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Land Rights and Poverty Alleviation

by Sheikh Salauddin

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Reviewing laws relating to Khas landdistribution

by Sheikh Salauddin

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Poverty remains an unending problem for Bangladesh. There are many reasons, direct or indirect, behind it. Land rights and land management are matters that have direct link with poverty situation in Bangladesh. The land administration system of the country is not only complex and inefficient but also corrupt to a large extent. This is adding to the suffer-ings of the poor people. So, it has become imperative to review and amend the existing land laws on an urgent basis.

Keeping this view in mind Bangladesh Legal Aid and Services Trust (BLAST), committed to realising the rights of the poor, organised a seminar and networking meeting on 17th February 2005. Two keynote papers were presented in the meeting. Professor Abul Barakat of Dhaka University presented a paper about “The share of the poor in the Khas land of Bangladesh; problems and proposals for overcoming those.” [Òevsjv‡‡ki Lvm Rwg Rjvq wi ª gvby‡li wnmv: mgmv I DËi‡Yi Dcvq ms�vš— cÖ —vebvÓ] and discussed the challenges that impede the share of the poor on the land and water and the ways to overcome them. Sheikh Salauddin of PIL and Advocacy Cell of BLAST presented the other paper which focused on the amendments and new provisions that can be brought into effect to make the land laws and present regulatory system more poor friendly.

The present publication incorporates both papers and a summary of the discussion of the networking meeting. The publication is expected to help understand our land problems and land rights and their relation with poverty alleviation.

PREFACE

Taslimur RahmanExecutive Director, BLAST

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Introduction

Poverty has become a chronic problem for Bangladesh. Povertyoriginates from the unjust nature of social order and fromeconomic and political inequality within the society. So toreduce and alleviate poverty we must address the issues as wellas change and reform the system, law and policy that deprive

poor, especially landless2 poor.

Land is the most significant source of survival, most importantnatural asset and is central to the majority population for itslivelihood. More than 70 % population of this country aredirectly related with agricultural production. But, more than

half of the population of the country is landless poor and alsomajority of the people do not possess any land. But it is truethat 80% of the land is owned by only 10 % of the totalpopulation mostly by bureaucrats, politicians, social elites andinfluentials.

Since the independence of Bangladesh the population has

increased from 75 Million to 140 Million but cultivable landdecreased due to industrialization and urbanization. HoweverBangladesh’s economy still depends on its land and most of therural people are reliant on the land to earn their subsistence.More than 80% people live in the rural areas of Bangladeshwhose main occupation and means of livelihood is agriculture.According to the Non- Government sources the number of

landless people in Bangladesh are more than 68%. As long asthe number of landless continues to grow, Bangladesh’seconomy will remain fragile and the majority of its people will

remain in poverty.3

The percentage of landless people over the last few decades areas follows:Moreover 10% of the household owns 50% of the cultivableland and 33% of the rural households are without cultivable

land.4 It is worth noting that 10% absentee land owners own

50.6% of the total cultivable land 5 and 45% of the landlessand poor marginalized peasants in the rural areas own only5% of the total cultivable land of Bangladesh and receives10% needed credit from institutional sources, while 22% ofthe rich and middle farmers of rural areas of Bangladesh own

71% of the total land and receive 31% institutional credit.6

Over 50 % of the total households of the country are landless

while only 6.2 % families own 40 % of the total land.7

There are more than 10 million bighas8 of distributable khas

land9 in our country and is potentially available to be claimedfor cultivation by those with no land and the number of

landless10 poor families is around 10 million also. A properkhas land management system will undoubtedly ensure the

fortune of these poor landless families.11 It can be said thatproper distribution of khas resources to the landless poor can bethe best means for reduction of poverty in Bangladesh and fornational development.

There are many land laws in Bangladesh that relates to thepoor. The law regarding alluvion and dilluvion, the non-agricultural use of land, the distribution of khas land and itsuse, recovery of land from the person who owns more thanceiling limit or from illegal possession both in urban and ruralareas and many other things are related to the poverty ofBangladesh. Land rights and land management have directrelation with poverty situation in Bangladesh. The landadministration system in Bangladesh is corrupt, inefficient,unreliable and also contains systematic weaknesses anddysfunctional elements that intensified suffering and thepoverty rate among the poor people. The marginal farmers andthe sharecroppers have the legal rights on papers, but theserights can neither be exercised nor be enforced. The poverty of

LLaanndd RRiigghhttss aanndd PPoovveerrttyy AAlllleevviiaattiioonnSheikh Salauddin

Year 1947 1970 1975 1984 2001 Percentage 14.3 19.8 32 46 68.8

05

the marginal farmers is further aggravated by the land lawsand policies that are basically anti poor. Equality before lawis recognized on paper, but in practice it is against the poordue to discriminatory legal and administrative system.

Obligation of the state towards povertyreductionCCoonnssttiittuuttiioonnaall oobblliiggaattiioonn::According to Article-11 of the Constitution of Bangladesh thegovernment must proceed to ensure a democratic societywhere fundamental human rights and freedom and respectfor the dignity and worth of the human person shall beguaranteed. It is the responsibility of the State to attain,through planned economic growth, a constant increase ofproductive forces and a steady improvement of standard ofliving of the people, with a view to securing to its citizensright. Article 32 ensures “Right to Life” for every citizen of thecountry. The government has many obligations towards thepeople and must act rapidly and systematically to reduce thepoor peoples suffering to ensure their right to life.

The government must provide an environment where thefollowing can be exercised:Basic necessities of life, including food, clothing, shelter,education and medical care [Article- 15(a) of theConstitution]The right to work, that is the right to guaranteedemployment at a reasonable wage having regard to thequantity and quality of work [Article- 15 (b)of theConstitution]The right to reasonable rest, recreation and leisure; [Article-15(c) of the Constitution] and

The right to social security, that is to say, to public assistancein cases of undeserved want arising from unemployment,illness or disablement, or suffered by widows or orphans orin old age, or in other such cases. [Article- 15(d) of theConstitution]OObblliiggaattiioonnss uunnddeerr IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall IInnssttrruummeennttss::

Right to life and right to food are the most basic fundamentalrights that should be ensured by the government. TheUniversal Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger andMalnutrition 1974 is based on the principle that, “Every man,woman and child has the inalienable right to be free fromhunger and malnutrition.” Universal Declaration of HumanRights (UDHR) binds its signatory countries to provide Rightto Life (article- 3) and Right to work (article- 23) for itscitizens. The International Covenant on Civil and PoliticalRights (ICCPR) also ensures rights to life for the citizens of thesignatory states. The International Covenant on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) declares that “the statesto the present covenant recognize the right of everyone to anadequate standard of living for himself and his family...”

HHiissttoorryy ooff llaanndd llaawwss rreellaattiinngg ttoo KKhhaass llaanndd::1122

Since the ancient time13 the laws regarding land did notchange very much except in the payment of the share of theproduce to the king or his representatives and the king’s rightto distribute unused lands to others without disturbing theexisting possessions of cultivators.

During the British period the government could lease out thekhas lands on fixed revenue to others. The lessees of suchlands could themselves cultivate the same or get the samecultivated through bargadars (sharecroppers) who had norights to the land beyond getting half of the produced.

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On 12 August 1765, the East India Companywas granted Diwan rights by the Mughal

Emperor14 and on 22 March 1793,LordCharles Cornwallis, Governor General of theCompany, declared Decennial Settlementthat made ‘Zamindars’ and ‘Talukdars’permanent proprietors of the land undertheir respective control. Landlords wereallowed to own their property subject toregular payment of revenue to thegovernment. Their right was made bothheritable and transferable.

Subsequently Regulation No. 17 of 1793 wasenacted, that provided, on the failure of theraiyats to pay increased rent, all theirmovables, including standing crops wasmade liable to attachment and sale by thelandlords without the intervention of thecourt. Revenue-free lands known as‘Lakhiraj’ were partly recognised under thebadshahi and non-badshahi lakhirajRegulation of 1793. The governmentreserved the right to settle lands outside thearea of permanent settlement that weretreated as khas mahal.

To protect the interest of raiyats the Britishgovernment enacted the Rent Act of 1859(Act X of 1859) that provided that a raiyatpossessing any land continuously for 12years or more shall acquire occupancy rightin that land and shall not be evictedtherefrom if he paid the rent for that land.But that provision was not applicable toannual tenants cultivating khas lands ofzamindars, talukdars and occupancy raiyats.

The Survey Act of 1875 was enacted todetermine the boundary of a village and toprepare a Mouza or village map showingtherein every plot of land with its area andto record the name of the tenant and thesuperior landlord, the nature of tenancy,share, possession, revenue, or rent payablefor the same.

Demand for abolition of the ‘Zamindari’system led the formation of the Land

Revenue Commission15 with Francis Floudas its chairman in 1939 that submitted itsreport in 1940 recommending acquisition bythe government of all rent receivinginterests. Its recommendations led to thepassage of the East Bengal State Acquisitionand Tenancy Act of 1950 that abolished the‘Zamindari’ system and also provided foracquisition of all rent receiving interests inland and acquisition of Khas lands in excessof 100 bighas from each family (LandCeiling system),

When the ceiling of land to be retained by afamily was increased from 100 bighas to 375bighas during the Martial Law rule ofPakistan, the number of landless peasantsincreased. But immediately after theIndependence, the government ofBangladesh exempted peasants from payingrent of agricultural lands up to 25 Bighas perfamily, reduced the ceiling of land per familyagain up to 100 bighas, and provided forvesting the excess land in the governmentfor distribution along with other governmentkhas lands to landless peasants

The Land Reforms Ordinance 1984 fixed theceiling of acquiring agricultural land perfamily up to 60 bighas henceforth bypurchase, inheritance, gift, or any othermanner. This law also prohibited purchasingof agricultural land by any person inAbsentee16 This law also debarred the courtor any other authority from attaching,forfeiting or selling any homestead land ofan agriculturist and from dispossessing orevicting him/her from such land.

The Land ReformsOrdinance 1984

fixed the ceiling ofacquiring

agricultural landper family up to

60 bighashenceforth by

purchase,inheritance, gift,

or any othermanner. This law

also prohibitedpurchasing of

agricultural landby any person in

Absentee. This lawalso debarred the

court or any otherauthority from

attaching,forfeiting or

selling anyhomestead land of

an agriculturistand from

dispossessing orevicting him/herfrom such land.

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LLaanndd AAddmmiinniissttrraattiioonn::

After the emergence of Bangladesh as a sovereign state in1971, the Revenue Department of the provincial governmentof East Pakistan was given the status of a full-fledgedMinistry. The Ministry of Land Administration and LandReforms was concerned mainly with policy decisions. It wasalso given the responsibility of administration of landacquisition proceedings, management of ‘enemy property’,and looking into multifarious revenue matters but landrevenue work of various types, including settlement of khasland, could not be intensively supervised. Supervision of thework of land reforms and inter-state boundary demarcationwork also suffered a serious setback.

A new body, the Board of Land Administration, establishedunder the Board of Land Administration Act 1980 (Act XIII of1981) was entrusted with the functions of deciding allstatutory appeals, supervising land administration offices inthe field, and advising the government on policy matters. It

was also empowered to deal with amongst other settlementof Khas land, management and supervision of vestedproperties (lands and buildings), management and disposalof abandoned properties, and management and disposal ofproperties involved in exchange cases by migrants.

Based on the decision of the National Land Reforms Council,a separate body, namely, the Land Reforms Board, was set upat the national level under the Land Reforms Board Act 1989(Act XXIII of 1989). Under Section 5 of the Land ReformsBoard Act 1989, the board may perform such functions anddischarge such duties in respect of land reforms and landmanagement as the government may entrust to it. Theprimary function of the board is to supervise the functioningof the field offices and the implementation of land reformsmeasures. This involves settlement of agricultural khas landto the landless peasants.

Subsequently, ‘National Executive Committee forAdministration of Agriculture Khas Land’ was formed to takedecisions on policies of Khas land distribution and monitorthe progress. In the district level, ‘District Agriculture KhasLand Distribution and Administration Committee’ wasformed headed by the Deputy Commissioner of the respectivedistrict and ‘Thana Agriculture Khas Land Distribution andAdministration Committee’ was formed with the TNO in thechair to allocate the Khas land to the landless according to thepolicy.

PPrreesseenntt llaanndd llaawwss aanndd ppoolliicciieess rreellaattiinngg ttoo KKhhaass llaanndd::

Since the independance of Bangladesh the govenment hasenacted many laws and policies regarding land but the laws,supporting regulations and policies are complicated and notpro-poor. The government of Bangladesh has imposedceilings on land ownership to redistribute land from holdingsabove a certain “ceiling” to the landless or those withholdings below an efficient farm size and also distributingremaining Khas lands among the landless and poorhouseholds. Those efforts could not be successful due to theabsence of an updated, systematic and universally acceptedsource of information on land resource availability and landrights and also for corruption, lack of political will etc.

LLaanndd CCeeiilliinngg::

According to State Acquisition and Tenancy Act 1950, the landceiling per family was fixed at 33.3 acres (100 Bighas), whichwas revised and raised to 125 acres (375 Bighas) in 1959.After the independence of Bangladesh the new governmentquickly adopted land legislation in 1972 under which the landceiling was brought down again from 125 acres to 33.3 acresand also exempted of land taxes for families owning less than4 acres. Again through Land Reform Ordinance 1984 the landceiling was reduced to 60 bighas. But significant number ofland could not be recovered because local and national landadministration and wider legal and political bodies wereoften tightly under the grip of the landowning classes.Ironically very insignificant portion of cultivable land (nearly1%) could be redistributed by these ceiling acts.

The land ceiling should be further lowered considering theincrease of population, scarcity of land and need fordistributive justice. If ceiling is lowered to 30-35 bighas foreach family and if there is strong political and administrationwill on the part of the government, the Ceiling surplus landcan be distributed amongst the poor; then it could be a veryeffective vehicle for the reduction of poverty in Bangladesh

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AAlllluuvviiaann DDiilluuvviiaann LLaanndd llaawwss::

According to section 86 of the The East Bengal State Acquisitionand Tenancy Act (EBSATA) 1950 if land is lost due to rivererosion, it can be given back to the original owner but on theconditions that resurfacing of the land must occur within 20years and in such cases the original owner may get the landback by paying rent as settled by the revenue officer and Theoriginal owner must not posses land upward of 375 bighas.

After the independence of Bangladesh, through the PresidentialOrder of 1972 (Order 135/137) some amendments were madeon State Acquisition and Tenancy Act, 1950. By 1972 all alluvianland was brought under khas possession. Right and title ofdilluviated land of original owner was abolished. Thetransformation of Shikasty land also proved beneficial becauseit provided a legal deterrent to the violent practices of jotdarswho sought to establish claims ownership on all newly risenland in their area of influence.

The Alluvion and Diluvion Land Laws were again changed on13th July 1994 by the P.O. Order No. 15/1994. The salientfeatures of this order are:

If the Shikasty land reappears within 30 years then it will bebrought under possession of original owner.

The land owner has to apply for exemption of revenue andcollect receipt

Land ceiling for the original owner to get Shikasty land limitsto 60 BighasIf the Shikasty land reappears after 30 years the land will bebrought under the Possession of Government

If the char is formed artificially and not naturally, governmentwill enjoy absolute ownership of the land

Newly appeared Charland will be brought under theGovernment.

The Right and title of dilluviated land for the landless wasabolished by the Act of 1994. Moreover under the Act of 1950and 1994 it is very much problematic to get back the dilluvianland because of corruption and problems in identifying newlyalluvion land, survey and report etc. The powerful andinfluencial persons of the area take over the land by sheermuscle power, violence in the name of possessing Chars is oftenheard.

The amendment of existing alluvion and diluvion land laws canshow light to the landless people. Landless poor can establishtheir rights on khas land of the char areas; its impact will berevolutionary in the way of poverty alleviation in the country. If

existing char lands17 of the country could be distributed amongthe landless then the problems related to land can be solved tosome extent.

KKhhaass llaanndd ((AAggrriiccuullttuurree)) DDiissttrriibbuuttiioonn PPoolliiccyy::

In this poverty stricken country the government identifiedespecially the landless and labourers as a priority group forreceiving land. The main component of these reform measureshas involved in the distribution of Khas land. In 1987Bangladesh’s Land Ministry launched the Land Reforms ActionProgramme, an initiative to distribute Khas and unoccupiedstate owned land to landless families.18 On 1st July 1987 thegovernment adopted the “Policy for Distributing Khas LandAmong the Landless”. If distribution of Khas land becomessuccessful then following progressed could be achieved,

Equal distribution of land and income,Maximum output from the landProvide work for landless and give life to rural economyStop people from migration to city and make the villageenvironment live worthy.

During the allocation of Khas land the following persons willhave priority:

Any family that became landless by river erosion.Family of martyr or wounded freedom fighter that has an ableman who involves in agricultural workWidow or single woman who has an adult boy.

Although the policies provide provisions for the landless, theseexclude many from their rights, as there were no provisions fornever married poor women, widow with daughter and widowwith no issue.

The major problems of distribution of Khas land amonglandless and other poor people are:

Political influence

Corruption

Poor are helpless against their powerful counterpart.

No administrative help in the matter of retaining possessionand conducting litigation.

Anti- poor and unjust land laws and land policies.

Very critical land survey and settlement system.

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KKhhaass llaanndd ((NNoonn-AAggrriiccuullttuurree))DDiissttrriibbuuttiioonn PPoolliiccyy::

Although a policy for distribution ofAgricultural Khas land was formulatedin 1987, there was no policy for Non-agricultural Khas land. That is whygovernment adopted the Policy forDistribution and Administration of Non-Agricultural Khas Land on March 8,1995.. This policy has defined the Non-agricultural Khas land as follows:

Non-agriculture Khas land shallinclude the land of,4 metropolitan area,Every municipality areaEvery thana sadar,All agricultural land inside the abovementioned areaAny land outside the above mentionedareas that are not agriculture land.

Section- 3(d) of the policy providesvery little access of poor to the Non-agriculture Khas land. It only allowsthe land to be distributed among thefamily who have become destitute bynatural disaster or any family legallyresettled by the government.

It was specified by section-7 of the LandReform Ordinance 1984 that thegovernment shall give preference to thelandless farmers and labourers duringallotment of Non-agriculture Khasland. But the policy of 95 did notconsider the landless farmers andlabourers for the allotment of Non-Agricultural Khas land. Again theexisting provision of the policy shouldbe revised and arrangement should bemade for the settlement of the urbanpoor in the non-agricultural Khas landand their tenure rights should beensured. The urban poor have greatcontribution in development of the cityas well as country.

EEnneemmyy pprrooppeerrttyy lleeggiissllaattiioonn::

Enemy Property Act made every Hindusof Bangladesh suffer. Although this actwas repealed by the Awami leaguegovernment, it could not beimplemented due to lack of political willand some technical mistakes. Apartfrom Hindus, land encroachmentvictims also included 31 other ethnicminority groups that comprise 12 % ofthe country’s 140 million population.19

GGoovveerrnnmmeenntt’’ss wwrroonngg ppoolliiccyy::

Sometimes government’s wrong policycan devastate the life of the people.About two and half decades ago thegovernment attempted to settle theBengali landless people into theChittagong Hill Tracts which led to acostly prolonged conflict with ethnicminorities that cost us thousands of life.

GGoovveerrnnmmeenntt’’ss aannttii- ppoooorr llaawwss::

All the Land laws were enacted duringthe British period and immediatelyafter that. Lack of reform and lack oftime to time amendment have madethose laws anti-poor. All the specificlaws must be amended, especiallyRegistration Act, Transfer of PropertyAct, Specific Relief Act etc. RegistrationAct allows register deeds without anyverification. This rule encourages falsedeed against the poor and real owners.One can surprisingly sell any land evenseveral times without owning it at all.Existing rules should be changed so thatnone but real owner sell his land. Alltransfer would be effective from thedate of registration, not from the dateof execution.

Recently government is trying to enact

another law20 to recover thedispossessed land. Under this law theoffender will be punished with 5 yearsimprisonment or 1 (one) lakh Taka

fine or both. If the law is implementedthen it might become a black law asbecause it might be used against thelandless people living in thegovernment Khas land and as usualthe influential land grabbers will getloose through the loop holes of thelaw.LLaanndd rreeffoorrmm:: PPrrooppoosseedd cchhaannggeess iinn tthheellaanndd llaawwss aanndd llaanndd aaddmmiinniissttrraattiioonnssyysstteemm

LLaanndd RReeffoorrmm::In order to enhance and sustain theproductivity of land and reduction ofpoverty there should be meaningfulland reform taking into considerationkhas land, absentee land ownership,land ceiling, etc. The effectivedistribution of Khas land will createenormous employment opportunities,reduce rural-urban migration andoverall reduce poverty rate. The keyfocus should be on reform of landadministration specially improving theefficiency of reform programmes inkhas land distribution, water rights,

forest rights and land-use policy. 21

Land Reform must address22:Distribution of Khas land among thelandless poor.Involvement of NGOs and localgovernments in the identification ofkhas land for redistribution to thelandless. Changes in laws to empower women toinherit land.Customary rights of indigenous peopleshould be clearly spelt in land laws.Current system of lease to highestbidder should be discontinued andlease should be granted to those whodepend on the water bodies for theirlivelihoods.Special court to resolve land litigationquickly.Empower local government to resolveland related disputes locally.

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Regarding poverty alleviation some anti-poor sections of land laws must beamended and reviewed, and some newsystems must be introduced. Expectedreforms in Alluvion and Dilluvion landlaws, Land Ceiling systems, Khas land(agriculture and non-agriculture)distribution have already beendiscussed; the following are the otherchanges that can be made:

Reform in the judicial process

Introduce ADR (Alternative DisputeResolution),

Reshuffle the Khas land distributioncommittee.

Coordination among different landoffices.

Translate the law in to easy Bangla.

Introduce easy tax payment system.

RReeffoorrmm iinn tthhee jjuuddiicciiaall pprroocceessss: Judicialprocess must be people friendly. Atpresent around 9.5 lakh of civil suits arepending with different courts of thecountry, among which around 80 per centare land related. A land related caserequires 9.5 year on an average to

settle.23

IInnttrroodduuccee AADDRR:: Alternative DisputeResolution (ADR) system should beintroduced in land conflict resolution toovercome the logjam in the courts andgive poor people justice.

RReesshhuuffffllee tthhee KKhhaass llaanndd ddiissttrriibbuuttiioonnccoommmmiitttteeee:: Khas land distribution hasbeen highly politicized as theParliamentarian has become the adviserof the distribution committee. The MPdecides everything and nominates thosewho support the ruling party. It should berevised.

CCoooorrddiinnaattiioonn aammoonngg ddiiffffeerreenntt llaannddooffffiicceess: There is no coordination of

various land-related offices e.g. UpazilaLand Office, Settlement and Survey andRegistration Department for verificationof the ownership of land. For that, anythug can surprisingly sell any land evenseveral times without owning it at all

TTrraannssllaattee tthhee llaaww iinn ttoo eeaassyy BBaannggllaa::Land-related laws should be translatedinto Bangla as most of the peopleinvolved in land disputes are poor anddo not understand English.

IInnttrroodduuccee eeaassyy ttaaxx ppaayymmeenntt ssyysstteemm::Immediately introduce tax payment bookfor five years for the land-owners underwhich every year owners will be able topay their taxes in banks with the book,and they won’t have to go to landadministration at the district level for five

years. 24

IInnssttaanncceess ooff KKhhaass llaanndd ggrraabbbbiinngg aanndd nneewwtthhrreeaattss::

Khas land grabbing all over the countryby powerful and influencials

Eviction in the name of shrimpcultivation

Eviction of Adibashi (Aborigin) in thename of Eco-park.

Grabbing the Buriganga River, Dhaka2255

CCoolllleeccttiivvee lleeggaall iinniittiiaattiivveess::

Every citizen has the right to enjoyfundamental rights guaranteed by theConstitution of Bangladesh. Article-32 ofthe Constitution has ensured ‘Right toLife’ for every citizen of Bangladesh.Right to life has been clearly defined inmany significant cases by the Hon’bleSupreme court of Bangladesh. The LegalAid organizations along with otherHuman Rights organizations are

constantly working for establishing rightto shelter for the urban poor and also fortheir permanent settlement. Alreadythrough legal battle, it has been ensuredthat no eviction can be made withoutrehabilitation and no eviction can becarried out without due process of law.26

Outside the urban areas theseorganizations are also trying their levelbest to ensure the rights of the landlesspoor. Recently a Writ Petition no.5194/2004 was moved by six NGOs-Nijera Kori, BLAST, ASK, BELA, SEHR,and ALRD before the High Court Divisionof the Supreme Court to stop eviction of40000 landless people form the remotechor areas of Noakhali. Recognizing therights of the landless poor the Hon’bleHigh Court ordered not to evict the poor

people and also not the harass them. 27

In December 2003, a series of violentincidents in the remote shoals of theMeghna river in Noakhali shook thenation. As reports started to pour in, itwas first conceived that the 300,000people, mostly landless peasants, inthese remote shoals or char land haverisen to challenge the bandits, who havelong exploited them with iron fists anddeprived them of the vast naturalresources. But soon the facts emerged.The systematic killing of nearly 40alleged robbers had nothing or little todo with a popular uprising. It was thelocal political leaders and vestedquarters operating from the capital whoallegedly instigated the killing in thename of cleansing the char lands ofrobbers,

It soon became clear why the elite citydwellers had eyed the char lands of sucha remote part of the country. The areapromised a huge prospect in shrimpcultivation. In May 2003, without anyassessment on social or environmental

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impact, the government had declared 11,955.59 acres of charland in Noakhali as shrimp cultivation zone. As soon as thedeclaration was made public, influential quarters rushed toevict the landless peasants and grab the land to establishshrimp cultivation compartments. The nation watched ashundreds of landless families, who had long lived in thosechars were evicted.

Just in those distressed days of the peasants of Noakhalichars, six Dhaka-based NGOs — BELA, SEHR, Nijera Kori,Ain-O-Salish Kendra, BLAST, and ALRD — moved to thehigh court and sought justice through W/P no: 5194/2004forthe landless. The high court immediately recognised therights of the landless and asked the government not to evictany peasants until they were fully rehabilitated. The case isalso under trial.

Recommendations:

AAppaarrtt ffrroomm rreeffoorrmmiinngg llaawwss tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg sstteeppss bbyy tthheeggoovveerrnnmmeenntt ccaann hheellpp tthhee llaannddlleessss ppoooorr ttoo mmaakkee tthhee ppoovveerrttyyhhiissttoorryy::

The poor people who are given the khas land should behelped financially and, technically.

The khas land of the various government organizations suchas WAPDA, Bangladesh Railway, etc. should be distributed tothe landless and there should be an uniform khas landdistribution policy of various government departments.

Conduct awareness programs to make the rural citizens’aware of the land-related laws and administration, such asland survey, registration, transfer and litigation.

Programme activities should be jointly undertaken by thegovernment in collaboration with NGOs and educationalinstitutions, such as secondary schools and colleges.28

Civil societies must act against the politicians, the bureaucrats& the vested interest groups who obstruct the adoption andimplementation of pro-poor land and agrarian reform inBangladesh.

TTeecchhnnoollooggiiccaall IInntteerrvveennttiioonn::

Modernize the Land Survey systemComputerize the Land Registration and Documentationsystem Establishing a data bank for Khas land, fallow land, acquiredland, char land, etc.

As many as 20,000 public ponds exist all over Bangladeshand if properly distributed among the landless then it couldbe of great livelihood use for the landless.

Establishing a separate ‘Land Commission’ like that of CHT

for the adivasi people living in the plains.29

The political parties should incorporate the demands of thepoor in their election manifestos and ensure that theyimplement it after they are elected.

No policies or laws are going to change the life of the landlesspoor until the government is willing to implement those. Ifthe lands can be recovered and distributed among thelandless poor then the damaging trend of rural-urbanmigration will be diminished. Poverty and many odds of thesociety can be reduced. If we can’t form and implementproper strategies regarding poor, then poverty will be inhistory the world but it will continue to exist in Bangladesh.

References:

Political Economy of Khas Land inBangladesh. Barkat, ALivelihood Conflicts & Human Rights inBangladesh By: Anna Axelsson, SwagatamChakma and Rezanur Rahman Rose Source:www.christianaidconnect.orgLand and Food Supply Problems inBangladesh, Fahima Aziz, University ofMinnesota. A strategy for agricultural growth for povertyreduction source: www.bids-bd.orgEmpowering poor men and women throughland literacy and advocacy By MizanourRahman Choudhury Executive Director,ALRD, Bangladesh Source:www.landcoalition.org (International LandCoalition)Policy Brief on “Land Administration” CPDTask Force Report.Development-Bangladesh: Land Rights TakePoor Out of Poverty Trap By Tabibul Islam,Source: www.ips.fi

Social Justice & Human Rights, source:www.brif.org (Bangladesh Rural ImprovementFoundation).Land and Food Supply Problems inBangladesh, Fahima Aziz, University ofMinnesota. Needs for land and agrarian reform inBangladesh, Muhammed Kamal Uddinsource: www.landcoalition.orgSouth Asia’s Experience in Land Reform: TheRole of NGOs, the State and Donors ByManzurul Mannan, Independent UniversityBangladesh, Dhaka1/ Source:www.landcoalition.orgNecessity of changes in laws dealing withland erosion by rivers Md. Abdul KaderSource: Daily Star.(October 3, 2004)State Acquisition and Tenancy Act 1950 andNon-agriculture Tenancy Act 1949Land Administration Manual 1990Land Reform Ordinance 1984.Policy for Distributing Khas Land Among theLandless 1987Policy for Distribution and Administration ofNon-agricultural Khas Land Among theLandless 1995.

www.dailystar.com; www.observer.com;www.weeklyholiday.com;www.banglapedia.com.bd

2 Land Administration Manual 1990,defineslandless as,During allocation of Khas land the followingpersons will be treated as Landless,a)Any agriculture dependant family that has nohomestead and agricultural land, b)Anyagriculture dependant family that hashomestead but no agricultural land c) Haveboth but less than .50 acres.3 Social Justice & Human Rights, source:www.brif.org (Bangladesh Rural ImprovementFoundation).4 Land and Food Supply Problems inBangladesh, Fahima Aziz, University ofMinnesota. 5 Absentee land ownership was abolished bythe Land Reform Ordinance 1984.6 Needs for land and agrarian reform inBangladesh, Muhammed Kamal Uddin

source: www.landcoalition.org7 50 percent families landless, 6.2 percentown maximum land, Source: BSS.8 Political Economy of Khas Land inBanglades. Barkat, A9 According to the government report: of thetotal Khas land, 8,00,000 acres are agriculturalKhas land, 1.7 million acres non-agriculturalland and 8,00,000 acres marshland. Source:“Each landless family can get 1.52 acres land”http://www.dailystarnews.com/200209/08/n2090810.htm#BODY710 Under Section-42 of Land AdministrationManual 1990, Khas land shall include, a) allland under no-1 khatian or no-8 register, b)any new land accessioned in sea or river or re-accessioned land, c) ceiling access land, d)any land attached by the government, e) anyland acquired under section 92 of the SAT Act1950.11 Political Economy of Land Litigation inBangladesh, Dr. Abul Barakat. and Articlespublished in Daily Amar Desh, 11December2004 and Bangladesh Observer 7th January

200412 This paragraph has been written with thehelp of Banglapedia. Source:http://banglapedia.com.bd/13 The most ancient land laws in Bangladeshcan be traced to the practices of aboriginalcommunities involving payment of a share ofthe produce of the land to the head of the tribe,the right of the family to cultivate the land in itspossession, and the power of the head of a‘Panchayet’ to distribute land of the communityto its families, and to settle land disputes. 14 Emperor Shah Alam 15 Known as ‘Floud Commission’16 Absentee (benami) : in the name of anotherperson and provided for treating the apparenttransferee of the land as the real owner.17 According to ISPAN (Irrigation SupportProject for Asia & Near-east) in theirpublication ‘Riverine Chars in Bangladesh’ in2000, Bangladesh has around 1722.89 sq.km.of Charland on her 05 major rivers.18 Non Governmental Organizations on trial inBangladesh Source: www.id21.org19 One World South Asia, 14 June 200420 b`-b`x, c-veb f~wg I Rjvavi msi¶Y, Dbœqb,cybi“×vi I fivU wbqš¿b AvBb 2004.21 Policy Brief on “Land Administration” CPDTask Force Report22 Development-Bangladesh: Land RightsTake Poor Out of Poverty TrapBy TabibulIslam, Source: www.ips.fi

23 General Secretary of the BangladeshEconomic Association (BEA) Professor AbulBarkat revealed this at a working session on`State, Society and Governance’24 Existing laws create land disputes: landlaws are anti-poor and anti-women, Source:www.weeklyholiday.net25 There has been unauthorized occupationon bank-side land, illegal encroachment intothe river. The Bangladesh Inland WaterTransport Authority (BIWTA) identified in May2001, 204 illegal structures built on both banksof the river. In July 2001, BIWTA prepared anew list of 309 illegal establishments.However, environmental activists assert thatthe illegal structures may be as high as 5,00026 ASK vs. Bangladesh, 19 BLD (HCD) 488;and Modhumala Vs. Bangladesh 53 DLR(2001) 540 27 Daily Star, November 28, 200428 Empowering poor men and women throughland literacy and advocacy By MizanourRahman Choudhury Executive Director,ALRD, Bangladesh Source:www.landcoalition.org (International LandCoalition)29 The Land Commission for the CHT peoplecould not be activated due to lack of politicalwill.

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Two key note papers were presented in this meeting. Professor Abul Barakat ofDhaka University presented a paper about Òevsjv‡`k Lvm Rwg-Rjvq `wi`ªgvby‡li wnm¨v: mgm¨v I DËi‡Yi Dcvq ms�vš— cÖ¯—vebvÓ and discussed theproblems that strangled the share of poor on the land and water and alsodiscussed the ways to get rid of these problems. Another paper was presented bySheikh Salauddin of PIL and Advocacy Cell of BLAST re: ““LLaanndd RRiigghhttss aannddpprroovveerrttyy AAlllleevviiaattiioonn”” and mainly focused on the amendments and new provisionsthat can be brought into effect to make the land laws and present regulatorysystem more poor friendly. (Two keynote papers are annexed with the report)

Khushi Kabir, Executive Director of Nizera Kori was present as the Chair andmoderator of the program while Professor Mujaffar Ahamed, Justice Kazi Ebadul

Huq, Abdul Kader, ED Samata,Mizanur Rahman Chowdhry ED,ALRD, Bodiul Alam Mojumder ofHunger Project, Adv. Nizamul HuqNasim and Reja Karim of CDSP werepresent as the distinguished guestsand discussants.

Following the presentation of twokeynote paper the moderatorrequested the discussants to discusson the issue.

AAbbdduull KKaaddeerr,, EEDD SSaammaattaa,,Fighting for realizing the poor

peoples land rights is not new, I am personally involved with this movement forlast 27 years. It began from Ghugundanga land movement where six people diedfor fighting for their land rights and also hundreds were imprisoned andsuffered. I was also imprisoned for more than two years and still have few casespending before the court.

We collectively have to ensure the rights of the poor. The government already hasa khas land distributing policy and if it can be implemented properly then thepoor could realize some land distributing policy and if it can be implementedproperly then the poor could realize some of their rights. But problem is that, theexact number of Khas land is yet to be known but according to DS survey isshould be 4.2 Million acres.

Present government is trying to enact a law, under which severe action will betaken against the illegal occupier of the land.

Reviewing laws relating to Khas land distribution

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The government must be very cautious and we must lobby forthat. The rights of the poor landless can be ensured if we couldtake come steps such as, no court will entertain any case againstthe poor landless who has been allocated khas land by thegovernment. Also to ensure the rights of the poor we mustmake the landless organized

MMiizzaannuurr RRaahhmmaann CChhoowwddhhrryy,, AALLRRDD

Although we have a khas land Distribution policy.The mechanism is not working and specially the khas landdistribution Committee. This Committee must be activated andshould be run with no political influence. Besides this the accesslands of railways, WAPDA, Roads and Highways should bedistributed among the genuine landless soon. The Governmentmust step forward in giving back the unused government landand the Laws regarding this must be implemented. The ceilingsystem is not working. Also we have to think about changingceiling of the land on area basis.

RReejjaa KKaarriimm,, CCDDSSPP

The CDSP has already created a hope in the southernpart of the country and distributed Khas land to 4500 landlessfamilies. The land retention rate is high and 94% land hasbeen retained. After State Acquisition and Tenancy Act 1950, theKhas Land Distribution Policy of 1987 has proved beneficial forthe poor landless and it was further improved by amendment in1997. CDSP has allocated a huge quantity of land among theland less and during the registration of the land the subregistrar went to the poor people rather than poor going to thesub register, and this way the sufferings of the poor have beenreduced. I believe the non agriculture Khas land should be usedfor development rather than giving to the landless poor.

BBooddiiuull AAllaamm MMoojjuummddeerr,, HHuunnggeerr PPrroojjeecctt

In 1991 and 1992 the poorest 5% people of ourcountry had only 10% of total land; on the other hand therichest 5% had 18% of the total land. In 95/96 the ratio was0.88% for the poor while 26% for the rich. In 2000 and 2001the top 5% rich people had 33% of the total land but poorest5% had only 0.26% of the total land. This kind ofdiscrimination is prevailing allover. More than 50% people donot own any land where as the members of the parliament arerecognized as new land less and were allocated land. We haveto be committed and organized to achieve the rights of the poor.

AAddvv.. NNiizzaammuull hhuuqq NNaassiimm

Lot of work has been done regarding the urban poorbut still far away from achieving goal. There are manyproblems regarding the land right of the poor. Although theyare allocated land they can not retain it for long. Moreover, theminority ethnic groups are also deprived of their land rights.The Chittagong Hill Tracts land commission could not beactivated. Even some land was distributed among the landlessethnic people but the real landless ethnic people did not get it.

JJuussttiiccee KKaazzii EEbbaadduull HHuuqq..

Still land is the principle asset for the people.Movement regarding land rights are not new. Since permanentsettlement of 1793 the peasants of this country are fighting fortheir land rights. In 1872-74, a civil court gave judgment infavor of peasants and against Jamindar. But the Jamindarsrefused to abide by the court order so the peasants attacked theJamindar. After this incident the British Govt. established acommission and the recommendations of the commission madeway for the Bengal Tenancy Act but this act could not besuccessful. Finally, following the recommendation of LandCommission, the State Acquisition and Tenancy Act 1950 waspassed and came in force in 1956.

In India there was a big movement regarding landrights of the poor called” Borga Andolon”. Justice Abdul Huqmember of the parliament, tried to pass a bill in the Parliamentregarding land reform but he was blamed by the others forthat. But subsequent to that some laws were passed followinghis recommendations. Last year the Registration Act wasamended, that made provisions for registration of agreementof sale and made a good impact. Although government has akhas land distribution policy the poor people who got landunder it are hardly able to retain the land. The influential andpowerful land grabbers always force them to leave the land andwhen they go to the police the police arrest them as dacoits. Thisis the real scenario. The influential and the police are on thesame side. Not only is that, the renounced political leaders arealso the bug land grabbers.

The productivity of the land can be ensured if theagriculture khas land can be distributed among the real landless farmers. Government’s wrong policy can make disasterregarding productivity. So the NGOs have to force thegovernment to take right policies regarding khas land and alsoforce the government to fulfill political commitments. It can besuggested to the government to take policy under which thecultivable land owned by people who live in the city should beacquired by the government for proper compensation anddistribute those among the land less farmers.

15

PPrrooffeessssoorr MMuujjaaffffaarr AAhhaammeedd..

Not only the poor, the middle class and rich people are alsothe victims of illegal land grabbing, even the governmentofficials are helpless before them. We had to face lots ofproblem when we went we went for "Save the Burigangamovement" and still facing those.

Although industrialization and urbanization is expanding inBangladesh, still about 67% people depend on the landwhere only 2% people of USA depend on land. Sometimeswe see people and organizations are doing business in thename of landless people against whom we have to buildresistance. We are loosing our natural resources very rapidly,so we have to save those. We have to dissolve the disputedbetween social and political issues. Also have to find out whatchanges have occurred in crop and non-crop sector due toprivatization. The definition of landless must be definedproperly. There was a big debate during the enactment ofState Acquisition and Tenancy Act 1950; if it can be collectedthen we will be able to find out what were the points ofdiscussion at that time in favor or against the poor landlesspeople> My father Nazim Ali was also involved in thedrafting of SAT act.

KKhhuusshhuu KKaabbiirr,, EEDD,, NNiizzeerraa KKoorrii

We are involved in fight for land rights of landless poor since1973. According 1973. According to CDSP, they are doing agood job in Noakhali, and if we could be invited as NGOrepresentatives in that area then we could monitor andexperience the development. As my personal observation thepoor who are given lands in that area cannot retain it asbecause the influential are always against them.

RReeccoommmmeennddaattiioonnss tthhaatt ccaammee oouutt ooff tthhee ddiissccuussssiioonnaarree......

We have to be committed and organized to achieve the rightsof the poor.

Must figure out exact amount of Khas land (both agricultureand non-agriculture)

Government must enact and review the land laws and make

those poor friendly.

The khas land distribution Committee must be activated andshould run with no political influence.

The access lands of railways, WAPDA, Roads and Highwaysshould be distributed among the genuine landless soon.

The government must recover the ceiling excess land and alsohave to think about changing ceiling of the land on area basis

The government should discourage the existing land owner ofhaving more land by enacting laws and formulating policies.

The people and the government must make sure that theethnic groups are not deprived of their land rights. TheChittagong Hill Tracts land commission must be activated anda separate land commission should be formed for the ethnicpeople of the plain land.

The government must take effective measures so that thepoor people who have been allocated land can retain thatland. The law enforcing agencies must help the landless inthis regard

The productivity of the land can be ensured if the agriculturekhas land can be distriibuted among the real land lessfarmers.

The government should make policy and enact laws underwhich the cultivable land owned by the people who live in thecity should be acquired by the government for sufficientcompensation and distribute those land among the land lessfarmers.

We have to dissolve the disputes between social and politicalissues. Also have to find out what changes have occurred incrop and non-crop sector due to privatization

The definition of landless must be defined properly.

There was a big debate during the enactment of StateAcquisition and Tenancy Act 1950; if it can be collected thenwe will be able to find out what were the points of discussionat that time in favor or against the poor landless people.

The NGOs should be involved in government’s khas landdistribution efforts.

16

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Z_¨ Drm: G cÖe‡Ü DÌvwcZ welqvw` we‡k-l‡Ymswk-ó wewfbœ M‡elYv Drm e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| Zvig‡a¨ Ab¨Zg nÕj A. Barkat, S Zaman, SRaihan (2001), Political Economy ofKhas Land in Bangladesh; A. Barkat andPK Roy (2004), Political Economy ofLand Litigation in Bangladesh: A Caseof Colossal National Wastage; A. Barkatet. al (2000), An Inquiry into Causes andConsequences of Deprivation of HinduMinorities in Bangladesh through theVested Property Act; A. Barkat (2004),Poverty and Access to Land in SouthAsia-Bangladesh Country Study; A.Barkat (2003), Right to Developmentand Human Development: Concepts andStatus in Bangladesh; A. Barkat (2004),Commercial Shrimp Cultivation, ErodedEnvironment and Livelihood of thePoor; Shapan Adnan (2004), Migration,Land and Ethnic Conflict: Causes ofPoverty in the Chittagong Hill Tracts ofBangladesh. G cÖe‡Üi Askwe‡kl evsjv‡`kA_©bxwZ mwgwZi cÂ`k wØevwl©K m‡¤§j‡b cÖvewÜKKZ©"K cwVZ (10 wW‡m¤^i: 2004)|

17

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`wi`ª‡`i g‡a¨ Lvm Rwg-Rjv eÈb,agx©q msL¨vjNy I ¶z`ª RvwZmËvigvby‡li f~wg AwaKvi Le© Kiv, f~wgicÖwZ bvix‡`i AwaKvi niY, Rjv‡Zgrm¨Rxex m¤úª`v‡qi AwaKviniY, f~wggvgjvq RvZxq I cvwievwiK e¨vcKAcPqÑGmeB G‡`‡k K…wl ms¯‹v‡iiAb¨Zg AgxgvswmZ welq| MZ Pvi`k‡K f~wgnxb gvby‡li msL¨v †e‡o‡QwZb¸Y; N‡U‡Q f~wg gvwjKvbvicyÄxfeb| Avwef©~Z n‡q‡Q GKf~wg`my¨-Rj`my¨-eb`my¨ ‡Mvôx| AviGme `my¨ivB Avevi `ye©„ËvwqZ Av_©-ivR‰bwZK ivwóªK KvVv‡gv‡Z cÖejcÖwZcwËkxj| Gm‡e bZzb gvÎv ms‡hvRb K‡i‡QZ_vKw_Z bMivqb hv Avm‡j ew¯—qvqbA_ev bMi-Rxe‡bi MÖvgvqb| GIN‡U‡Q MÖvgv‡j `vwi`ª¨, f~wgnxbZv IKg©nxbZvi d‡j| GUv MÖvg †_‡K GKai‡bi Mjvav°v Awfevmb| bM‡iiRbmsL¨v †e‡o‡Q bMievmxi cÖRbbnvi e„w×i d‡j bq, MÖvg †_‡K e¨vcK`wi`ª-ewÂZ wbt¯^ gvby‡li eva¨ n‡qknigyLx nevi d‡j| †e‡o‡Q kn‡iRwgi `vgÑGgb evov †e‡o‡Q hviKviYwU cÖ_vwm× A_©kv¯¿ we‡k-l‡YAcviM| ïay XvKv kn‡iB GLb GK†KvwUi †ekx gvbyl (hv †`‡ki †gvUbMi RbmsL¨vi GK-Z…Zxqvsk)| †hKvi‡YB

A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK `ye©„Ëvqb KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ e¨vcK Rb‡Mvôxi f~wg-DwÌZ `vwi`ª¨-eÂbv cybi“rcv`‡bi †¶Î I cwiYvg

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18

XvKv kni I Zvi Avkcv‡k Rwg-`my¨ZvGgbB cÖKU iƒc wb‡q‡Q †h f~wggš¿Yvjq-mswk-ó msm`xq ’vqx KwgwUIej‡Q XvKv kni I Zvi Avkcv‡k f~wg-`my¨iv 10,000 GKi Rwg †e`Lj K‡iAv‡Q (hv †`‡ki cÖPwjZ AvBb, "WaterPreservation Act" wei“×)|

f~wg-K…wl-Rjv ms¯‹v‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZvimv‡_ bMivq‡bi m¤úK© m¤ú‡K© Aek¨BG K_v ¸i“Z¡mn we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e †h`ª“Z knivq‡bi d‡j K…wl‡Z Abycw¯’Zf~¯^vgxi (absentee landlord) gvwjKvbvqRwg-Rjvi cwigvY MZ `y-wZb `k‡K`ª“Z e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Gi mivmwi dj njfvMPv‡li AvIZvq Rwg-Rjvi cwigvYe„w×, Rwg-Rjvi cÖK…Z Drcvw`Kv nªvm,K…wl w`b gRy‡ii Ae¯’vi AebwZBZ¨vw`|

f~wg gvwjKvbvi cwieZ©b GesAv_©-mvgvwRK †kªYx KvVv‡gviweeZ©b 1960 mv‡j G‡`‡k f~wgnxb Lvbvi msL¨vwQj †gvU Lvbvi 19% hv 1996 mv‡j†gvU Lvbvi 56%-G DbœxZ n‡q‡Q|Ab¨w`‡K 1960 mv‡j 1% abx f~-¯^vgxigvwjKvbvq wQj †gvU K…wl Rwgi 4.7%hv 1996 mv‡j n‡q‡Q 8.2% (GmeBmiKvix wn‡me)| Avgv‡`i †`‡k GLbKvh©Z f~wgnxb cwiev‡ii msL¨v †`‡ki†gvU cwiev‡ii A‡a©K A_P †gvU RwgigvÎ 4.2% Zv‡`i nv‡Z, Avi Ab¨w`‡K6.2% cwievi Av‡Q (f~wg gvwjKvbviwbwi‡L abx) hv‡`i gvwjKvbvq Av‡Q†`‡ki 40% Rwg|

Av_©-mvgvwRK †kªYx KvVv‡gvi (classstructure) weeZ©b wb‡q G †`‡k LyeGKUv M‡elYv nqwb| Z‡e AvgviM‡elYvq †`‡LwQ GKw`‡K `wi`ª Iwbgœwe‡Ëi A‡avMwZ N‡U‡Q, AviAb¨w`‡K f~wgmn Ab¨vb¨ weË-m¤ú`cyÄxf~Z n‡q‡Q wKQy abxi nv‡Z| GLb14 †KvwU gvby‡li G‡`‡k 9 †KvwU 10jvL (65%) gvbyl `wi`ª, 4.5 †KvwU(32.1%) ga¨weË, Avi 40 jvL(2.9%) abx| Avi ga¨weˇ`i g‡a¨ 2†KvwU 40 jvL (†gvU ga¨we‡Ëi53.3%) wbgœ-ga¨weË (cÖvq `wi`ª), 1†KvwU 50 jvL (33.3%) ga¨-ga¨weË,Avi 60 jvL (13.3%) D”P-ga¨weË|Avi 2004 mv‡ji eb¨vq B‡Zvg‡a¨`wi`ª‡`i e¨vcKvsk `wi`ªZi n‡q‡Q,wbgœ-ga¨we‡Ëi GKvsk `wi`ª MÖ“‡c Aviga¨we‡Ëi GKvsk wbgœweË MÖ“‡c hy³n‡q‡Q|MZ 20 eQ‡i (1984-2004) MÖvgv‡jRbmsL¨v †e‡o‡Q (8.4 †KvwU †_‡K 11†KvwU) 2 †KvwU 60 jvL hvi g‡a¨ Avgviwn‡m‡e 2 †KvwU 40 jvL `wi`ª

(92.4%)| MZ 20 eQ‡i MÖvgv‡j`wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi AbycvZ †e‡o‡Q †gvUMÖvgxY RbmsL¨vi 63% †_‡K GLb71%-G; GKB mg‡q wbgœ I ga¨-ga¨we‡Ëi AbycvZ K‡g‡Q 28.5% †_‡KGLb 24%-G; Avi RbmsL¨vq abx‡`iAvbycvwZK nviI K‡g‡Q 3.8% †_‡KGLb 2%-G| A_©vr `vwi`ª¨ †e‡o‡Q;ga¨we‡Ëi (we‡klZ wbgœ I ga¨-ga¨we‡Ëi) N‡U‡Q A‡avMwZ; Avif~wgmn Ab¨vb¨ weË cyÄxf~Z n‡q‡Q wKQygvby‡li nv‡Z (hviv 11 †KvwU MÖvgxYRbmsL¨vi g‡a¨ gvÎ 20 jvL)|

MÖvgxY `vwi`ª¨ I mvgvwRK ˆelg¨ebvg f~wg gvwjKvbvmiKvix wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡ki 56% gvbyl`wi`ªÑhv‡`i 76% MÖv‡g Avi 24%kn‡i evm K‡ib (Av`gïgvwi 2001)|Avi MÖvgxY `wi`ª‡`i A‡a©KB mivmwiK…wlKvR wbf©i| miKvix wn‡m‡e MÖv‡gicÖvq me f~wgnxbB `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P evmK‡ib|

MÖvgxY f~wgnxb cwiev‡ii Mo ¯’vqxm¤ú‡`i g~j¨gvb abx‡`i (hv‡`i 7.5GKi A_ev Zvi †ewk Rwgi gvwjKvbvAv‡Q) †P‡q 16 ¸Y Kg (miKvix Z_¨)|`wi`ª‡`i Av‡qi AwaKvsk (87%) Lv`¨eve` e¨q nq, †hUv A`wi`ª‡`i †¶‡Î37%, Avi abx‡`i †¶‡Î eo †Rvi10%| A_©vr Rxebgv‡bi Ab¨ZggvcKvwV Lv`¨ ewnf~©Z e¨‡qi wbwi‡Lf~wg-`wi`ª‡`i cÖvwš—KZv my¯úó|

MÖv‡g f~wg gvwjKvbv w`‡qB wba©vwiZ nqwk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨ I bvix‡`i cÖwZ ˆelg¨gvÎv| †hgb bvix‡`i wk¶vi mv‡_cwiev‡ii Rwg gvwjKvbvi m¤úK©mivmwi| ¯^v‡¯’¨i †¶‡ÎI e¨wZ�g bq-†hgb miKvix ¯^v¯’¨ †mev cÖwZôv‡bIabxiv Mwie‡`i Zyjbvq cvuP¸Y †ekxmyweav †fvM K‡ib|

GgbwK Lvbvq we`y¨r myweavi †¶‡ÎIRwg-gvwjKvbv wba©viK f~wgKv cvjbK‡i| GLv‡bI ˆelg¨ ¯úó| †h me MÖv‡gwe`y¨r Av‡Q (†`‡ki cªvq 90,000 MÖv‡gig‡a¨ 40,000 MÖv‡g) †m me MÖv‡g abxcwiev‡ii 90%-Gi E‡aŸ© Avi `wi`ªcwiev‡ii gvÎ 21%-G we`y¨r ms‡hvMAv‡Q| abx-`wi‡`ªi ˆelg¨wU Ggwb †h Zvmy‡cq cvwbi †¶‡ÎI cª‡hvR¨ÑAv‡m©wbKAv�vš— †ivMxi msL¨v AvbycvwZK nv‡iabx‡`i Zzjbvq `wi`ª‡`i g‡a¨ A‡bK†ewk (cywónxbZv I ¯^í Avq cÖavbKviY) †h Kvi‡Y ejv n‡”QÒAv‡m©wb‡Kvwmm `wi`ª‡`iÑ †ivMÓ|

MÖvgxY f~wgnxb cwiev‡ii Mo¯’vqx m¤ú‡`i g~j¨gvbabx‡`i (hv‡`i 7.5 GKiA_ev Zvi †ewk RwgigvwjKvbv Av‡Q) †P‡q 16 ¸YKg (miKvix Z_¨)|`wi`ª‡`i Av‡qi AwaKvsk(87%) Lv`¨ eve` e¨q nq,†hUv A`wi`ª‡`i †¶‡Î37%, Avi abx‡`i †¶‡Îeo †Rvi 10%| A_©vrRxebgv‡bi Ab¨ZggvcKvwV Lv`¨ ewnf~©Z e¨q-Gi wbwi‡L f~wg-`wi`ª‡`icÖvwš—KZv my¯úó|

19

¶zz`ª RvwZmËvi gvby‡li Rwg-Rjv-ebm¤ú` eÂbvevsjv‡`k GKK RvwZmËvi ivóª bq| G†`‡k RbmsL¨vi 1.2% gvbyl (A_evcwievi ev Lvbv) 32wU wewfbœ ¶z`ªRvwZmËv wb‡q MwVZ| `yf©vM¨ n‡jImZ¨ †h Zv‡`i mvsweavwbK ¯^xK…wZch©š— †bB|

¶y`ª RvwZmËvi gvby‡li f~wg AwaKviI¯^xK…Z bq A_ev hZUzKy Av‡Q ZvImn‡R niY‡hvM¨| A‡b¨i Øviv G‡`if~-m¤úwËi Rei`Lj h‡_ó we¯—…Z|mgZ‡ji muvIZvj‡`i f~wg-nviv‡bvicÖw�qv mgZ‡ji evOvjx‡`i †P‡q †RviZv‡j P‡j| muvIZvj‡`i 72% GLbf~wgnxb| Avi cvnvox ¶z`ª RvwZmËvigvby‡li Ae¯’v AviI Lvivc| MZ wZb`k‡K cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g ¶z`ª RvwZ mË¡vigvby‡li Zzjbvg~jK msL¨v K‡g‡Q AviAvg`vbx Kiv evOvjx‡`i msL¨v†e‡o‡Q| cvnvoxiv nvwi‡q‡Q f~wg-ebvÂj Avi †m‡Ujvi evOvjx‡`iKwZcq `ye©„Ë cÖkvm‡bi mv‡_†hvMmvR‡k Zv `Lj K‡i‡Q| cÂvkeQi Av‡M cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g ¶z`ªRvwZmËvi gvby‡li AvbycvwZK nvi wQj75%, Avi GLb Zv gvÎ 47%| kvwš—Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ n‡q‡Q Z‡e kvwš— cÖwZôvicÖw�qv `ye©j; Avi f~wg Kwgkb Kvh©Z†bB ej‡jB P‡j|

Rwg-m¤úwˇZ bvixi AwaKviÑAvB‡b mxwgZ, ev¯—‡e Abycw¯’ZRwg-m¤úwˇZ bvixi AwaKviÑAvBbMZfv‡e mxwgZ, Avi ev¯—‡e †bBej‡jB P‡j| bvixi ¶gZvq‡b G GKAb¨Zg evav| m¤úwËi DËvivwaKviAvBb, wcZ…Zvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva, mvgvwRKcÖvKwUmÑG meB bvixi cÖwZ ˆelg¨wPi¯’vqxKi‡Yi Ab¨Zg gva¨g| G†`‡k bvixi DËivwaKvi AvBbag©wfwËK Òcv‡m©v‡bj jÓ Øvivwbqwš¿ZÑgymwjg a‡g©i bvixi †¶‡Îkwiqv AvBb, Avi wn›`y a‡g©i bvixi†¶‡Î `vqfvM AvBb| kwiqv AvB‡bm¤úwˇZ bvixi DËivwaKvi mxwgZ-¯^xK…Z, Avi `vqfvM AvB‡b DËivwaKvi¯^xK…Z bq| ev¯—‡e wKš‘ wn›`y-gymjgvbwbwe©‡k‡l m¤úwˇZ bvixi DËivwaKviAvm‡j Kvh©Kix bq| gymwjg AvB‡bmxwgZ-¯^xK…wZ _vK‡jI G †`‡k gymwjgbvix m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv AwaKvi †_‡KewÂZ nb| G †¶‡Î Ò¸W wm÷viÓKb‡mÞwU cy‡ivcywi KvR Ki‡jI Ò¸Weªv`viÓ g~j¨‡eva Aš—Z m¤úwËigvwjKvbvi †¶‡Î KvR K‡i bv|GKw`‡K wcZ…Zvwš¿KZv Avi Ab¨w`‡Ke¨vcK `vwi`ª¨ÑDfqB m¤¢eZ G Ae¯’vwRB‡q ivL‡Z f~wgKv ivL‡Q| †h Kvi‡Ywn›`y DËvivwaKvi AvB‡b bvixi AwaKvicÖwZôv Avi gymwjg DËivwaKviAvB‡bi ˆelg¨g~jK aviYv¸wj

ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ cÖMwZkxj bvixAv‡›`vjbmn mswk-ó bvMwiK mgvRGLb h‡_ó gvÎvq †mv”Pvi|

grm¨Rxex m¤cÖ`v‡qi `vwi`ª¨ IcÖvwš—KZvÑRj-Rjvq AwaKvi†bBG †`‡k 1 †KvwU 32 jvL gvbyl Zv‡`iRxeb-RxexKvi Rb¨ Rj-Rjv mswk-ó†ckvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³| grm¨Lv‡Zmve©¶wYK KvR Ki‡Q 12 jvL gvbyl,Avi 1 †KvwU 20 jvL gvbyl KvR Ki‡QFZzwfwËK-mvgwqK| 1 †KvwU 32 jvLgrm¨Rxexi 80 jvLB `wi`ª| m`m¨-m`m¨vmn grm¨Rxex cwiev‡i gvby‡limsL¨v cÖvq 4 †KvwU hv‡`i A‡a©‡Ki†ekx †h †Kvb gvcKvwV‡ZB `wi`ª Geshv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Avq-cÖevn AwZgvÎvqAwbwðZ|grm¨Lv‡Zi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ 43 jvL †n±iRjvf~wg I 710 wK‡jvwgUvi DcK~j|eQ‡i AvbygvwbK cÖvq 17-18 jvL†gwUªK Ub gvQ Drcv`b RvZxq

A_©bxwZ‡Z h‡_ó f~wgKv ivL‡Q| gvQißvbx †_‡K ißvbx Avq 1986-87mv‡j 1 †KvwU 6 jvL Wjvi †_‡K1999-2000 mv‡j e„w× †c‡q‡Q 3†KvwU 50 jvL Wjv‡i| ißvbx AvqwZb¸Y e„w× †c‡jI grm¨Rxex‡`i`vwi`ª¨ I cÖvwš—KZv GKPzjI K‡gwb|A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× evo‡jI †h `vwi`ª-‰elg¨ n«vm bvI n‡Z cv‡iÑG †`‡kiPjgvb grm¨LvZ Zvi GK cÖK…óD`vniY| A_P G mgxKiY cwieZ©bm¤¢eÑhLb grm¨Lv‡Z cÖe„w× evo‡eAvi †mB mv‡_ grm¨Rxex‡`i `vwi`ª¨nªvm cv‡e| welqwU Rj-Rjvq cÖK…Zgrm¨Rxex‡`i gvwjKvbv I AwfMg¨ZvcÖwZôvi mv‡_ mivmwi m¤úwK©Z|welqwU cÖK…Z A‡_©B Rjv-ms¯‹v‡ii(aquarian reform)| G‡`‡k GLb 1 †KvwU 32 jvLgrm¨Rxex‡`i gvÎ 10% G †ckvimv‡_ mw�qfv‡e hy³| mswk-óM‡elK‡`i g‡Z Rj-Rjv mg„×evsjv‡`‡k grm¨RxexKvi mv‡_

wbweofv‡e m¤ú„³ gvby‡li AbycvZwظY-wZb¸Y e„w× m¤¢e hw` `wi`ª-AwfgyLx bxwZgvjv cÖYqb I ev¯—evqbKiv hvq, †hLv‡b g~jbxwZ n‡e ÒRvjhvi Rjv ZviÓ| we‡klÁ‡`i g‡Z Gid‡j RvZxq Drcv`‡b grm¨Lv‡Zif~wgKv n‡Z cv‡i km¨-K…wli mgZzj¨,Ges Avq-Lv`¨-cywó ms�vš— `vwi`ª¨(income and nutrition poverty)`~ixKiY n‡Z cv‡i e¨vcK| GmeBgrm¨Lv‡Z 1 †KvwU gvby‡li `vwi`ª¨nªv‡m h‡_ó f~wgKv ivL‡Z m¶g| grm¨Rxex gvby‡li `vwi`ª¨ I cÖvwš—KZvicÖavb KviY nj Rj-Rjvq AvBbm½ZI b¨vqm½Z (legal and justiciable)AwaKvi †_‡K Zv‡`i ewÂZ Kiv|Rjgnvj wjR-Pzw³ Av`©ª f~wg‡Z Zv‡`iAvBbMZ AwaKvi/AwfMg¨Zv wbwðZKivi cÖavb gva¨g| AvBbMZfv‡eBRjgnvj wjR †bevi †¶‡Îgrm¨Rxex‡`i-mgevq AMÖvwaKvi cveviK_v| ev¯—e Ae¯’v D‡ëv| m¤ú`evb`ye©„Ëiv wewfbœ ai‡bi `ybx©wZ-KviPzwcigva¨‡g Rjgnvj wjR †bb Ges/A_evwjR MÖnYKvixi Kv‡Q Kwgkb †bb

(wbqwgZ A_ev GKKvjxb)|Rjgnv‡ji AKkb g~j¨ mvaviYZ LyeBKg| djkÖ“wZ‡Z m¤ú`evb wjR-†nvìvi cÖK…Z grm¨Rxex‡`i ïayewÂZB Ki‡Qb bv Zv‡`i kª‡gi dmj(Rjv-LvRbv) AvZ¥mvr Ki‡Qb;gybvdvi nvi G‡¶‡Î 1000%| GAe¯’'v Pj‡Z _vK‡j `wi`ª grm¨Rxexi`vwi`ª¨ nªvm (`~ixKiY Av‡iv c‡ii K_v)Am¤¢e| GK_v Av‡iv mZ¨ G Rb¨ †h G†`‡k †gvU wPwýZ 830,356 GKiLvm-Rjvf~wgi gvÎ 5% G ch©š—`wi`ª‡`i g‡a¨ wjR †`qv n‡q‡Q A_©vr95% †e`Lj-‡Rvi`Lj K‡i Av‡QbRj-`my¨iv| evsjv‡`‡k gvQevRviRvZKiY GK RwUj cÖw�qv| GcÖw�qvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Kgc‡¶ 6 av‡ciga¨¯^Z¡‡fvMx| Gme ga¨mË¡‡fvMxivÔf¨vjy †PB‡bÕ †Zgb †Kvb f¨vjyms‡hvRb K‡i bv A_P cÖPzi gybvdvi†jv‡f cÖK…Z grm¨Rxex‡`i †kvlYKivi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i Avq-†ivRMviKgv‡Z f~wgKv iv‡L|

20

†jvbv cvwb‡Z wPswo PvlÑ`vwi`ª¨ I eÂbvi GK bZzbgvÎv†jvbv cvwb‡Z wPswo Pvl I mswk-ó wkí-evwYR¨ welqwU G †`‡k`vwi`ª¨ eÂbvi BwZnv‡m GK bZyb gvÎv ms‡hvRb K‡i‡Q|G‡`‡k 15-20 jvL `wi`ª kªgRxex †jvbv cvwb‡Z wPswo Pv‡limv‡_ mivmwi m¤ú„³| f~wg-K…wl-Rjv ms¯‹vi welqK Av‡jvPbv-we‡k-lY I bxwZ-†KŠkj wba©vi‡Y welqwU i“‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ewPZnIqv DwPZ|

evsjv‡`‡ki DcK~j A‡ji cÖvq 32 jvL †n±i Rwgi g‡a¨20 jvL †n±i Rwg Pvl‡hvM¨| Gme A‡ji we¯—…wZ 15 †Rjvi98wU Dc‡Rjvq| †`‡ki †gvU 14 †KvwU RbmsL¨vi 2 †KvwUiemevm DcK~jxq A‡j| DcK~‡ji †gvU Rwgi 10 jvL †n±iGwcÖj †_‡K b‡f¤^i gv‡m cÖ‡Z¨K w`b †Rvqvi-fvUvi AvIZvq_v‡K; ﮋ †gŠmy‡g jeYv³Zv ev‡o; Rwg jeYv³ n‡q c‡o|Gme Kvi‡Y DcK~j A‡j dj‡bi ZxeªZv ¯^í|

eb¨v Avi jeY cvwb †_‡K i¶vi Rb¨ DcK~jxq `w¶Yv‡jmiKvix D‡`¨v‡M evua wbg©vY KvR ïi“ nq lv‡Ui `k‡K|†cvìvi wbgv©‡Yi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wQj Pv‡li AvIZvq Rwg e„w×Ges K…wlKvR Z¡ivwš^Z Kivi gva¨‡g Lv`¨ Drcv`b e„w× Ges`wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Lv`¨ wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv| `ye©„ˇ`i †Vjvq Zvm¤¢e nqwb| Avm‡j hv n‡q‡Q Zv nj: Avf¨š—ixY (†`kR)grm¨ m¤ú` webó; dmj Drcv`b e¨vnZ; wPswomn wgVvcvwb IjeY cvwbi cÖvK…wZK grm¨ wePiY I esk-we¯—v‡ii †¶Îmg~nm¼zwPZ nIqv BZ¨vw`| Avi mˇii `k‡K Avš—R©vwZK evRv‡iwPswo gv‡Qi Pvwn`v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ †cvìv‡i wPswo Pvl†e‡o‡Q| †cvìv‡i Rjve×Zvi Kvi‡YI wPswo Pvl †e‡o‡Q|†mBmv‡_ 1980-85-Gi wØZxq cÂevwl©K cwiKíbvq wPswoPvl‡K hLb wkí wn‡m‡e †NvlYv †`qv nq mv‡_ mv‡_ wPswo PvlI mswk-ó e¨emv cªvwZôvwbK cÖ‡Yv`bv cvevi Kvi‡Y D”Pgybvdvi e¨emvq iƒcvš—wiZ nj| AZGe GKw`‡K eb¨v wbqš¿YI K…wlKvR Z¡ivwš^Z Kivi bv‡g wewfbœ cÖKí MÖnY (60-70`k‡K), Avi Ab¨w`‡K fvj-g›` wePvi bv K‡i wØZxqcÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbvq (80-85 mv‡j) wPswo Pvl‡K wk‡íigh©v`v †`qvi d‡j N‡U †M‡jv eo ANUbÑÒDbœqbÓ-GimvgvwRK AwfNvZ we‡ePbv bv Kivi d‡j m„wó nj `wi`ªRb‡Mvôxi mxgvnxb `y`©kvi we¯—…Z †¶Î| mvjIqvix wPswogv‡Qi Drcv`b cÖeYZv welqwU Av‡iv ¯úó K‡i: 1979-80mv‡j G †`‡k gvÎ 20,000 †n±i Rwg‡Z wPswo Pvl n‡Zv,1988-89 mv‡j Zv †e‡o `uvovq 108,000 †n±‡i, 1993-94-G 138,000 †n±‡i, Avi 1996-97-G 410,000†n±‡i|

mycvi gybvdvi †jv‡f wbwe©Pv‡i wPswo Pv‡li AvIZvq P‡jG‡m‡Q AZx‡Zi my-dmjx avbx Rwgmn DcK~jxq GjvKvievu‡ai wfZ‡ii Avi evB‡ii mKj Rwg, jeY-Drcv`‡bi Rwg,cwiZ¨³ I cÖvš—xq Rwg, g¨vb‡MÖvf ebvÂj, Av`©ªf~wg BZ¨vw`|AcwiKwíZ I we‡ùviYg~jK G cÖe„w× wbwe©Pv‡i aŸsm K‡i‡QcÖK…wZ-cwi‡ek-cÖwZ‡ek mewKQyB; cvwbi ¸YMZ gvb †jvc†c‡q‡Q; Rxe ˆewPΨ webó n‡q‡Q; Jlwa MvQ-MvQjvi ¯^vfvweKweKvk i“× n‡q‡Q (G‡`‡k GLbI 32% gvbyl Jlwa MvQ-MvQjv wfwËK wPwKrmvwbf©i); MvQ-cvjv djg~j-Gi ¯^vfvweKcÖvK…wZK weKvk i“× n‡q‡Q; jeYv³Zv webó K‡i‡Q RwgicÖvK…wZK ¸Yvejx; nuvm-gyiwMmn †Mv-m¤ú` wejyß cªvq (cªvq 2†KvwU gvbyy‡li Lv`¨vf¨v‡m †cÖvwUb NvUwZi KviY n‡q`uvwo‡q‡Q)|

wPswo Pv‡li A‡j Rwgi jeYv³Zv `vbv`vi dm‡jiDrcv`bkxjZv nªvm K‡i‡Q| Rwg‡Z gvÎvwZwi³ je‡Yi

Dcw¯’wZ djb-e„w× P‡�i Ici gvivZ¥K FYvZ¥K cÖfve†d‡j‡Q| ïaygvÎ GKicÖwZ djbB nªvm cvqwb, KLbI KLbIcy‡iv dmjB gvi †M‡Q| dviv°v euva Avi †mB mv‡_ ﮋ†gŠmy‡g M½vi cvwbi MwZc_ cwieZ©b I mgy‡`ªi jeYv³ cvwbiAbycÖ‡e‡ki d‡j DcK~jxq K…wlRwg‡Z A‡¤-i cwigvY e„w׆c‡q‡Q, jeY-cvwbi Rjve×Zv †e‡o‡Q Ges Kv`vgvwUicÖvK…wZK ¸Yv¸Y †jvc †c‡q‡Q| GmeB dmj Drcv`bgvivZ¥Kfv‡e e¨vnZ K‡i‡Q| d‡j `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Lv`¨wbivcËv c‡o‡Q ûgwKi gy‡L| ïay ZvB bq wPswo Pv‡li d‡jDcK~jxq AÂj Ry‡o cvwbi †fŠZ, ivmvqwbK I ˆRweK ¸YvejxGgbfv‡e cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q hv wecbœ Ki‡Q nvRvi eQ‡ii cÖK…wZI cwi‡ek| G wecbœZv esk-ci¤úiv|

wPswo †N‡ii gvwjKiv cÖK…ZB `ye©„Ëц`v`©Ê cÖfvekvjx (†¶Îwe‡k‡l mš¿vm m„wóKvix)| wPswo †Ni-Gi Rwgi gvwjKvbv nqe¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb A_ev miKvix gvwjKvbvaxb (Lvm)|e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb †N‡i AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB Rwgi cÖK…Z gvwjKcÖvwš—K A_ev ¶z`ª K…lK, hvi KvQ †_‡K †N‡ii cÖfvekvjxgvwjK Pzw³ wfwˇZ Rwg wb‡q _v‡Kb| A‡bK †¶‡ÎB cÖvwš—KI ¶z`ª K…lK Gme Pzw³ Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| e„nr wPswo †N‡iigvwj‡Kiv GKB mgq A‡b‡Ki mv‡_ 2-7 eQ‡ii †gqv‡`Pzw³e× nb| evrmwiK Pzw³i Avw_©K g~j¨gvb (contract moneyfor leasing of land) GKicÖwZ 4,000-6,000 UvKv| Avav-wbweo (semi-intensive) wPswo †N‡i M‡o GKRb wPswo gvwjKeQ‡i GKicÖwZ cv‡”Qb 200,000 UvKv wKš‘ Rwgi gvwjK(cÖvwš—K I ¶z`ª K…lK) cv‡”Qb gvÎ 4000-6000 UvKv| A‡bK†¶‡ÎB †Ni gvwjK KZ©„K †Rvic~e©K A‡b¨i (cÖvwš—K I ¶z`ªK…l‡Ki) Rwg `Lj Ges/A_ev bvggvÎ nvwi (Pzw³i A_©) cÖ`vbbv Kivi Kvi‡Y msNl©-msNvZ, gvgjv-†gvKvÏgvi m~Pbv N‡U|GKw`‡K gvgjv-†gvKÏgvi e¨qfvi enb Avi Ab¨w`‡K Avq-g~jK Kg©KvÊ †_‡K wePz¨Z n‡Z eva¨ nevi Kvi‡Y `wi`ª-cÖvwš—K¶z`ª K…lK Pov my‡` FY wb‡Z eva¨ n‡”Qb| d‡j f~wgnxbZvicÖw�qvi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q‡Q m¤ú` nviv‡bvi cÖw�qvÑGme gvbylwbt¯^ †_‡K wbt¯^Zi n‡q wf¶z‡K iƒcvš—wiZ n‡”Qb| wbRgvwjKvbvaxb Rwgi Ici AvBb m½Z AwaKvi cÖwZôvi msMÖv‡gkwiK n‡Z eva¨ n‡”Qb `wi`ª-cÖvwš—K ¶z`ª K…lK| G jovB‡q†Ni gvwj‡Kiv cÖvqkB mk¯¿- †ckx kw³ e¨envi K‡ib,¶gZvmxb ivR‰bwZK `jmn _vbv-cywjk †KvU©-Gi Ici Zv‡`icÖfve mxgvnxb| GgbwK cÖkvm‡b †cvw÷s-UªvÝdviI Zv‡`iBnv‡Z| G cÖw�qvq Lyb, RLg I ¸g-Gi wkKvi n‡”Qb `wi`ª-cÖvwš—K ¶z` Rwgi gvwjK Ges G Ab¨vq cÖwZev`Kvix e¨w³ ImsMV‡bi Kg©xe„›`| A‡b‡KB G cÖw�qvq wbR GjvKv Z¨vM K‡i`ywe©ln Rxeb MÖn‡Y eva¨ n‡”Qb| Avevi †¶Îwe‡k‡l ¶z`ªgvwj‡Kiv hLb Rwgi FZz-wfwËK wjR †`b (A_ev w`‡Z eva¨nb; Rvbyqvix †_‡K RyjvB gvm ch©š—) ZLb wjR cieZx©K‡qKgv‡m K…wl‡Z avb Drcv`‡bi †Póv Ki‡jI Rwgi cÖvK…wZKDe©iZv n«v‡mi d‡j djb †ZgbwU cvb bv|

miKvix gvwjKvbvi Lvm Rwg‡Z evwYwR¨K wPswo Pv‡li welqwURvj-‡Rv”Pzwi-`ybx©wZ‡Z ficyi| G‡¶‡Î f~wg cÖkvmb cÖkvm‡biAb¨ mevi mv‡_ AvuZvZ K‡i wPswo †Ni gvwjK‡`i Kv‡QDr‡KvP wb‡q Lvm K…wl Rwgi †kªYx cwieZ©b (class change ofkhas land) K‡i _v‡KbÑK…wl Lvm Rwg n‡q hvq Lvm Rjv hvwPswo Pv‡li Rb¨ wjR †c‡q hvb m¤ú`evb-cÖZvckvjx †NigvwjK| Avevi †¶Î we‡k‡l H Aïf AvuZv‡Zi gva¨‡g Rvj`wjj K‡i †Ni gvwjK e‡b hvb Lvm Rjv-Rwgi gvwjK| A_©vrAwfbe Gme cš’v Kvh©Kix nevi d‡j Lvm Rjv-Rwgi AvBbxgvwjK hv‡`i nevi K_v †mme f~wgnxb, `wi`ª, wbgœweË gvbylmivmwifv‡eB Lvm Rwgi gvwjKvbv †_‡K ewÂZ nb|

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`wi`ª gvbyl Zvi AwaKvi wbwðZ KiviG jovB‡q bvg‡j Lyb-RLg nb,gvgjv-†gvKvÏgvq Rwo‡q c‡obÑ`wi`ª‡`i wf¶zKvqb cÖw�qv Z¡ivš^q‡biGUvI GK Awfbe cš’v| †mB mv‡_wPswo cÖw�qvRvZKiY wkí I wngvwqZKviLvbvq Av‡Q ¯^ígRyix, A¯^v¯’¨Kicwi‡ek, wkïkªg, kªwgK‡`i wewfbœai‡bi Amy¯’Zv (fungal, intestinal,respiratory diseases)| myZivs wPswo-Pvl I evwYR¨ GKw`‡K †hgb¸wUK‡qK `ye©„Ë †Ni gvwjK, wkícwZ IißvbxKvi‡Ki Avw_©K ab-m¤ú` e„wׇZcÖavb f~wgKv cvjb K‡i, Avi Ab¨w`‡Ke¨vcK `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx‡K Rjv-RwgiIci Zv‡`i b¨vqm½Z AwaKvi †_‡KewÂZ Kivi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i Rxeb-RxweKv‡K K‡i †Zv‡j AwbwðZ| evwYwR¨K wPswo Pvl B‡Zvg‡a¨DcK~jxq e¨vcK Rb‡Mvôxi Lv`¨wbivcËvmn e¨w³MZ Rxe‡bi wbivcËvimKj kZ© wejyß K‡i‡Q| mvaviYcÖkvmb, AvBb k„sLjv i¶vi cÖwZôvb,wePvi wefvM, f~wg ms�vš— Awdm-Av`vjZ, mš¿vmx evwnbx †Ni gvwjK‡`ic¶ †bevi Kvi‡Y DcK~jxq A‡ji`yÕ†KvwU gvby‡li Rxeb n‡q c‡o‡Q`ywe©ln| evwYwR¨K wPswo Pvl IfviBbf‡qwms (hš¿cvwZ Avg`vbxi †¶‡Î)I AvÛvi Bbf‡qwms‡qi (ißvbxi†¶‡Î) gva¨‡g Kv÷gm I AvqKiwefvM Avi we‡kl FY myweav cÖvwßi†¶‡Î e¨vsK-exgv cÖwZôvb‡K `ybx©wZidvu‡` †d‡j‡Q hviv `ye©„ËvwqZA_©bxwZ‡Z B‡Zvg‡a¨B AwZgvÎvq`ybx©wZMÖ¯—| myZivs †kl ch©š— evwYwR¨KwPswo Pvl G †`‡k A_‰bwZK IivR‰bwZK `ye„©Ëvqb cÖw�qv Z¡ivwš^ZKivi Ab¨Zg gva¨g wn‡m‡eB KvRKi‡Q| evwYwR¨K wPswo Pv‡li c‡¶ hyw³†`Lv‡Z wM‡q A_©bxwZ welqK miKvixI `vZv‡Mvôxi civgk©`vZviv cÖvqBevwn¨KZv (externalities)-i welqwUmh‡Zœ Gwo‡q hvb| †m †¶‡Î evwYwR¨KwPswoi evRvi g~‡j¨ †hme g~j¨†Kvbfv‡eB †`Lv‡bv n‡”Q bv †m¸‡jvnj: DcK~jxq A‡ji ¶q-¶wZ,ev¯‘Py¨wZi cwigvY I AwfNvZ,cvwievwiK e܇bi wePy¨wZ, ¶zavZ©-AbvnviwK¬ó gvby‡li we¯—…wZ, cvwb`~lY,bevqb‡hvM¨ m¤ú‡`i ¶q, GesgvbevwaKvi j•Nb| Gme e¨‡qi†KvbwUB KwíZ bq, meB ev¯—e|Gm‡ei e¨qfvi enb Ki‡Qb eZ©gvb IKi‡eb fwel¨‡Zi cÖRb¥| myZivsevwYwR¨K wPswo Pvl‡K bad economicsejvB h‡_ó n‡e bv, Zvcwi‡ekMZfv‡e AvZ¥NvZx

(ecologically suicidal), Avgvi g‡ZmvgvwRKfv‡e wbt¯^vqb cÖw�qviAbyNUK (socially impoverishing),Ges A_©‰bwZKfv‡e Ab¨vq(economically unjust)| Avgvi g‡ZGmeB †jvbv cvwb m¤ú‡` K…wl-Rjvms¯‹v‡ii hyw³‡K k³ cv‡q `uvo Kivq|

Lvm Rwg I RjvÑK…l‡Ki ¯^cœ hvev¯—evwqZ nqwb wKš‘ n‡ZB n‡eJcwb‡ewkK ÒwPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯—Ó(1793 mv‡j B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvbxcÖewZ©Z) Rwg`vi‡`i cÖRvcxo‡bimy‡hvM w`j| G wb‡q K…lK Rwg IRjvi Ici Zvi b¨vqm½Z AwaKviAv`v‡q jovB-msMÖvg K‡i‡Q| K…l‡Kii³v³ msMÖv‡gi dmj Òe½xq cÖRv¯^Z¡AvBb-1885Ó hw`I ev AwR©Zn‡qwQ‡jv, †kl ch©š— Zv K…l‡KiAwaKvi msi¶Y Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡qwQ‡jv|Ae‡k‡l weªwUkiv G †`k †Q‡o hvevi

ci 1951 mv‡j Kiv nj Òc~e©e½ ivóªxqAwaMÖnY I cÖRv¯^Z¡ AvBb (EBSATA-1951)Ó Ñ†hLv‡b AvB‡bi `„wó‡ZK…lK‡K Zvi b¨vh¨ AwaKvicy‡ivcywifv‡e †`Iqv n‡qwQ‡jv| AvB‡b¯úó ejv wQj Òivóª I K„l‡Ki g‡a¨†Kvb Aš—e©Z©x mËv _vK‡e bv|ÓLvm Rwgi ivóªxq AwaMÖnY I cybe©È‡bigva¨‡g G‡`‡ki K…lK cÖRvmvavi‡Yi¯^v_© msi¶Y Kiv n‡e GgbwU Avkv Kivn‡qwQ‡jv| `yt‡Li welq, cvwK¯—v‡bibe¨ Jcwb‡ewkK mvgš— †mbvcÖfyivEBSATA-†K K…lK ¯^v‡_©i AbyK‚‡je¨eüZ n‡Z †`qwb| EBSATA-‡KZviv evi evi cwieZ©b K‡i| D‡Ïk¨wQj, †`‡k Ggb GKwU †kªYxKvVv‡gv‰Zix Kiv hv Hme †mbvkvmK‡`i nxb¯^v_© nvwmj Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j cvwK¯—vbx kvm‡bi cy‡ivmgqKv‡j Lvm Rwgi eÈb Kg©m~PxcÖK…Z Mwie K…lK‡kªYxi fvM¨ Dbœq‡b

f~wgKv iv‡Lwb| cieZx©‡Z 1971-GAvgv‡`i ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi Avkv-AvKv•¶vi gv‡S K…l‡Ki ¯^cœ jvwjZwQj †`‡ki m¤ú‡`i Ici wb‡R‡`imgAwaKvi cªwZôv Kiv| †`‡ki Mwie,f~wgnxb, cÖvwš—K Pvlx Ges `y¯’ InZ`wi`ª gvbyl¸‡jv Lvm Rwg I RjviIci Zv‡`i AwaKvi cÖwZôvi ga¨ w`‡qwb‡R‡`i fvM¨ cwieZ©‡bi ¯^cœ†`‡LwQ‡jv| Zv‡`i †m Avkv-AvKv•¶vI e¨_© n‡q‡Q| Lvm Rwg-Rjvi eÈb cÖw�qvq MÖvg¨ UvDU,gvZeŸi, Amr ivRbxwZwe` I kû‡iDVwZ ey‡R©vqv‡`i GKUv ciRxexAvuZvZ M‡o D‡V‡Q, hv evsjv‡`‡kcÖK„Z gvbe Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î GKUv eoevav|

MZ wZb `k‡K evsjv‡`‡k f~wgnxbgvby‡li msL¨v wظY e„w× †c‡q‡Q|f~wgnxb Rb‡Mvôxi GKwU Ask kn‡i

cvwo Rwg‡q‡Q Ges †eu‡P _vKviZvwM‡` eo eo kni¸‡jvi ew¯—‡Zgvb‡eZi Rxeb hvcb cÖYvjx †g‡bwb‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Q| e„nr A‡_© K…wlms¯‹v‡ii (agrarian reform) AvIZvqLvm Rwgi mylg eÈbB †Kej Mwie IcÖvwš—K Rb‡Mvôxi AwaKvi ms‡KvP‡bid‡j m„ó GB rural push migration-†K†gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv| GwUAvgv‡`i `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb Kg©m~PxiIAb¨Zg cÖavb cÖwZcv`¨ n‡Z cvi‡Zv|miKv‡ii Zid †_‡K †NvlYvc‡ÎiKgwZ wQj bv| ejv nw”Qj ÒLvm RwgMwie Rbmvavi‡Yi cÖvc¨|Ó ev¯—‡eD‡j-L‡hvM¨ †Zgb wKQyB Kiv nqwb|Avm‡j Lvm Rwgi Bmy¨‡K GZUvBAe‡njv Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, GgbwK †`‡k†h wK cwigvY Lvm Rwg i‡q‡Q Gi†Kvb ¯^”Q wnmve miKv‡ii Rvbv Av‡Qe‡j g‡b nq bv (Z‡e mswk-ó wel‡qmsm`xq KwgwU Av‡Q!)|

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Avgvi wn‡m‡e †`‡k eZ©gv‡b wPwýZ LvmRwgi (identified khas land) cwigvY 33jvL GKi: K…wl Lvm Rwg 8 jvL GKi,AK…wl Lvm Rwg 17 jvL GKi, Rjvf~wg8 jvL GKi| GB wnmve cÖK„Z LvmRwgi †P‡q A‡bK Kg; KviY RwgiGKUv e„nr Ask wewfbœ Kvi‡Y GLbImiKvix bw_‡Z Aš—f©y³ bq| Lvm RwgimiKvix wnmve gvivZ¥K weåvwš—Ki|miKvix wnmv‡eB 23 jvL GKi LvmRjvf~wg Ges 71 nvRvi GKi LvmK…wlRwgi Miwgj Av‡Q| miKvix wnmv‡e ejv n‡”Q, wPwýZ 8 jvL3 nvRvi 308 GKi Lvm K…wlRwgi44% Mwie, f~wgnxb I `y¯’ RbM‡Yig‡a¨ eÈb Kiv n‡q‡Q| M‡elYvq Gwnmve wg_¨v cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q| Avm‡jLvm Rwgi 88% abx Ges cÖfvekvjxivA‰eafv‡e `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| A_©vrhv‡`i Rb¨ Lvm Rwg †mB Mwie If~wgnxb RbM‡Yi mwZ¨Kvi AwaKv‡iAv‡Q gvÎ 12% Lvm K…wlRwg| AvieÈbK…Z Lvm Rwgi mivmwimyweav‡fvMx‡`i Kgc‡¶ 20% Av‡M†_‡KB f~wg gvwjK|

Lvm Rwgi weZiY cÖw�qvUv `wi`ªK…l‡Ki Rb¨ eo ai‡bi weo¤^bv| LvmRwgi eÈb cªw�qvi cÖavb bvqK n‡jbmiKvix f~wg Awd‡mi Kg©KZv/Kg©©Pvix,¯’vbxq MYcªwZwbwa, Ges ¯’vbxqcÖfvekvjx| Giv wg‡jwg‡k m„wó K‡i‡QRwg-`my¨i kw³kvjx GK ejq| GKRb f~wgnxb e¨w³ Lvm Rwgi m¤¢ve¨eÈb ZvwjKvq ¯’vb cv‡e wK cv‡e bv Zv†hme wel‡qi Ici wbf©i K‡i †m¸‡jvnj: †m ¯’vbxq cÖfvekvjx‡`i mgvRfy³wKbv, †m Zv‡`i GKB ivR‰bwZK`jfy³ wKbv, ZvwjKv cÖ‡YZv Zvi KvQ†_‡K Zvr¶wYK †Kvb my‡hvM-myweavAv`vq K‡i wb‡Z cvi‡e wKbv, Ges f~~wgAwd‡mi Kg©KZ©v/Kg©Pvix‡`i mv‡_ Zvi†hvMv‡hvM †Kgb (?) BZ¨vw`| AZx‡Z A‡bK f~wgnxb ZvwjKvfy³n‡q‡Qb A_P †kl ch©š— Rwgi eivÏcvbwb| eivÏ bv cvevi Ab¨ZgKviYmg~n nj: miKvix Awd‡mi mv‡_†hvMv‡hv‡Mi Afve, ¯’vbxqcÖfvekvjx‡`i mv‡_ ˆeix m¤úK©, LvmRwg A‡b¨i Øviv A‰eafv‡e `Lj nIqv,Lvm Rwgi AcÖZzjZv, Am¤ú~Y© I

Abychy³ Av‡e`bcÎ|Lvm Rwgi Amg e›U‡bi †¶‡Î f~wgAwd‡mi `ybx©wZB gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjbK‡i| GK GKi Lvm Rwg cvevi Rb¨M‡o 7 - 10 nvRvi UvKv Nyl w`‡Z nq|GKLÊ Lvm Rwg e‡›`ve¯— cvIqvi Rb¨GKRb mydj‡fvMx‡K M‡o 72 Kg©w`eme¨q Ki‡Z nq (hv miKvi †NvwlZ GBKv‡R cÖ‡qvRbxq mg‡qi 24 ¸Y †ewk)|

Lvm Rwg-Rjvi eÈb I e‡›`ve¯—cÖw�qvwU g~jZ ¯^vaxbZv cieZx© NUbv|G ch©š— hZ Rwg ewÈZ n‡q‡Q Zvi†ewki fvMB N‡U‡Q 1981 - 1996m‡bi ga¨eZx© mg‡q| 1991 - 96 m‡bLvm Rwg eȇbi AbycvZ 1981 - 90m‡bi Zzjbvq Av‡cw¶Kfv‡e †ewk wQj|cÖ_g †¶‡Î 7 eQ‡i 56%, †hLv‡bwØZxq †¶‡Î 10 eQ‡i 36%|

evRvi A_©bxwZ (A_ev evRvi AÜZ¡:market fundamentalism A‡_©) GgbB†h `wi`ª gvbyl Rwg cv‡eb wKš‘ a‡iivL‡Z cvi‡eb bv (issue of nonretention and adverse inclusion)|M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †h 54% mydj‡fvMxwewfbœ Kvi‡Y Rwgi Ici Zv‡`i AwaKviwUwK‡q ivL‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Qb| Ab¨ K_vqej‡Z †M‡j, f~wgnxb Mwie RbM‡Yi †h¶z`ª AskwU Lvm Rwg †c‡q‡Qb Zv‡`iIcÖwZ 2 R‡b 1 Rb Lvm Rwg eȇbib~¨bZg myweavUzKzI cvbwb| eÈbK…Z LvmRwgi Ici AwaKvi wUwK‡q ivL‡Z†c‡i‡Qb gvÎ 46% mydj‡fvMx (A_©©vr`wjj Av‡Q, Rwg Pvl Ki‡Qb Ges dmjN‡i DVv‡Z cvi‡Qb)| f~wg Awdm I AvBb-k„sLjv i¶vKvix‡`imv‡_ `LjKvix‡`i ‡hvMmvRk -Rwgi¶v Ki‡Z bv cvivi cÖavb KviY| 52%mydj‡fvMx A‰ea `LjKvix‡`iAv�g‡Yi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb| †h mg¯—Kvi‡Y f~wgnxb gvbyl Zv‡`i g‡a¨eÈbK…Z Rwg i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡iwb†m¸‡jv nj: A‰ea `Lj`viiv¶gZvevb; ¯’vbxq ¶gZv KvVv‡gvi mv‡_A‰ea `Lj`vi‡`i †hvMmvRk my`„p;AvBb abx-mnvqK; AvBbMZ RwUjZviwelqwUB †eAvBbx; miKvix mn‡hvwMZv -Kv¸‡R; mgm¨v m„wóKvix miKvixKg©KZ©viv Ges BDwbqb cwil‡`im`m¨iv cÖvqkB wb‡R‡`i †`vl A‡b¨iNv‡o Pvwc‡q w`‡Z Af¨¯—; Mwie‡`iwef³ ivLvi Rb¨ A‰ea `Lj`viivwewfbœ ai‡bi †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i|evsjv‡`‡ki we`¨gvb ivR‰bwZK-A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv envj _vK‡j †Kvb`¶ I Kvh©Ki f~wg ms¯‹vi Av‡`Š m¤¢ewKbv Gme cwimsL¨vb †mme wel‡qBm‡›`‡ni Rb¥ †`q|

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mydj‡fvMx‡`i 46%-Gi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v Av‡Mi Zzjbvqfv‡jv n‡q‡Q| fv‡jv nqwb 54%-Gi (hv‡`i g‡a¨ 36%-GiAe¯’v AZx‡Zi Zyjbvq Lvivc n‡q‡Q)| A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’viDbœwZ g~jZ 2wU wel‡qi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³: (K) f~wgi `Lwj¯^Z¡ I dm‡ji Ici KZ©„Z¡ cÖwZôv, (L) Rwgi cwigvY e„w×imv‡_ mv‡_ jv½j I nv‡ji ej` m¤ú‡`i DbœwZцh 2wUwRwbm wbwðZ nqwb e‡jB A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’viI DbœwZ nqwb|A_©vr A`¶ I Am¤ú~Y© Ges mvgwMÖK A_©bxwZi mv‡_m¤úK©nxb Lvm Rwg eÈb-†Kw›`ªK f~wg ms¯‹viBmydj‡fvMx‡`i A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi DbœwZ NUv‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q|

eZ©gvb Av_©-mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK KvVv‡gv‡Z Lvm Rjv-Rwg`wi`ª gvby‡li Rb¨ Avkxe©v` bvwK AwfkvcÑcÖkœwU AZ¨š—hyw³hy³| `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx GKLÊ Lvm Rwg cÖvwßi Avï myweavAR©‡b `xN©‡gqv‡`i my‡hvM nvZQvov Ki‡Z cv‡i (Ki‡QbI);evRvi A_©bxwZi gvicu¨v‡P i¶v Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb bv ewÈZ LvmRwg-Rjv (high non-retention rate); gvgjv-‡gvKÏgvqRwo‡q "adverse inclusion"-Gi wkKvi n‡”Qb;†Rvi`LjKvix Rwg-Rj-`my¨iv msMwVZ wKš‘ `wi`ªivAmsMwVZ; Nylmn Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK wewa ewnf©~Z e¨q Ki‡ZI`wi`ªiv Lye GKUv KzÉv‡eva K‡ib bvÑGme Kvi‡Y eZ©gvbivR‰bwZK KvVv‡gv‡Z Lvm Rjv-Rwgi welqwU `wi`ª‡`i Rb¨GK ai‡bi Awfkv‡ci welq wnmv‡e MY¨ n‡Z cv‡i| AvevieZ©gvb KvVv‡gv‡Z hLb †`wL †h Lvm Rwgi mydj‡fvMx‡`i46%-Gi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v Av‡Mi Zzjbvq fv‡jv n‡q‡QцmUv wKš‘ `ye©„ËvwqZ KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨I wKQyUv Avkvi Av‡jv|

f~wgÑgvgjvq RvZxq AcPq: f~wg-K…wl-Rjvms¯‹v‡ii Av‡iKwU k³ hyw³ evsjv‡`‡k f~wg gvgjvi welqwU †h RwUj G wel‡q Kv‡ivm‡›`n †bB| GI m‡›`nvZxZ †h Rwg-Rgv wKš‘ GLbIe¨w³i A_©‰bwZK kw³, mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb I ivR‰bwZKcÖfve-cÖwZcwËi Ab¨Zg wbY©vqK| Rwg Ggwb‡ZB `y®cÖvc¨,Avi Avgv‡`i gZ NbemwZc~Y© †`‡k Zv AwaKgvÎvq`y®cÖvc¨| myZivs Avgv‡`i †`‡k GKLÊ Rwg cÖvwßiGes/A_ev Rwg i¶vi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvI n‡e †ekx| Avevi ÒRwgbv hgÓ G cÖev`wUI Av‡Q| Avi Rwg hw` ÔhgÕ nq Zvn‡jRwg wb‡q †h gvgjv-‡gvKÏgv n‡e ZvI ¯^vfvweK| A_ev Rwgwb‡q SMov-weev`-gbKlvKwl-gvgjv-‡gvKÏgv-Lyb-RLg-RvwjqvwZ-evUcvwo-`my¨Zv (f~wg-`my¨Zv, Rj-`my¨Zv, eb-`my¨Zv) nq †`‡LB m¤¢eZ Rwg‡K ÔhgÕ ejv nq| Avevi Rwg†h‡nZz GK ai‡bi wbivcËv A_ev exgv (BÝy‡iÝ) †m‡nZzRwg cÖvwßi AvKv•¶vI A¯^vfvweK bq| Ab¨w`‡K i“‡kvi gZ`vk©wbK Aek¨ e‡j‡Qb Ògvbyl †hw`b GKLÛ evu‡ki gv_vqjvj cZvKv †eu‡a gvwU‡Z ewm‡q ej‡jvÑGUv Avgviцmw`bwUB wQj mf¨Zvi †kl w`b|Ó

f~wg gvgjvi cy‡iv welqwU GLb cvwievwiK I RvZxqfv‡e GKwekvj I �gea©gvb AcP‡qi KviY n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q| f~wggvgjvq RvZxq AcP‡qi gvÎv wbgœiƒc:

†PŠÏ †KvwU gvby‡li G‡`‡k gvgjvi `yc¶, Zv‡`i cwiev‡iim`m¨ I mv¶xmn f~wg-gvgjvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z gvby‡li msL¨vn‡e 12 †KvwU, hv evsjv‡`‡ki kZKiv 100 fvM c~Y©eq¯‹RbmsL¨vi mgvb (G‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡KB †h gvgjvq RwoZ Zv bq,†KD †KD GKvwaK gvgjvq RwoZ)| eQ‡i f~wg-‡Kw›`ªKPjgvb (operating) gvgjvi msL¨v (including pendingcases) 25 jvL, hv †`‡ki †gvU Pjgvb gvgjvi 77%| G

gyn~‡Z© †hme f~wg-gvgjv ivq A‡c¶gvY †mme gvgjvq ev`x-weev`x wg‡j †gvU †fvMvwš—-el© (sufferings-year) n‡e 2†KvwU 7 jvL eQi| †`‡k eQ‡i gvgjvaxb f~wgi cwigvY n‡e23.5 jvL GKi hv �gcyÄxf~Z f~wg gvgjvi Kvi‡Y�gea©gvb| f~wg wb‡q cÖwZ eQi †h me gvgjv n‡”Q HmeRwgi eZ©gvb evRvi g~j¨ 1,27,100 †KvwU UvKv| mgMÖ †`‡kf~wg gvgjv�vš— cwievi (ev`x-weev`xmn) mg~n eQ‡i12,520 †KvwU UvKvi m¤ú` nvivb| f~wg gvgjv-mswk-ó †gvUAvw_©K e¨‡qi cwigvY eQ‡i 24,860 †KvwU UvKv, hvi gvÎ1% ivóªxq †KvlvMv‡i Rgv nq (÷¨v¤ú, †KvU© wd BZ¨vw`eve`), 50% Nyl (hvi g‡a¨ 65% †bb cywjk-_vbv, 15%f~wg Awdm, 14% †Kv‡U©i Kg©KZ©v)| G gyn~‡Z© mviv †`‡khviv f~wg gvgjvq RwoZ Zviv gvgjv cwiPvj‡b B‡Zvg‡a¨25,039 †KvwU UvKv e¨q K‡i‡Qb, hv Avgv‡`i †gvU RvZxqAv‡qi 10%-Gi mgvb A_ev miKv‡ii evwl©K DbœqbKg©m~Px‡Z †gvU eiv‡Ïi †P‡q †ekx| cÖK…Zc‡¶ f~wg gvgjvqev`x-weev`xi cÖK…Z e¨q D‡j-wLZ Avw_©K e¨‡qi †P‡qI A‡bK¸Y †ekx n‡e, KviY Avw_©K e¨‡q †hme cÖK…Z e¨‡qi Avw_©Kg~j¨ wn‡me Kiv nqwb Zv nj: gvgjvi Kvi‡Y AwZevwnZmg‡qi my‡hvM e¨q (opportunity cost); A‡bK ai‡bievwn¨KZv-e¨q (externalities) †hgb kvixwiK I gvbwmK`ytL-K‡ói A_©g~j¨, cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i wk¶v I ¯^v¯’¨ Lv‡Z†h e¨q Kiv cÖ‡qvRb wQj wKš‘ gvgjvi Kvi‡Y Kiv m¤¢e nqwbZvi A_©g~j¨, gvgjvi Kvi‡Y mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K© †h wPi a‡i‡QZvi A_© gyj¨, f~wg‡Kw›`ªK SMov-weev`-gvivgvwi-Lyb-RL‡gid‡j †h ¶wZ n‡q‡Q Zvi A_©g~j¨, gvgjvi d‡j A‡c¶vK…Z`ye©j n‡q cov cwiev‡ii †h †g‡qwU ¯‹z‡j †h‡Z cvi‡Q bvA_ev ¯‹z‡j †h‡Z-Avm‡Z hv‡K VvÆv-wei³-weeªZ (tease) Kivn‡”Q †mUvi A_©g~j¨; `ybx©wZi d‡j ¶q-¶wZi A_©g~j¨ (costof corruption) BZ¨vw`|

f~wg gvgjvq cvwievwiK AcPq gvÎvnxb| M‡elYvjämv¤cÖwZK K‡qKwU Z‡_¨ Zv ¯úó: M‡o cÖwZwU f~wg gvgjvq¶wZMÖ¯— nb 45 Rb gvbyl| M‡o GKwU f~wg gvgjv wb®úwˇZmgq jv‡M 9.5 eQi| f~wg gvgjv cwiev‡ii mKj ai‡bi`y`©kv evovqÑA_©‰bwZK, kvixwiK, mvgvwRK, gvbwmK|gvgjv�vš— 100%-B e‡j‡Qb gvbwmK hš¿Yv e„w×i K_v;60% e‡j‡Qb gvgjvi Kvi‡Y kvixwiK Amy¯’Zvi K_v;gvgjv�vš— cwiev‡ii 90%-Gi Avq Av‡Mi Zzjbvq n«vm†c‡q‡Q; gvgjvi e¨q wgUv‡Z 60% cwievi †Q‡j-‡g‡q‡`iwk¶v e¨q KZ©‡b eva¨ n‡q‡Qb; Lv`¨ cwi‡fv‡M e¨q Kgv‡Zeva¨ n‡q‡Qb 75% cwievi; Avi 60% cwievi gvgjvPvjv‡Z wM‡q ¯^v¯’¨ Lv‡Z e¨q Kgv‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Qb| f~wggvgjvi Kvi‡Y Avq nªvm I cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨q KZ©b welqwUïaygvÎ f~wg gvgjvq mivmwi RwoZ (ev`x I weev`x)-‡`iRb¨B cÖ‡hvR¨ bq, Zv Zv‡`i Nwbô AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb‡`i †¶‡ÎIh‡_ó gvÎvq j¶Yxq| M‡o gvgjv cÖwZ ev`x A_ev weev`xwbwe©‡k‡l cÖwZwU c‡¶i †h m¤ú` hv nªvm †c‡q‡Q Zvi eZ©gvbevRvi g~j¨ n‡e 2,27,990 UvKv| evrmwiK m¤ú` nªv‡micwigvY, M‡o cÖwZ c‡¶i 23,999 UvKv| myZivs f~wg gvgjvi ivR‰bwZK-A_©bxwZ we‡k-l‡Y K‡qKwUwm×v‡š— DcbxZ nIqv hvq hv wb‡`©k K‡i †h mvgwMÖK K…wlms¯‹vi Qvov wekvj G cvwievwiK I RvZxq AcPq †ivaAm¤¢e| A_©bxwZ I ivRbxwZi `ye©„Ëvq‡bi KvVv‡gv‡Z AvBbk„sLjv cwiw¯’wZi �gvebwZi KviY n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q f~wggvgjv|

24

mvgwMÖK `ye©„Ëvq‡bi KvVv‡gv‡Z f~wggvgjv Nyl-`ybx©wZ e„wׇZ Ges AvBb IwePvi e¨e¯’v AKvh©Ki Ki‡Z f~wgKvivL‡Q| f~wg gvgjvq cywjk `yc‡¶iKv‡QB Nyl Lv‡”Q| Z‡e †h †ekx Nylw`‡”Q cywjk Zvi ¯^v_© †`L‡Q, wKš‘mev©Z¥K †Póv Ki‡Q gvgjv †hb `xN©¯’vqxnq| G wel‡q f~wg Awdm, †KvU© wm‡÷g,¯’vbxq miKvi, DwKj-†gv³viцKDKv‡iv †P‡q Kg bb| `ybx©wZMÖ¯— IAKvh©Ki AvBb-k„sLjv I wePvi-Giwm‡÷‡g me‡P‡q †ekx jvfevb n‡”QbZviv hviv †Rvic~e©K Rwg, Rjv, Pi, eb`Lj Ki‡Qb| Ges ZvivB wKš‘ `ybx©wZ Iwm‡÷‡gi AKvh©KvwiZv `xN©¯’vqx KiviRb¨ me©vZ¥K †Póv Ki‡Qb| f~wg gvgjvqme‡P †ekx `y`©kv-‡fvMvwš—i wkKvin‡”Qb Zviv hviv `xN©w`b hver gvgjvPvwj‡q †h‡Z eva¨ n‡”Qb, gwnjvcÖavbLvbv Ges Ab¨vb¨ `ye©j c¶ (A‡c¶vK…Z`wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx, agx©q I RvwZMZ

msL¨vjNy gvbyl BZ¨vw`)| f~wg gvgjvqev`x-weev`x wbwe©‡k‡l †KDB Avm‡j†R‡Zb bv (loosing battle for both),Df‡qB nv‡ib| KviY gvgjvq MoAvw_©K e¨q (A_©g~j¨ Kiv m¤¢e bq, Ggbe¨q ev` w`‡jI) †h cwigvY Rwg wb‡qgvgjv nq Zvi evRvi g~‡j¨i †P‡q †ekx|f~wg gvgjv gvgjv�vš— cwiev‡iiAvw_©Kmn Ab¨vb¨ mKj Dbœqb-mnvqKcÖ‡qvRbxq wfZ ax‡i ax‡i `ye©j K‡i|nªvm cvq cvwievwiK Avq; Drcv`bkxjKg©Kv‡Ê mgq †`qv `ª“Z nªvm cvq; Av‡qieo Ask gvgjvi wcQ‡b e¨q Ki‡Z wM‡qcwiev‡i ¯^v¯’¨-wk¶v-gvbwmK my¯’ZviweKvk wewNœZ nq; cwiev‡i Lv`¨cwi‡fvM nªv‡mi d‡j cwiev‡ii wkï-gwnjv-cÖexY m`m¨‡`i ¯’vqx ¯^v¯’¨nvwbnq; gvgjv�vš— cwiev‡i nv‡U©i AmyL,Wvqv‡ewUKm, wb`ªvnxbZv (Bb‡mvgwbqv),M¨vw÷ªK RvZxq Amy¯’Zv gvgjvnxbcwiev‡ii Zzjbvq AwaK| f~wg gvgjv

cwievwiK I Kgy¨wbwU eÜb Ges gvby‡lgvby‡l †mŠnv`©¨ I msnwZ (solidarity)webó Kivi gva¨‡g we‡f` m„wó K‡i Gesgbyl¨ m¤ú‡K©i webwóKiY cÖw�qvZ¡ivwš^Z K‡i| gvgjvi ev`x-weev`x bbA_P `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi (hv‡`i A‡b‡KBGgbwK f~wgnxb) GKvsk hviv †h †KvbKvi‡YB †nvK bv †Kb mv¶x wn‡m‡egvgjvi AskÑgvgjvq Rwo‡q Av‡¯—Av‡¯— wbqwgZ Avqg~jK Kg©KvÊ †_‡KwePz¨wZi d‡j `wi`ªZi n‡q c‡ob| f~wgAvB‡bi RwUjZv I Am½wZ; f~wg AvBbI AvBwb cÖw�qv m¤ú‡K© AwaKvskgvby‡li Áv‡bi Afve (A_ev AveQvaviYv); AvB‡bi cÖv‡qvwMK e¨e¯’vcbvqmgm¨v; A‡bK †¶‡ÎB mgm¨v-gxgvsmvi†¶‡Î AKvh©Ki I AvB‡bi mv‡_m½wZnxb wePvi; wePv‡ii ivq cÖfvweZKivi †Póv (A‡bK †¶‡Î mdj cÖ‡Póv);_vbv-cywjk-f~wg Awdm-†Kv‡U©i gvbyl-wei“× Ae¯’vb; cÖfvekvjx gvby‡li A‰ea

n¯—‡¶‡c (A‡bK †¶‡Î GUvI Zv‡`iA‰ea Av‡qi Ab¨Zg Drm); DwKj†gv³v‡ii g‡°jwe‡ivax Ae¯’vb GesA‰bwZK I A‡ckv`vimyjfgvbmKvVv‡gvÑGmeB f~wg gvgjvqAcPq e„wׇZ Ges cÖw�qv cªj¤^‡bf~wgKv iv‡L| mewKQy wgwj‡q Av_©-ivR‰bwZK `ye©„ËvqbKvVv‡gv‡Z G‡`‡k f~wg-gvgjv fv‡jv†Zgb wKQyB K‡i bv, wecix‡Zgvgjv�vš— cwiev‡ii `ytL-`y`©kv-eÂbve„w× K‡i; gvbe cyuwR weKv‡kcÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i; mgMÖ mgvR-A_©bxwZ-wk¶v-ms¯‹…wZ-K…wó-ivRbxwZ-gb¯—vwË¡K RMZ fvimvg¨nxbKiY IKjywlZKi‡Y mw�q f~wgKv iv‡L;m‡ev©cwi ¯^vaxbZv-Nwbô (freedommediated) cÖw�qv wn‡m‡e Dbœqb Z_vgvbe Dbœq‡b eo ai‡bi evav-wecwËiKviY wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| myZivs m¤ú~Y©f~wg-gvgjvi welqwU‡K f~wg-K…wl-Rjv

ms¯‹v‡ii Nwbô A½ wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z n‡e|

f~wg cÖkvmb, e¨e¯’vcbv, AvBb IbxwZgvjv: msKxY© ¯^v_© msi‡YiRwUj cÖw�qvRwg I Rj G‡`‡ki g~j I †gŠwjKm¤ú`| A_P f~wg cÖkvmb Ie¨e¯’vcbvÑDfqB GLbI Dcwb‡ewkKwbq‡gB Pj‡Q| f~wg cÖkvmb Ie¨e¯’vcbvi g~j KvR wZbwU: (1) †iKW©msi¶Y, (2) †iwR‡÷ªkb, (3)†m‡Uj‡g›U| m¤úK©nxb I mgš^qnxb`y‡Uv gš¿Yvj‡qi wZb‡U KZ©„c¶ wfbœ wfbœAwd‡m Gme KvR K‡iÑGUvB f~wgcÖkvmb e¨e¯’vcbvi Ab¨Zg mgm¨v| hvwbim‡b †Kvb Kvh©Kix D‡`¨vM †bB|†iKW© msi¶‡Yi KvRwU K‡i f~wggš¿Yvj‡qi AvIZvq Znwkj Awdm|†h‡nZz f~wgi †Kbv‡ePv Ges DËivwaKvim~Î Pjgvb †m‡nZz †iKW© msi¶‡YiKvRwU (process of transfer of landright) Ri“ix| †iwR‡÷ªk‡bi KvRwU K‡iAvBb gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb¯’ mve‡iwRw÷ªAwdm| G KvRwUI Ri“ix KviY GUv njrecording of transfer| Avi†m‡Uj‡g‡›Ui KvRwU K‡i AvBbgš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb¯’ †mUj‡g›U Awdm| GKvRwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wQj ZLb hLbRbmsL¨v wQj Kg Avi Pv‡li AvIZvqbZyb Rwgi wn‡me ivLv I mswk-ó LvRbvAv`vq cÖm½wU cÖ‡hvR¨ wQj (A_©vrrecording the expansion of cultivableacreage)ÑGLb GUv m¤ú~Y©AcÖ‡qvRbxq| gvwjKvbv ¯^‡Z¡i AvBwb†iKW© (official record of ownershiprights) m¤úbœ Ki‡Z m¤úK©nxb wZb‡Ums¯’vi Dcw¯’wZÑ GUv wb‡RB GKAcÖ‡qvRbxq RwUjZv| G AcÖ‡qvRbxqRwUjZv `~i K‡i f~wg cÖkvmb Ie¨e¯’vcbv mymgwš^Z GKK KZ©„‡Z¡ Avbv†M‡j mgm¨vi wKQyUv myivnv n‡Z cv‡i|Rwg-Rjvi gvwjKvbv ms�vš— we‡iva,gvgjv-†gvKÏgv ïay †h †ewk ZvB bq GcÖw�qv ev`x-weev`x wbwe©‡k‡l Df‡qiBwbt¯^Ki‡Y mnvqK; G cÖw�qv mvgvwRKfvimvg¨nxbZv m„wó Ki‡Q Ges †mB mv‡_G‡`‡k mvgvwRK cyuwR weKv‡k Ab¨ZgcÖavb cÖwZeÜK| ai“b Rwg wb‡q we‡ivaïi“ nj| wb®úwËi cÖavb c~e©kZ© njgvwjKvbvi cÖgvYcÎ `vwLj Kiv| GKBRwgi gvwjKvbvi `vwe`vi wZb e¨w³icÖ_g e¨w³ gvwjKvbvi cÖgvYcÎ wn‡m‡e`vwLj Ki‡jb Znwkj Awd‡mi KvMR,wØZxq e¨w³ `vwLj Ki‡jb mve-†iwRw÷ªAwd‡mi KvMR, Avi Z…Zxq e¨w³ †ckKi‡jb †m‡Uj‡g›U Awd‡mi KvMR|Avm‡j H Rwgi gvwjK †K? wZbRbB†Zv f~wg ms�vš— executive body-iKvMR †`Lv‡”QbÑAvB‡bi `„wó‡Z †ZvwZbRbB gvwjK|

25

†m Kvi‡YB ejv n‡q _v‡K †h evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li RwggvwjKvbv ms�vš— `wjj-`¯—v‡eR GKwÎZ Ki‡j RwgicwigvY `uvov‡e G‡`‡k hZ Rwg Av‡Q Zvi †P‡q wZb¸Y†ekx| Avm‡j Avgiv hv‡K Rwg †iwR‡÷ªkb ewj Zv Avm‡j`wj‡ji †iwR‡÷ªkb (registration of deed)Ñ RwgigvwjKvbvi †iwR‡÷ªkb bq| Rwgi ciPv ev bKkv(RRÑRecord of Right) wgjv‡j nvRv‡iv ΓwU †`Lvhv‡e| wØZxqZ †Kvb gvwj‡Ki Rwg Zvi bv‡g bvgRvwi evRgv-LvwiR (mutation) Kivi Rb¨ `y‡Uv Awd‡m †h‡Z nq|†m‡Uj‡g›U Awd‡m Kvi Rwg †KvbUv Zvi gvbwPÎ AvuKv nq(cÖ_g †m‡Uj‡g›U mv‡f©‡Z †j‡MwQj 60 eQiÑ1880-1940; Gici 1950-G State AcquisitionSettlement, Zvic‡i wiwfkb¨vj †m‡Uj‡g›U hv GLbIPj‡Q, K‡e †kl n‡e †KDB Rv‡b bv); Avi Znwkj`vi,GwmmU¨v›U Kwgkbvi (f~wg), †Rjv cÖkvmK, wefvMxq cÖkvmKBZ¨vw`| Gfv‡e GKB Rwg wewfbœ e¨e¯’vq gvwjKvbv evbvgRvwi Kivi d‡j Rwgi gvwjK nqivwbi wkKvi nb|myZivs ¯úó †h f~wg cÖkvmb I e¨e¯’vcbvi cy‡iv wm‡÷gwUA‡hvM¨, A`¶, AKvh©Ki, A¯^”Q, ˆØZ-gvwjKvbv m„wó‡ZmnvqK, Rvj †iKW© cÖYq‡b mnvqK, gvgjv-†gvKÏgvi wfwËm„wói mnvqK, Drcv`b e„w×i cÖ‡Yv`bv-wei“×, f~wg-Rj`my¨e„wËi mnvqK, f~wg-Rjv †Kw›`ªK hZ ai‡bi `ybx©wZNUv‡bv m¤¢e Zvi mw�q mn‡hvMx| Avi Gme Kvi‡YBgvSLvb w`‡q j‡Ucy‡U Lv‡”Q f~wg-Rjv mš¿vmxiv; f~wg-Rjvms�vš— `ybx©wZ Wvjcvjv MwR‡q we¯—…wZ jvf Ki‡Q; m„wó n‡”Qf~wg-Rjv †Rv‡”Pvi-`vjvj †MvôxÑGmeB B‡Zvg‡a¨`ye„©ËvwqZ A_©bxwZ I ivRbxwZi `ye„©Ëvqb AwaKnv‡icybi“rcv`‡b mw�q f~wgKv ivL‡Q|

G †`‡k f~wg AvB‡bi weeZ©b we‡k-l‡Y gvby‡li Kj¨vY wegyLwZbwU welq j¶Yxq:

(1) mswk-ó AvBb-Kvbyb RwUj I y‡e©va¨Ñgvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y AvBb cÖYqb nqwb;

(2) Dcwb‡e‡ki ¯^v_© i¶vi AvBb-Kvbyb GLbI envj Av‡Q; Ges

(3) GKB wel‡q ci¯úiwe‡ivax AvBb-Kvbyb cvIqv hvqhv abx-¯^v_© mnvqK|

f~wg ms�vš— me‡P RbKj¨vYKvgx AvBbwU nj Òc~e©e½ ivóªxqAwaMÖnY I cÖRv¯^Z¡ AvBbÓ (1951), †hLv‡b ¯úó ejvn‡q‡Q Òivóª I K…l‡Ki g‡a¨ †Kvb Aš—eZ©x mËv _vK‡e bvÓцh AvBb MZ Aa© kZ‡KI ev¯—evqb nqwb| †mBmv‡_ RwgigvwjKvbv wmwjs cvëv‡bv n‡q‡Q K‡qK `dv; wmwjs &DØ„Ë LvmRwg memg‡qB cÖv°wjZ wn‡m‡ei Zzjbvq cvIqv †M‡Q KgGes hvI cvIqv †M‡Q Zv ¯^í-gvÎvq De©i| wmwjs DØ„Ë Rwg†`evi †¶‡Î AvBb K‡i cwiev‡ii msÁv cvëv‡bv n‡q‡Qeûevi| Rwg ms�vš— we‡iva wb®úwËi AvBb-Kvbyb h‡_óΓwUc~Y©| ¯’vbxqfv‡e mgvav‡bi AvBb Kvh©Kix bq| D”PAv`vj‡Z wb®úwËi cÖ‡qvM-†KŠkj abx‡`i ¯^v_© i¶v K‡i|Lvm Rwg‡Z f~wgnxb‡`i mgevq m„wó‡Z AvBb _vK‡jI KL‡bvZv ev¯—evwqZ nqwb| miKvix bxwZgvjvq bvMwiK mgvRmnK…lK msMVb, wewfbœ †ckvRxex‡`i msMVb I RbKj¨vYKvgx†emiKvix ms¯’vmg~‡ni mw�q AskMÖnY I f~wgKv ¯^xK…Z bq|

Lvm Rwg-Rjv weZiYg~jK K…wl-f~wg ms¯‹vi m¤¢eAvgv‡`i A‡b‡KB Lvm Rwg-Rjv ms�vš— welqwU c~Y©v½fv‡ebv ey‡S A_ev AvswkK ey‡S weZiYg~jK f~wg ms¯‹v‡iiAm¤¢ve¨Zvi K_v e‡jb| bvKP K‡i †`b mswk-ó cÖ —vebv|Avm‡j †`‡k G ch©š— †h cwigvY Lvm Rwg wPwýZ Kiv †M‡Q

Zv w`‡qB cª‡Z¨K f~wgnxb cwievi‡K 0.37 GKi Lvm K…wlRwg Ges 0.38 GKi Lvm Rjvf~wg eÈb Kiv m¤¢e| Avi meai‡bi Lvm Rwg wgwj‡q cÖ‡Z¨K f~wgnxb cwiev‡ii g‡a¨1.52 GKi eÈb Kiv m¤¢e|

†RjvwfwËK we‡ePbvq, M‡o cÖwZwU †Rjvi f~wgnxb cwiev‡i1.14 GKi Lvm Rwg (Lvm Rjvf~wg ev‡`) eÈb Kiv m¤¢e|Avi 64wU †Rjvi Kgc‡¶ 14wU †Rjvq f~wgnxb cwievi cÖwZM‡o 1.5 GK‡iiI †ekx Rwg eÈb m¤¢e| Avi G cwigvYK…wl Rwg †Zv

kn‡ii Lvm Rwgi evRvi g~j¨ M‡o MÖvgxY Lvm Rwgi Zyjbvq100 ¸Y †ekx; Avi XvKv-PƪMªvg-Lyjbvi †g‡UªvcwjUbGjvKvi mv‡_ Zzjbv Ki‡j Zv n‡e K‡qK nvRvi ¸Y| kû‡iLvm Rwg GLb cy‡ivUvB Av_©-ivR‰bwZK `ye©„ËvwqZ †Mvôxiwbqš¿‡Y| G `Lwj ¯^Z¡ eRvq ivL‡Z Ges `Lj evov‡Z ZvivixwZgZ mk¯¿ gv¯—vb cyl‡Q, †h gv¯—vbx GLb Avi ïay Rwg-†Kw›`ªK Kg©Kv‡Ê mxwgZ bq| XvKv kn‡ii 3000-Gi Dc‡iew¯—i bvg GLb e¨w³i bv‡g; XvKvi wfZ‡i Avi Pvicv‡kK‡qK jvL GKi bxPz-Lvm Rwg GLb †eAvBwb fivU Pj‡Q|Gme Lvm Rjv-Rwg `wi`ª gvby‡li b¨vh¨ cÖvc¨| f~wg-K…wl-Rjv ms¯‹v‡i G welq Gwo‡q †M‡j Ab¨vq n‡e|

†`‡k eZ©gv‡b †h cwigvY Lvm Rwg-Rjv i‡q‡Q Zv w`‡qBGKwU e›Ub‡hvM¨ Òf~wg ms¯‹viÓ m¤¢e| Avi AZx‡Z †h‡nZz†Kvb miKv‡ii Avg‡jB f~wg ms¯‹v‡ii †¶‡Î mwZ¨Kvi Avš—wiK I D‡`¨vMx cÖqvm †bqv nqwb, ZvB hviv f~wgms¯‹v‡ii m¤¢ve¨ AwfNvZ wb‡q cÖkœ Zyj‡QbÑAvgvi we‡ePbvqnq Zviv bv †R‡b-ï‡b Ki‡Qb, bv nq wbQKD‡Ïk¨cÖ‡Yvw`Zfv‡e Ki‡Qb| fq-fxwZ A_ev Ab¨ †KvbKviY _vK‡j K…wl-f~wg ms¯‹v‡ii c‡¶ K_v bv ejv Ab¨vqn‡e bv, Z‡e wei“× hyw³ cÖ`k©b n‡e ixwZgZ `ʇhvM¨Aciva|

f~wg-K…wl-Rjv ms¯‹vi : wKQy mycvwik G‡`‡k RbKj¨vYKvgx f~wg-K…wl-Rjv ms¯‹v‡ii j‡¶¨ mswk-ówewfbœ welqvw`i M‡elYv-wfwËK GKwU ivR‰bwZK-A_©‰bwZKwe‡k-lY Dc¯’vc‡bi †Póv K‡iwQ| welqwU `ye©„ˇewóZKvVv‡gv‡Z Avgv‡`i †`‡k me‡P AgxgvswmZ welq| welqwURwUj I ci¯úi m¤úwK©Z| evsjv‡`‡k A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Igvbe Dbœqb cÖw�qv Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z RbKj¨vYKvgx f~wg-K…wl-Rjv ms¯‹v‡ii †Kvb weKí †bB| G j‡¶¨ †`‡ki mK‡jiwe‡ePbvi Rb¨ wKQy mywbw`©ó mycvwikg~jK cÖ¯—ve DÌvcbKi‡Z PvB| D‡j-L Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h cÖ —vweZ mycvwikAvcbv-Avcwb ev¯—evwqZ n‡e GgbwU Avwg g‡b Kwi bv|Rwg-Rjv wel‡qi Aš—wb©wnZ ¯v_©-mswk-óZv m¤ú‡K© AvgivcÖvq mevB AeMZ|

†m Kvi‡YB wek¦vm Kwi †h welqwUi myivnv m¤ú~Y©fv‡eivR‰bwZK ¯^xK…wZ, mw`”Qv, A½xKvi, †hvM¨Zv Ges `wi`ªRb‡Mvôxi msMwVZ Kg©Kv‡Êi Ic‡iB wbf©i Ki‡Q| AvgvicÖ¯—vweZ mycvwikmg~n Avwg cvuPwU e„nr e‡M© wef³ K‡iwQ(Aek¨B GmeB ci¯úi m¤úwK©Z):

(K) Lvm Rwg I Rjv ms�vš—, (L) Awc©Z m¤úwË m¤úwK©Z, (M) ¶z`ª RvwZmËvi gvbyl‡`i Rwg-Rjv-ebf~wg

m¤úwK©Z, (N) f~wg gvgjv ms�vš—, Ges (O) Ab¨vb¨ AvBb-Kvbyb, cÖkvmb, e¨e¯’vcbv I

bxwZgvjv ms�vš—|

26

Lvm Rwg-Rjv ms�vš— mycvwik1. mg¯— Lvm Rwg (K…wl, AK…wl IRjvf~wg) Awej‡¤^ wPwýZ Kiv| 2. Lvm Rwg wPwýZKi‡Yi mgm¨vms�vš— hveZxq Z_¨vw` cÖPvigva¨gmg~‡n (†iwWI, wUwf I evsjvˆ`wbKmn) cÖKvk I cÖPvi Kiv Ges ZvZ…Yg~j ch©v‡q Qwo‡q †`qv| 3. Lvm Rwgi weåvwš—Ki†kªYxwefvRb eÜ Kiv (†hgb K…wl Rwg‡KRjvf~wg wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv)|4. eÈbK…Z I eÈb‡hvM¨ mg¯—Lvm Rwg A‰ea `Lj`vi‡`i KvQ †_‡KhZ `ª“Z m¤¢e D×vi Kiv| 5. Lvm Rwg wPwýZKiY KwgwU‡ZK…lK msMVb, †¶Z gRyi, ivR‰bwZK`jmg~n, †emiKvix ms¯’v, mvgvwRKmsMVbmg~n I ¯‹zj-wk¶K‡`icªwZwbwa‡`i Aš—f©y³ Kiv| 6. Gme KwgwU‡Z ¯’vbxqcÖfvekvjx‡`i cÖfve n«vm I miKvixKg©KZ©v‡`i `ybx©wZ eÜ Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœc`‡¶c †bqv| 7. K…lK I f~wgnxb‡`icÖwZwbwa‡`i me©vwaK Dcw¯’wZi wfwˇZRvZxq ch©v‡q GKwU Lvm Rwg e¨e¯’vcbvKwgwU I †Rjv ch©v‡q GKwU Lvm Rwge¨e¯’vcbv I eÈb KwgwU ˆZwi Kiv|Lvm Rwg D™¢~Z †h ‡Kvb ai‡bi weev`AbymÜvb/Z`š— Kiv Ges gvwjKvbvm¤^‡Ü wm×vš— †`Iqvi gZv GB KwgwU‡KcÖ`vb Kiv| 8. Lvm Rwgi wPwýZKiY,evQvBKiY, eÈb Ges e¨env‡ii †¶‡ÎMwie RbmvaviY I Zv‡`i meai‡bicÖwZôvb/msMVbmg~‡ni me©vwaKAskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv| 9. Lvm Rwg e›U‡bi †¶‡ÎmnR‡eva¨ evsjvq wjwLZ dig MwieRbM‡Yi gv‡S weZiY Kiv | 10. f~wgnxb RbMY †hb Zv‡`igv‡S eÈbK…Z m¤úwË i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡iZvi Rb¨ c×wZ D™¢veb Kiv| 11. Rwgi `Ljx ¯^‡Z¡i mgm¨v Idm‡ji Ici KZ©„‡Z¡i mgm¨v wbim‡bAvBbMZ mnvqZv e¨e¯’vicÖvwZôvwbKxKiY Kiv| Gme e¨vcv‡iGbwRI I Ab¨vb¨ †ckvwfwËK ms¯’vimnvqZv (†hgb AvBbMZ civgk©) e¨e¯’v†Rvi`vi Kiv| 12. Drcv`bgyLx DcKiY IK…wlR-BbcyU †Kbvi †¶‡Î f~wgnxbK…lK‡`i gv‡S FY myweavi cÖmviNUv‡bv| Drcbœ dm‡jievRviRvZKi‡Yi mnvqK e¨e¯’v PvjyKiv| 13. miKv‡ii c¶ †_‡K Mwief~wgnxb RbMY‡K c‡Y¨i b¨vh¨ g~j¨mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv| 14. wPwýZ (8 j¶ 3 nvRvi 308

GKi) Lvm Rwg Mwie I f~wgnxbRbmvavi‡Yi gv‡S Awej‡¤^ eÈb Kiv| 15. K…wl Lvm Rwg eÈb ms�vš—hveZxq Z_¨vw` RvZxq cÖPvi gva¨gmg~‡ncÖKvk I cÖPvi Kiv Ges Zv Z…Yg~jch©v‡q Qwo‡q †`qv| 16. m¤¢ve¨ me ai‡bi cwiw¯’wZ‡ZmgevqwfwËK Lvgvi e¨e¯’v MVb Kiv| 17. cÖvc¨ mg¯— AK…wl Lvm Rwgkû‡i Mwie RbMY I eb GjvKviRbM‡Yi g‡a¨ eÈb Kiv|18. †R‡j m¤cÖ vq Ges mswk-óAb¨vb¨ e„wËavix m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ LvmRjvf~wgmg~n eÈb Kiv| 19. b¨vqm½Z AwaKvi cÖwZôvij‡¶¨ Rei`LjKvixi wei“‡× i“‡L`uvov‡bv Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ ¯’vbxq ZnwkjAwdm, AC-Land, TNO, _vbv Gesm‡e©vcwi †KvU© †_‡K b¨vqm¤§Z AwaKviAv`vq K‡i †bevi Rb¨ K…lK‡`imsMwVZ kw³ M‡o †Zvjv| 20. K…lK Av‡›`vjb/Mwie gvby‡liAwaKvi Av‡›`vj‡bi mv‡_ hy³ bvMwiKmgvR-msMVb¸‡jvi advocacy Kvh©�g†Rvi`vi Kiv| 21. K…lK Av‡›`vj‡bi mdjKvwnbxmg~n mwVKfv‡e bw_fy³, cÖKvk Ie¨vcKfv‡e cÖPvi Kiv|22. f~wg Awd‡miKg©KZ©v/Kg©Pvix‡`i Kg©Kv‡Ê wbweoZ`viwKi e¨e¯’v Kiv| 23. eÈb cieZx© Ae¯’vch©‡e¶‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU Watch dogmechanism (†hgb bvMwiK KwgwU)cÖwZôv Kiv| 24. eÈb cÖw�qvi MwZ `ª“ZZiKivi Rb¨ mswk-ó f~wg AvB‡bicwieZ©b/cwigvR©b/gvb Dbœqb Kiv| 25. Lvm Rwgi eÈb cÖw�qvKvjxbmg‡q f~wg Awd‡mi Kg©KZ©v/Kg©Pvix‡`iwbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv| 26. Lvm Rwg I f~wgnxb e¨w³‡`ikbv³Ki‡Yi Rb¨ miKvix Rwi‡cicvkvcvwk f~wgnxb K…lK, K…lK msMVb,ivR‰bwZK `jmg~n I NGO-mg~‡nicªwZwbwa mgev‡q GKwU ¯^vaxb KwgwUMVb Kiv| 27. f~wgnxb RbM‡Yi Rb¨ mswk-ówel‡q cÖwk¶Y Kvh©�g MÖnY Kiv| 28. cÖfvekvjx‡`i Øviv A‡b¨iRwg AvZ¥mv‡Zi wei“‡× Av‡›`vjb M‡o†Zvjvi j‡¶¨ ¯’vbxq f~wgnxb I m‡PZbbvMwiKe„‡›`i mgš^‡q GKwU Pvcm„wóKvix †RvU (pressure group) MVbKiv| 29. f~wg-mswk-ó AvBb-KvbybmnR‡eva¨fv‡e RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ cÖPviKiv| 30. Mwie RbM‡Yi Avevmb mgm¨v`~ixKi‡Y Lvm Rwg e¨envi Kiv| 31. cÖfvekvjx‡`i Øviv `v‡qiK…Z

f~wgnxb‡`i wei“‡× hZ ai‡bi gvgjvAv‡Q Zv cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv|

Lvm Rwg wb‡q AZx‡Z evMvo¤^i n‡q‡QA‡bK| Kv‡Ri KvR n‡q‡Q hrmvgvb¨|†`‡ki kZKiv 60 Rb‡K f~wgnxb †i‡LDbœwZ Am¤¢e| †`‡k cÖK…Z gvbe DbœqbwbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡j Z_v Dbœqb cÖw�qvq"excluded"-‡`i "include" Ki‡Z n‡jGKwU †gŠwjK K…wl ms¯‹vi (f~wg I Rjvms¯‹vi hvi Abyl½) Ab¯^xKvh©| Avi Zvev¯—evqb Ki‡Z n‡j ¶gZvq †hmiKviB _vKzK bv †Kb _vK‡Z n‡e ZviivR‰bwZK mw`”Qv, n‡Z n‡e Zv‡K `„pcÖwZkÖ“wZe×, D‡`¨vMx I Avš—wiK|Avgv‡`i wPwýZ mycvwikgvjv ev¯—evq‡biAbyK‚j cwi‡ek (enablingenvironment) wbwðZ Ki‡Z wbgœwjwLZc~e©kZ©mg~n cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e : 1. miKvi‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡Zn‡e †h Lvm Rwg-Rjv AvZ¥mvr K‡iwb‡R‡`i fvM¨ evbv‡bvi Rb¨ †`‡kGKwU Kv‡qgx ¯^v_v©‡š^lx †Mvôx m„wón‡q‡Q, hviv Lvm Rwgi mylg e›U‡b cÖavbAš—ivq| 2. miKvi‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡Zn‡e †h A‰ea `Lj`vi‡`i eo AskmemgqB ¶gZvmxb‡`i mg-`jfy³| 3. f~wg ms�vš— †iKW© e¨e¯’v†m‡K‡j; f~wgmswk-ó Awdm-Av`vjZA`¶ I Pig `ybx©wZMÖ¯—| †iKW© e¨e¯’vqMÖnY‡hvM¨ gvÎvi ¯”QZv Ges mswk-óAwd‡mi Revew`wnZv wbwðZ Ki‡Zn‡e|4. miKvi I ivR‰bwZKkw³mg~n‡K Abyaveb Ki‡Z n‡e †hMÖvgxY `vwi`ª¨ wbgœZg ch©v‡q bvwg‡q Avbvm¤¢e hw` cÖK…Z f~wgnxb K…lK‡`i gv‡SLvm Rwg eÈb Kiv hvq| 5. Lvm Rwgi wPwýZKiY, eÈbGes K…l‡Ki Kvh©Ki AwaKviwbwðZKiYÑGme Bmy¨‡Z RvZxqmsm‡` we‡kl Awa‡ekb Avnevb KivDwPZ|

6. cÖ‡Z¨K ivR‰bwZK `‡jiwbe©vPbx A½xKvic‡Î Lvm Rwg-Rjvms�vš— mg¯— Bmy¨‡Z ¯úó †NvlYv _vKvcÖ‡qvRb| 7. Mwie RbM‡Yi AwaKv‡iicÖ‡kœ mg¯— K…lK msMVb¸‡jv‡K HK¨e×Kiv Ges miKvix Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix‡`i`ybx©wZ I Lvm Rwgi e›U‡bi †¶‡ÎmiKv‡ii A`¶Zvi wei“‡× Av‡›`vjbKiv| 8. Lvm Rwg weZi‡Y ¯^”QZvwbwðZ Ki‡Z ¯’vbxq Ges _vbv ch©v‡qimg¯— mvgvwRK msMVb, NGO IivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi QvÎ-hyemsMVbmg~‡ni KÉ cÖmvwiZ Kiv|

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¶z`ª RvwZmËvi gvby‡li Rwg-Rjv-ebf~wg ms�vš— mycvwik1. evsjv‡`k miKvi I cve©Z¨PÆMªv‡gi ¶z`ª RvwZmËvi gvby‡li g‡a¨†h kvwš— Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ n‡q‡Q (wW‡m¤^i1997 mv‡j) Zv c~Y©fv‡e (†Kvbfv‡eBLwÊZ bq) Ges `ª“Z ev¯—evqb Kiv| 2. kvwš— Pzw³i †h mKj aviviev¯—evqb cÖw�qv GLbI Kvh©Kix nqwb†m¸‡jv AMÖvwaKvi wfwˇZ ¸i“Z¡ †`qv,†hgb f~wg Kwgkb mw�q Kiv| 3. †Rvic~e©K `LjK…Z cvnvoxRwg ms�vš— welqvw`Ñkvwš— Pzw³‡ZewY©Z cÖw�qv †gvZv‡eKÑf~wg Kwgk‡b†cÖiY I mgvavb Kiv| 4. mgZjf~wgi †h mKj evOvjxcve©Z¨ PÆMªv‡g emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i‡QbÑZv‡`i †¯^”Qvq mgZjf~wg‡Z wd‡iAvmvi Rb¨ cÖ‡Yv`bv †`qv| 5. mgZjf~wgi evOvjx emwZ¯’vcbKvix A_ev emwZ bb, eb wefvM,†mbv wefvMmn miKv‡ii †h G‡RwÝ(Dbœqb cÖKímn) KZ©„K e¨w³MZ A_ev†hŠ_ f~wg-eb AwaMÖnY GLb †_‡Km¤ú~Y© wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv (completemoratorium)|6. ¶z`ª RvwZmËvi gvby‡li f~wg-AwaKvi (hv Avswkfv‡e CHTRegulation 1900- G ¯^xK…Z)cÖvwZôvbxwKKi‡Y miKv‡ii c¶ †_‡KAvBbMZ I cÖkvmwbK c`‡¶c †bqv| 7. 1997-G ¯^v¶wiZ kvwš—Pzw³i mv‡_ f~wg Kwgkb AvBb 2001-Gi †h me aviv mvgÄm¨nxb †m¸‡jvms‡kvab Kiv (kvwš— Pzw³ Abyhvqx)| 8. cve©Z¨ GjvKvi evwm›`v bbA_P ivevi Pvlmn Ab¨vb¨ c-vb‡UkbPv‡li Rwg wb‡q‡Qb Ges MZ 10 eQiPvlvev` Ki‡Qb bv Ggb me Pzw³ evwZjKiv|

f~wg gvgjvq cvwievwiK I RvZxqAcPq †iva ms�vš— mycvwikmvgwMÖK `ye©„ËvwqZ Av_©-ivR‰bwZKKvVv‡gv envj †i‡L †hgb mgm¨vi Av`k©mgvavb m¤¢e bq †Zgwb GUvI wVK †hKvVv‡gv cwieZ©b bv K‡iI wKQy `~i ch©š—AMÖmi nIqv m¤¢e| G‡`‡k f~wg-gvgjviwelqwUi myivnv †`L‡Z n‡e mvgwMÖKf~wg-K…wl-Rjv ms¯‹vi (land-agrarian-aquarian reform) mn wkívqb,Drcv`bkxj Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó Ges cÖK…Zgvbe Dbœq‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e| Avi Gmeˆec-weK Ges/A_ev eo gv‡cims¯‹vigyLx Kg©KvÛ msMwVZ bv Kiv†M‡jI wKQy wKQy ms¯‹vi Kiv m¤¢e hvf~wg gvgjv-mswk-ó ytL- y ©kv-Kó-†K¬kcÖkg‡b mnvqK n‡e| †m‡¶‡Î ms¯‹v‡iiAvIZvq Avm‡Z cv‡i: (K) f~wg AvBb IcÖkvmb; (L) m¤ú~Y© wePvi-AvBb e¨e¯’v;

(M) cÖ‡Z¨K mswk-ó LvZ I †¶‡ÎAwaKZi ¯^”QZv cÖwZôv| Ges Aek¨BÒRbMYB nB‡eb cÖRvZ‡š¿i gvwjKÓ(msweavb, Aby‡”Q` 7.1)-welqwU mswk-óRbKj¨vYKvgx ivR‰bwZK `j I bvMwiKmgv‡Ri jvMvZvifv‡e e‡j hvIqv Ges†hLv‡b hZUzKz m¤¢e Kvh©Ki Kivi cÖ‡Póvmswk-ó wel‡q djcÖ f~wgKv ivL‡Zm¶g| Gme we‡ePbv †_‡KB Avgvi cÖ¯—vebvmg~n wbgœiƒc:1. mykvmb cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g†KvU©, f~wg cÖkvmb, I _vbv-cywj‡ki`ybx©wZ nªv‡m Kvh©Kix D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv| 2. ¯’vbxq ch©v‡qB (MÖvg/BDwbqb/ cvov/ gnj-v) f~wg ms�vš—weev` gxgvsmvi me©vZ¥K †Póv Kiv| Gwel‡q KwgwU‡Z Ab¨vb¨‡`i g‡a¨bvMwiK mgv‡Ri cÖwZwbwa‡`i Aš—fy©³Kiv| 3. f~wg gvgjvi `ª“Z wb®úwËij‡¶¨ Kvh©�g MÖnY KivÑZ‡e Zv n‡Zn‡e m¤ú~Y© AvBbm¤§Z (KviY `ª“Zwb®úwË Avw_©K-‡ckx cÖwZcwËevb‡`iRb¨ jvfRbK n‡Z cv‡i)| f~wg gvgjv†kªYxe× K‡i wewfbœ †kªYxi gvgjviwb®úwËi mgq-mxgv †eu‡a †`qv| 4. DbœZ gvbm-KvVv‡gv m¤úbœAwaK msL¨K `¶ †ckvRxex wePviKwb‡qvM †`qv| 5. b¨vq wePv‡ii ivq Kvh©KixKivi c`‡c¶ MÖnY Kiv (G‡¶‡Îcywj‡ki f~wgKv ¯^”Q Kiv)| 6. f~wg gvgjv †Kv‡U© Avmvi c‡imswk-ó GjvKvi bvMwiK mgv‡Ri gZvgZRvbv| 7. Dc‡Rjv †KvU© cybt¯’vcb Kiv(RbKj¨vYKvgx cÖ‡qvRbxqcwieZ©bmn)| 8. f~wgi cÖK…Z gvwjK A_ev ZvicÖK…Z DËivwaKvi wbiƒcY Kiv(we‡�Zvi gvwjKvbv wbwðZ bv n‡q†iwR‡÷ªkb bv Kiv; Rvj `wjj wbiƒcYKivi e¨e¯’v Kiv)|9. †iwR÷ªk‡bi †¶‡Î BDwbqbcwil‡`i †Pqvig¨v‡bi mvwU©wd‡Kk‡bie¨e¯’v Kiv| 10. gvV ch©v‡qi Z`š— QvovwgD‡Ukb (bvgRvwi A_ev Rgv-LvwiR)bv Kiv| 11. f~wg †iKW© wm‡÷‡g †KvU©‡Km¤ú„³ Kiv| 12. f~wg gvgjvi ivq cÖfvweZKi‡Z ivRbxwZK ev ¯’vbxqcÖfvekvjx‡`i weiZ ivLvÑwelqwUkvw¯—‡hvM¨ Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv (†mAbyhvqx AvBb cÖYqb I Zv ev¯—evqbKiv)| 13. hviv Rwgi Rvj `wjj/KvMRcÎ Kiv Ges A‰ea Rwg `L‡jimv‡_ m¤ú„³ Zv‡`i Rb¨ K‡Vvi kvw¯—iAvBb cÖYqb Kiv Ges Zv ev¯—evqb Kiv

(G †¶‡Î bvMwiK mgv‡Ri f~wgKvwewae× Kiv)| 14. Ggb AvBb Kiv hv‡Z Rwg-Rgvi Rvj `wjjKi‡Yi mv‡_ m¤c„³ivZv‡`i Kvi‡Y ¶wZMÖ¯—‡`i m¤ú~Y©¶wZc~iY w`‡Z eva¨ nq| 15. mv‡f©qviiv †hb f~wgi †iKW©Ges †m‡Uj‡g‡›Ui KvR mwVK GescÖfvegy³fv‡e Ki‡Z m¶g nbÑmiKvi‡K G `vwqZ¡ †bqv| 16. DwKj I mswk-ó‡`i Kg©Kv‡Êi¯^”QZv e„w× I †ckvi gvbweKxKi‡Yij‡¶¨ c`‡c¶ MÖnY Kiv (cÖ‡qvRbxqcÖwk¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv; †K‡mi†kªYxwfwËK wdm& wba©viY; g¨vj-cÖvKwUm`~i Kiv BZ¨vw`)| 17. Rwg-m¤úwËi DËivwaKviAvB‡b gwnjv‡`i gvwjKvbv¯^Z¡¸i“Z¡mn we‡ePbv Kiv I Zv ev¯—evqbKiv| 18. cwiZ¨³ m¤úwË AvBb GesG AvB‡b ¶wZMÖ¯—‡`i welq LwZ‡q †`LvwelqwU Rb¥m~‡Î gvby‡li m¤úwËiAwaKvi wbwðZKi‡Yi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z)|

AvBb, cÖkvmb, e¨e¯’vcbv,bxwZgvjv ms�vš— Ab¨vb¨ mycvwik1. Lvm Rwg e¨e¯’vcbv Ie‡›`ve¯— ms�vš— bxwZwei“× AK…wl LvmRwg we�‡qi wm×vš— evwZj Kiv| 2. wmKw¯—-cqw¯—i mKj Pi-f~wgLvm wn‡m‡e †NvlYv †`qv| 3. `ª“ZwfwˇZ mKj Pif~wgiw`qviv mv‡f© K‡i Zv `wi`ª bvix-cyi“‡lig‡a¨ e‡›`ve¯— †`qv| 4. mKj f~wg Rwic KvRAwkw¶Z, A`¶, A¯’vqx RwicKvix‡`iw`‡q bv Kwi‡q cÖwkw¶Z, `¶ I ¯’vqxRbkw³ w`‡q Kivi e¨e¯’v †bqv| 5. fvM/eM©vPvlmn Ab¨vb¨†fvM`Lj ¯^Z¡ ms�vš— AvBb cÖYqb(Acv‡ikb eM©vi Av`‡j) K‡i Zv `ª“Zev¯—evqb Kiv| 6. K…wl Lv‡Z Kg©iZ w`bgRyimnmK‡ji Rb¨ bvix-cyi“l‡f‡` mgvbb~¨bZg gRyix nvi wba©viY Kiv Ges Zvev¯—evqb Kiv | 7. f~wg cÖkvmb I e¨e¯’vcbviAvw`g c×wZ evwZj K‡i m¤ú~Y© welqwUmgš^qc~Y© GKK KZ©„‡Z¡ Avbvi j‡¶¨f~wg gvwjKvbvi GKK c×wZi AvIZvqmvwU©wd‡KU (CLO: Unitary System ofCertificate of Land Ownership)cÖ`v‡bi cÖvwZôvwbK e¨e¯’v Pvjy Kiv (G†¶‡Î evavi welqvw` we‡ePbv K‡iRbMY‡K AewnZ Kiv)|8. f~wg I Rjvi m‡e©vËg e¨enviwbwðZKiY I mswk-ó `vwi ª ~ixKi‡YiRb¨ GKwU ÒRvZxq f~wg-Rjv e¨envibxwZÓ (National Land-water UtilizationPolicy) cÖYqb Kiv|

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9. miKvixfv‡e f~wg-Rjv e¨vsK(Land-Waterbodies Bank) cÖwZôv Kiv|†h e¨vs‡K f~wg-Rjv ms�vš— wbgœwjwLZwelqvw`i nvj bvMv` Z_¨ Kw¤úDUviwm‡÷‡g ivLv hv‡e Ges hLb †hfv‡ecÖ‡qvRb †h †KD Z_¨ †c‡Z cv‡ib: LvmRwg I Rjvi (P‡ii Rwgmn) aib,cwigvY, ¯’vb, †gŠRv, weZiY-e‡›`ve¯—Ae¯’v, we‡iva, wb®úwË-Ae¯’v; mKjAwc©Z m¤úwËi aib, cwigvY, ¯’vb,†gŠRv, eZ©gvb gvwjKvbv Ae¯’v, e‡›`ve¯—Ab¨vb¨; ¶z`ª RvwZmËvi gvby‡li Rwg-Rjv-ebf~wgi cwigvY, †e`L‡jicwigvY, ¯’vb, †gŠRv, Rei`LjKvixicwiPq, weev`-we‡iva, wb®úwË-Ae¯’vBZ¨vw`; wPswo †N‡ii Rwg-RjvicwigvY, ¯’vb, †gŠRv, gvwjKvbv, Rei`L‡ji cwigvY (¯’vbmn), we‡iva, ¶wZicwigvY I cÖK…wZ, we‡iva wb®úwËiAe¯’v; mKj f~wg gvgjvi aib, cwigvY,¯’vb, †gŠRv, we‡iv‡ai KviY, wb®úwËiAe¯’v BZ¨vw`|

evsjv‡`‡k f~wg-K…wl-Rjv ms¯‹vi:cÖ‡qvRb; m¤¢e wK?Rwg, Rjv Avi gvbyl (hv‡`i †ewkifvMBMÖv‡g evm K‡i Ges `wi ª)ÑGme ev`w`‡j evsjv‡`‡k m¤ú` †Kv_vq? Avi GwZb m¤ú‡`i Kvh©Kix mw¤§jbB †ZvAvm‡j Dbœqb| †h gvbyl Rwg I Rjvqkªg †`b wZwb Zvi gvwjK bbÑGUvBevsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb ev¯—eZv| Rwg-Rjv†Zv m¤ú‡`i gvZv Avi Rwg-Rjvq kªg`vZv n‡jb m¤ú‡`i wcZv| gvZv-wcZvicÖvK…wZK ¯^vfvweK G m¤úK©wU G †`‡kA¯^xK…Z| GUvB Abybœq‡bi †Mvovi K_v|GK_v †Zv aª“e mZ¨ †h Rwg I K…lKBnj mf¨Zvi wfZ †hLv‡b Kl©Y njmf¨Zvi mvs¯‹„wZK wfwË| Rwg - `y®cÖÖvc¨m¤ú`, Avi †m Kvi‡YB G m¤ú‡`igvwjKvbv memgqBc~Y©cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK| Avgv‡`i †`‡kA_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZKcÖfve-cÖwZcwËi DrmI Rwg| myZivseZ©gvb KvVv‡gv‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi Rwg-

Rjv eÈb (Lvm-ALvm wbwe©‡k‡l)wbtm‡›`‡n cÖvq Am¤¢e GKwU KvR| †mBmv‡_ GK_vI Ab¯^xKvh© †h, Mwiegvbyl‡K Rwg †`evi K_v e‡j Iqv`v f½K‡ibwbÑG‡nb miKvi GLb ch©š—weij| wKš‘ †h‡nZz AvBbMZfv‡eB `wi`ªRbMYB Lvm Rwg I Rjvi cÖK…Z gvwjKnevi K_v †m‡nZz Zv‡`i gvwjKvbvcÖw�qv Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z n‡e| `wi`ªgvby‡li gvwjKvbvq Lvm Rwg-RjvÑ`vwi`ª¨ D‡”Q‡`I Ab¨Zg cªavb†KŠkj n‡Z cv‡i| GgbwK RvZxms‡NM„nxZ I Avgv‡`i miKvi KZ©„K ¯^v¶wiZmnmªvã j¶¨gvÎv (wg‡jwbqvg†W‡fjc‡g›U †Mvj) AR©‡b A_©bxwZ‡Zevwl©K †h 7%-8% cÖe„w×i K_v ejvn‡”Q f~wg-K…wl-Rjv ms¯‹vi Ki‡j ïay †hZv AR©b n‡e ZvB bq, ei †mB mv‡_abx-`wi‡`ªi m¤ú` ˆelg¨I h‡_ó gvÎvqn«vm cv‡e| AwR©Z n‡e cÖK…Zmvm‡UB‡bej †W‡fjc‡g›U (†UKmBDbœqb)| Rwg-Rjv m¤úwËi DËivwaKvim~‡Î gvwjKvbv-AwaKvi A_evAvBbMZfv‡e `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi gvwjKvbvwbwðZ Kivi mv‡_ a‡g©i A_ev RvwZmËvwn‡m‡e msL¨vjNy nevi A_ev `wi`ª neviwK m¤úK©? G m¤úK© _vK‡Z cv‡i ïayAmf¨ mgv‡R| †`k‡K mevi Rb¨ evm‡hvM¨ Kivi Av‡Mwb‡Ri gvbm-KvVv‡gvi cwieZ©bcÖ‡qvRb; n‡Z n‡e g‡b cÖv‡YgvbeKj¨YKvgx, Amv¤cÖ`vwqKÑG‡`‡kAwaKvsk gvbylB †Zv g‡b cªv‡Y ZvB|g‡b ivLv DwPZ n‡e †h †hme `ye©„ËivLvm Rwg-Rjv A_ev wn›`y‡`i m¤úwËA_ev ¶z ª RvwZmË¡vi m¤úwË †Rvi`LjK‡i jy‡Ucy‡U Lv‡”Qb Zviv wKš‘ G†`‡ki ¸wUK‡qK gvbylÑ msL¨vq ¯^í|mgm¨vUv ivR‰bwZK| e„nr ivR‰bwZK`j gvÎB Rwg-Rjvi welqwU‡K ïay†fv‡Ui Bmy¨ wn‡m‡eB †`‡Lb| †mUvI†Zv fv‡jv K_vÑAš—Z: Bmy¨wU ¯^xK…Z(A‡bK eo gv‡ci Bmy¨I †Zv GLbI¯^xK…Z bq Avevi bb-Bmy¨‡K Bmy¨Ki‡ZI Avgiv cvi`k©x)| Aek¨ †bZviv

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K…wl I f~wg ms¯‹v‡ii welqwU‡K RvZxq¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z n‡e†hLv‡b gvbe Dbœq‡b my`„pfv‡e wek¦vmxMYZvwš¿K ivóªe¨e¯’vi mv‡_ cÖMwZkxjivR‰bwZK kw³, K…lK msMVbmn wewfbœ¯—‡ii bvMwiK mgvR‡K c~Y©gvÎvq m¤ú„³Ki‡Z n‡e| mgm¨vi mgvav‡b cÖPwjZmiKvi e¨e¯’v I f‚wg Awd‡mi †P‡qA‡bK †ekx wbf©i Ki‡Z n‡eSubstantive Public Actions -Gi Ici|cÖ¯—vweZ f~wg-K…wl-Rjv ms¯‹vi m¤¢e| Gm¤¢vebv ev¯—‡e iƒc w`‡Z `ywU wel‡qimw¤§jb cÖ‡qvRb: (1) Dò ü`qAš—`„©wóm¤úbœ gvbeKj¨vYKvgx mvnmx†bZ„Z¡ (insightful leadership with coolhead, courage and warm heart aimingat human welfare), Ges (2) mgMÖcÖw�qvq RbM‡Yi my`„p AskMÖnY(people's participation)| evav †Kv_vq?Avmyb mevB wg‡j evav AcmviY Kwi|

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gvSvwi gvwjK-Pvlx‡`i wb‡Ri wb‡Ri Rwgi Ici MfxiUvb _v‡K hvi d‡j nVvr K‡i gvwjKvbv nvwi‡q †dj‡jZviv Drcv`b-Kv‡R wbi“rmvwnZ n‡q co‡Z cv‡i GBKvi‡Y GB c‡_ av‡c av‡c AMÖmi nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| wKš‘e‡ov f~¯^vgx‡`i †¶‡Î hviv Rwg‡Z e‡ov †¯‹‡j kªwgKwb‡qvM K‡i I cyuwRev`x cÖw�qvq Zv‡`i kªg †kvlY K‡iAbwR©Z Avq †fvM K‡i Zv‡`i †¶‡Î GK_v cÖ‡hvR¨bq| Gme we‡ePbvq cwiKíbv Kwgkb cÖ¯—ve K‡i †h,f~wg ms¯‹v‡ii cÖ_g ch©v‡q †h AvqZ‡b RwgHwZnvwmKfv‡e †ewk djbkxj n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i e¨w³MZgvwjKvbvq †i‡L GKUv mxgvi Ic‡i Rwg ivóªvqË Kiv|GBfv‡e †h DØ„Ë Rwg cvIqv hv‡e †mLv‡b `„óvš—g~jKmgevqwfwËK Pvl n‡e| †h mg¯— eM©vPvlx f~wg-ms¯‹vimxgvi PvB‡Z †QvU Rwg‡Z KvR Ki‡Q Zv‡`ihZw`b mgev‡qi cwiwa evwo‡q m`m¨ Kiv bv nq;ZZw`b Zv‡`i AvBbMZ I A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v‡bi DbœwZiRb¨ wewfbœ e¨e¯’v cÖ¯—ve Kiv nq| mvgvwRK b¨vqwePv‡iiRb¨, Ges hv‡Z mgevqwfwËK Pv‡li ev¯—e cix¶vi Rb¨

A_©c~Y© AvqZ‡b Rwg DØ„Ë cvIqv hvq, GB we‡ePbvqRwgi gvwjKvbvi m‡e©v”P mxgv cÖ¯—ve Kiv nq 10Ô÷¨vÛvW©Õ GKi, †h mxgv wewfbœ †fŠ‡MvwjK A‡j RwgidjbkxjZvi ZviZg¨ Abyhvqx Kg‡ewk n‡e (h_v,Kzwgj-vi Rb¨ 7.5 GKi Ges h‡kv‡ii Rb¨ 13.8GKi)| Gfv‡e Rwg ivóªvqË n‡j Zv‡`i mgevqwfwËKPv‡li Rb¨ f~wgnxb cwievi †_‡K Kgx© †bIqv n‡e GesZv‡`i mgevqwfwËK K…wl e¨e¯’vcbvq cÖwk¶Y †`Iqvn‡e| GB Kgx©‡`i b~¨bZg wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv n‡e Aóg†kªYx, Ges Zv‡`i cvwievwiK Rwgi cwigvY wZb GK‡iiAbya© n‡Z n‡e| G‡`i g‡a¨ GB Kv‡R gyw³‡hv×vGes/A_ev †mP-MÖ“‡ci `vwq‡Z¡ AwfÁZvm¤úbœ Pvlx‡`iAMÖvwaKvi †`Iqv n‡eÓ Ñ(†gv: Avwbmyi ingvb, Òc‡_ hv †c‡qwQÓ, 2004: 51-52)|