found, and percent of each type of

anomaly displayed. Data collected from egg quality may include percent surviving to hatching,

percent displaying developmental abnormalities/anomalies, and type of developmental

abnormalities/anomalies displayed.

Environmental data collected at breeding sites will include water temperature, pH,

dissolved oxygen, breeding pool area, depth, ambient air temperature, humidity, barometric

pressure, and soil temperature.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

Statistical analysis will depend on which experimental design is selected.

One approach selects a wide range of sites with variable land use around the sites. Dependent

variables such as number of species, relative abundance, tadpole data, and egg quality data (if

allowed), and independent variables such as land use (area and classification), and presence of

riparian corridors may be correlated. This· data would then be subjected to regression analysis.

The alternative approach of selecting fewer sites that have more clearly defined land use

categories would use dependent variables such as numbers of species, relative abundance,

site classification such as dominant land use and potential for impact (regardless of land use), and

riparian corridor. This data would be subjected to analysis of variance (AN OVA).

Information derived from this project may contribute incidentally towards identifying

critical habitat for frogs, including frogs on the Kansas threatened and endangered species list

such as the Spring Peeper. This project has the potential to identify problems that are not obvious

through infrequent species counts. This project may provide valuable baseline data to gauge

future changes against and with the increasing level of human activity in southeast Kansas, it

becomes even more important for this information to exist.

BUDGET AND IUSTIFICATION

The budget (Table 2) contains four categories: salaries, travel, supplies, and

miscellaneous. Under salaries, Dr. Arruda will be responsible, as a PSU contribution, for

supervision and reporting. Salaries are requested to support Mr. Anderson during the field and

data analysis phases of the project and for an undergraduate student hourly worker to help with

various· aspects of the project, including field work and egg monitoring.

Travel will be a major portion of this project, involving frequent visits to the field sites.

While we will try to select sites as close as possible to campus, the best sites are at a distance.

We used an average round trip of 100 miles, with four trips per week over the field

season (16 weeks), plus another 500 miles involved in site selection.

Supplies are requested to support needed aspects of the project. The tape recorder

is for the aural censusing, the barometer, sling psychrometer, soil thermometer, and pH

meter are for environmental measurements, the headlamp is for working in the dark in a

nonintrusive fashion, the aquarium supplies are for monitoring eggs, the sampler for

censusing tadpoles, the tape for assessing site characteristics, and the photos and maps

13

Table 2. Proposed budget.

CAT ITEM KDWP PSU TOTAL ========= ================================= ========== ========== ========== PERSONNEL Dr. Joseph Arruda

1/95-5/95 ($3,814/mo x 0.05 time) 9/95-12/95 ($3,928/mo x 0.05 time)

fringes (30%)

$0.00 $0.00 $0.00

$0.00 ==========

Graduate Student ($600/mo @ 12) Student Hourly (100 hrs @ $5) fringe (2. 0%)

$7,200.00 $500.00 $154.00

$7,854.00 ==========

Total Salaries and Fringe $7,854.00 Indirect Costs (45.9%) PSU absorb Indirect Costs (45.9%)

$7,854.00 ========= ================================= ========== TRAVEL 6,900 miles @ $0.28/mile $1,932.00 ========= ================================= ========== SUPPLIES tape recorder/external microphone

barometer · soil thermometer pH meter sling psychrometer night vision lamp aquarium supplies tadpole sampler 100 meter tape aerial photos (57 @ $1) NWI 7.5 minute maps (50® $3.50) Miscellaneous (paper, pens, film,

notebook, thermometer, tapes)

$95.00 $79.00 $16.00 $49.50 $81.95

$134.55 $100.00 $37.00 $81.95 $57.00

$175.00

$500.00

$953.50 $953.50 $785.60 $785.60 $521.73 $521.73

---------- ----------$2,260.83 $2,260.83

========== ========== $0.00 $7,200.00 $0.00 $500.00 $0.00 $154.00

---------- ----------$0.00 $7,854.00

========== ========== $2,260.83 $10,114.83 $3,604.99 $3,604.99 $1,037.72 $1,037.72

---------- ----------$6,903.54 $14,757.54

========== ========== $0.00 $1,932.00

========== ========== $0.00 $95.00 $0.00 $79.00 $0.00 $16.00 $0.00 $49.50 $0.00 $81.95 $0.00 $134.55 $0.00 $100.00 $0.00 $37.00 $0.00 $81.95 $0.00 $57.00 $0.00 $175.00

$0.00 $500.00

$1,406.95 $0.00 $1,406.95 ========= ================================= ========== ========== ========== MISC Office, mail, phone, copy, etc. $500.00 $0.00 $500.00 ========= ================================= ========== ========== ==========

TOTAL = $11,692.95 $6,903.54 $18,596.49 ================================= ========== ========== ==========

NOV 2 8 1994

14

for site selection.

A miscellaneous subcategory supports things like waterproof paper for field use, tapes,

film, and the like. The miscellaneous category supports office supplies, phone, mail, and so on.

We would accept partial funding for this project; however, the scope and depth of the project

would need to be revisited.

QUAL! FICA TIONS

Joseph A. Arruda Ph.D., Associate Professor of Biology at Pittsburg State University,

received a B.S. in Marine Biology from Southeastern Massachusetts University in 1972 and an

M.S. (1976) and Ph.D. (1980) in Biology from Kansas State University. Dr. Arruda was employed

by the Kansas Department of Health and Environment for five years. Duties included designing

and implementing water quality studies and administration of environmental quality law. Dr.

Arruda came to Pittsburg State University in 1988 where he _is now an Associate Professor of

Biology. Courses taught include Zoology, Environmental Conservation, Environmental Health,

Environmental Protection, Field Ecological Assessment, Limnology, Stream Ecology, Geographic

Information Systems (GIS), and Biometry. Dr. Arruda's research interests include aquatic

macroinvertebrates, effects of land use on water quality, and predictingwater quality using

computer modeling.

Lewis R. Anderson received an A.S. from Butler County Community College in 1991 and

a B.S. in Biology with an emphasis in Environmental Management in 1994 from Pittsburg State

University. Current status is Graduate Assistant at Pittsburg State University teaching two Zoology

laboratories to undergraduates. Coursework taken pertaining to aspects of aquatic biology

includes Stream Monitoring in Crawford County, Stream Ecology, Ichthyology, and Herpetology.

Field classes completed include Ichthyology, Herpetology, and Plant Taxonomy. Field Ecological

Assessment is being taken at this time. Research topic for undergraduate seminar was declining

15

amphibian populations.

Field experience as an undergraduate includes stream monitoring in Crawford County in

the spring of 1992, assisting graduate student George Thornton in his field work on the Gray Bat

during the summer of 1992, and assisting graduate student Todd Campbell in preliminary land

use mapping and in collection of two data sets for his thesis on predominant land use and water

quality in two southeast Kansas watersheds.

Field experience as a graduate includes employment for KDWP Environmental Services

Section during the summer of 1994 as a member of the "Stream Team", which carried out the

fieldwork for the R-EMAP project funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.

Valuable field experience was obtained over the course of the summer in collecting scientific

data utilizing standardized sampling techniques.

Membership in the Cousteau Society has been maintained since 1990 and membership in

the Kansas Herpetological Society was established in March of.1994.

16

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Altig, Dr. Ron. 1994. Personal communication.

Anonymous. 1973. Where Have all the Frogs Gone? Modern Medicine. 12 November 1973. 20-24.

Arruda, Dr. Joseph A. 1992-1994. Personal communication.

Baker, James L. Year unknown. Agricultural Areas as Nonpoint Sources of Pollution. Publication unknown. 275-310.

Baringa, Marcia. 1990. Where Have All the Froggies Gone? Science. 2 March 1990. 247: 1033-1034.

Beebee, Trevor J.C. 1985. Discriminant Analysis of Amphibian Habitat Determinants in South­East England. Amphibia-Reptilia. 1985. 6: 35-43.

Birdsall, Charles W., et al.1986. Lead Concentrations in Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana and Green Frog Rana clamitans Tadpoles Inhabiting Highway Drainages. Environmental Pollution (Series A}. 1986. 40: 233-247.

Blaustein Dr. Andrew R. 1994a. Personal communication.

Blaustein Dr. Andrew R. 1994b. UV Repair and Resistance to Solar UV-B in Amphibian Eggs: A Link to Population Declines? Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. USA. March 1994. 91:1791-1795.

Carey, Andrew B. 1990. Wildlife-Habitat Relationships: Sampling Procedures for Pacific Northwest Vertebrates. Sampling Methods for Terrestrial Amphibians and Reptiles. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-256. 1990.

Collins, joseph T. 1982. Amphibians and Reptiles in Kansas. University of Kansas Publications. 1982. 43-96.

Collins, Joseph T. 1994. Personal communication.

Conant, Roger and Collins, joseph T. 1991. Reptiles and Amphibians Eastern/Central North America. Houghton Mifflin Company. 1991. Maps 272-333.

Cooke , A.S. 1981. Tadpoles as Indicators of Harmful Levels of Pollution in the Field. Environmental Pollution (Series A}. 1981. 25: 123-133.

Cartwright, S.A. and Nelson, C.E. 1990. An Examination of Multiple Factors Affecting Community Structure in an Aquatic Amphibian Community. Oecologia 1990. 83: (1}. 123-131.

Dubois, Alain. 1990. Declining Amphibian Populations- a Global Phenomenon. Unpublished.

17

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