Land of Promise or Land of Turmoil

8/3/2019 Land of Promise or Land of Turmoil

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The Middle EastThe Middle EastLand of Turmoil or Land of PromiseLand of Turmoil or Land of Promise


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Area of InterestArea of Interest


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Course OverviewCourse Overview

The Middle East: Its Land and PeoplesThe Middle East: Its Land and Peoples

A Survey of Middle East landscapes,A Survey of Middle East landscapes,

resources, population distribution, culturalresources, population distribution, culturalfeatures.features.

The Arabs and IslamThe Arabs and Islam

History of the Arabs and Islam; Islamic FaithHistory of the Arabs and Islam; Islamic Faithand Practice; The Crusadesand Practice; The Crusades


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Course OverviewCourse Overview

Key National Actors in the Middle EastKey National Actors in the Middle East IsraelIsrael

EgyptEgypt

Saudi Arabia and The Gulf Sheikdoms: Kuwait, United Arab Republics,Saudi Arabia and The Gulf Sheikdoms: Kuwait, United Arab Republics,Bahrain, Qatar, and OmanBahrain, Qatar, and Oman

IraqIraq

IranIran

TurkeyTurkey

AfghanistanAfghanistan

Conflicts and CrisesConflicts and Crises

The IsraeliThe Israeli--Arab ConflictArab Conflict The Confrontation with IranThe Confrontation with Iran

The War on TerrorThe War on Terror


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What A Difference a Year MakesWhat A Difference a Year Makes

Zine El Abidine

Ben AliAli Abdullah

Saleh

Moammar

Gadhafi

Hosni

Mubarak


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Tunisia: Spark of the RevolutionTunisia: Spark of the Revolution

Protests were sparked in Tunisia by the selfProtests were sparked in Tunisia by the self--immolationimmolation

of Mohamed Bouazizi on 17 December 2010 and led toof Mohamed Bouazizi on 17 December 2010 and led to

the ousting of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali 28 daysthe ousting of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali 28 days

later on 14 January 2011, ending 25 years of his rule.later on 14 January 2011, ending 25 years of his rule.

The Tunisian protests inspired similar actionsThe Tunisian protests inspired similar actionsthroughout the Arab world.throughout the Arab world.

The ousting of Egypt's longtime president Hosni MubarakThe ousting of Egypt's longtime president Hosni Mubarak

A fullA full--scale civil war in Libya that led to the downfall ofscale civil war in Libya that led to the downfall of

Muammar Gaddafi after 42 years of rule;Muammar Gaddafi after 42 years of rule;

Armed uprisings in Bahrain, Syria and Yemen andArmed uprisings in Bahrain, Syria and Yemen and

Major protests in Algeria, Jordan, Morocco, Iraq andMajor protests in Algeria, Jordan, Morocco, Iraq and

Mauritania.Mauritania.


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The Tunisian Model:The Tunisian Model:

French Speaking Arabs?French Speaking Arabs?

Prior to the revolution, Tunisia was ranked the most competitivePrior to the revolution, Tunisia was ranked the most competitive

economy in Africa and the 40th in the world by the World Economiceconomy in Africa and the 40th in the world by the World Economic

Forum.Forum.

Per capita income, $9,400, is on a par with Portugal and Greece and higher thanPer capita income, $9,400, is on a par with Portugal and Greece and higher than

most East European countries that are now part of the European Unionmost East European countries that are now part of the European Union

Trade association agreement with the European Union since 1995.Trade association agreement with the European Union since 1995.

Education is given a high priority, accounting for almost 20% ofEducation is given a high priority, accounting for almost 20% of

government expenditures. Tunisia spends more on education as agovernment expenditures. Tunisia spends more on education as a

percentage of GDP than in any European or North American countrypercentage of GDP than in any European or North American country

beside Denmark and Iceland.beside Denmark and Iceland.

Tunisian youths in public schools learn French from age 8 and English from ageTunisian youths in public schools learn French from age 8 and English from age

12.12.

In Tunisia, "free" university education was guaranteed to anyone who passes theIn Tunisia, "free" university education was guaranteed to anyone who passes the

governments exams at the end of high school.governments exams at the end of high school.

FiftyFifty--seven percent of young Tunisians entering the labor market are collegeseven percent of young Tunisians entering the labor market are college

educated. Only 30 percent of Americans earn a college degree by the time theyeducated. Only 30 percent of Americans earn a college degree by the time they

are 27.are 27.


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The Tunisian ModelThe Tunisian Model

Tunisia also has been a leader in the Arab world inTunisia also has been a leader in the Arab world in

promoting the legal and social status of women.promoting the legal and social status of women.

A Personal Status Code was adopted shortly afterA Personal Status Code was adopted shortly after

independence in 1956, which, among other things, gave womenindependence in 1956, which, among other things, gave women

full legal status (allowing them to run and own businesses, havefull legal status (allowing them to run and own businesses, have

bank accounts, and seek passports under their own authority).bank accounts, and seek passports under their own authority).

It also, for the first time in the Arab world, outlawed polygamy.It also, for the first time in the Arab world, outlawed polygamy.

The government required parents to send girls to school, andThe government required parents to send girls to school, and

today more than 50% of university students are women andtoday more than 50% of university students are women and

66% of judges and lawyers are women.66% of judges and lawyers are women.

Wearing the hijab was banned under the Ben Ali government.Wearing the hijab was banned under the Ben Ali government.

Divorce subject to judicial reviewDivorce subject to judicial review


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Where is the RegionWhere is the Region

Headed?Headed?


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The Optimistic Point of View:The Optimistic Point of View:Marwan Muasher, vice president for studies at the Carnegie EndowmentMarwan Muasher, vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment

Islamists are unlikely to take over new governments in the Arab world.Islamists are unlikely to take over new governments in the Arab world. First, Islamists are not stupid.First, Islamists are not stupid.

Arab countries face daunting challenges and whoever governs them willArab countries face daunting challenges and whoever governs them will

need to tackle tremendous political and economic problems. Islamistsneed to tackle tremendous political and economic problems. Islamists

dont want to be blamed for the mess.dont want to be blamed for the mess.

Second, Islamists are not as popular as Western pundits and policySecond, Islamists are not as popular as Western pundits and policymakers think.makers think.

Political Islam benefited from closed authoritarian systems throughoutPolitical Islam benefited from closed authoritarian systems throughout

the Arab world because there was no alternative; they were the onlythe Arab world because there was no alternative; they were the only

viable political opposition. Islamists in Egypt and Jordan enjoy no moreviable political opposition. Islamists in Egypt and Jordan enjoy no more

than 15 to 20 percent of the popular vote.than 15 to 20 percent of the popular vote.

Regimes couldnt totally crack down on Islamists given the power of theRegimes couldnt totally crack down on Islamists given the power of themosques, so people unhappy with the status quo tended to cast protestmosques, so people unhappy with the status quo tended to cast protest

votes in favor of Islamist parties.votes in favor of Islamist parties. Now there are other options and newNow there are other options and new

political parties will take some of the opposition votes away frompolitical parties will take some of the opposition votes away from

Islamists.Islamists.


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The Optimistic Point of View:The Optimistic Point of View:Marwan Muasher, vice president for studies at the Carnegie EndowmentMarwan Muasher, vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment

T

hird, the vast majority of protesters are not seeking to replaceT

hird, the vast majority of protesters are not seeking to replaceautocratic regimes with religious theocracies. Arabsautocratic regimes with religious theocracies. Arabs especially theespecially the

young people and secular liberals who poured into the streets earlier thisyoung people and secular liberals who poured into the streets earlier this

yearyear are not going to be satisfied with hardline ideological regimes.are not going to be satisfied with hardline ideological regimes.

Islam as a solution is not enough for them; people want jobs and betterIslam as a solution is not enough for them; people want jobs and better

lives and will demand results.lives and will demand results.

Moderate Arab countries like Jordan have included Islamists inModerate Arab countries like Jordan have included Islamists in

governments in the past. Islamists have proved to be no better or worsegovernments in the past. Islamists have proved to be no better or worse

than any other party in government. The best way to deal with Islamistthan any other party in government. The best way to deal with Islamist

parties, therefore, is to include them in government and hold themparties, therefore, is to include them in government and hold them

accountable.accountable.

Over the next few years, other parties will have a chance to develop andOver the next few years, other parties will have a chance to develop andIslamists are likely to get a lower percentage of the vote next timeIslamists are likely to get a lower percentage of the vote next time

around. While they may be part of leading coalitions in various countries,around. While they may be part of leading coalitions in various countries,

they are unlikely to gain power outright in any country.they are unlikely to gain power outright in any country.

Countries in transition have no choice but to open up the politicalCountries in transition have no choice but to open up the political

system. Excluding and marginalizing Islamists out of fear will onlysystem. Excluding and marginalizing Islamists out of fear will onlystrengthen their appeal.strengthen their appeal.


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Tunisian Political PartiesTunisian Political Parties

Ennahda.Ennahda. The Main Islamist Party.The Main Islamist Party. Its platform includes economicIts platform includes economicliberalism, as well as allowing Islam to have a greater presence in publicliberalism, as well as allowing Islam to have a greater presence in public

life.life.

Al AridhaAl Aridha, the Popular Petition for Freedom, Justice and Development, a, the Popular Petition for Freedom, Justice and Development, a

populist party with Islamist tendencies.populist party with Islamist tendencies.

Congress for the Republic (CPR)Congress for the Republic (CPR), which is centered around secularism, which is centered around secularismand intellectual freedom.and intellectual freedom.

Ettakatol or FDTLEttakatol or FDTL is a secular social democratic party. Most of itsis a secular social democratic party. Most of its

support comes from social media and grassroots volunteers.support comes from social media and grassroots volunteers.

Progressive Democratic Party (PDP)Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) is a secular, socially liberal, andis a secular, socially liberal, and

economically centrist party, with leanings towards a mixed economy.economically centrist party, with leanings towards a mixed economy.The party benefits from the support of the business community.The party benefits from the support of the business community.

AlAl--Watan Party and The Initiative (Moubadara)Watan Party and The Initiative (Moubadara) have emerged out ofhave emerged out of

the dissolved and banned Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD) andthe dissolved and banned Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD) and

represent key figures of the ousted Ben Ali regime.represent key figures of the ousted Ben Ali regime.


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Tunisian Constituent Assembly ElectionTunisian Constituent Assembly Election

23 October 201123 October 2011

Independents and smaller parties, 22 seats

(gray)

Ennahda, 91 seats (Navy-blue) Aridha, 19 seats (green) CPR, 30 seats (light green) Ettakatol, 21 seats (maroon)

PDP, 17 seats (yellow) Initiative, 5 seats (aqua) PDM, 5 seats (blue) Afek, 4 seats (deep red) PCOT, 3 seats (red)


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Ennahda (Renaissance) PartyEnnahda (Renaissance) Party

With years of organizational experience, a vast membershipWith years of organizational experience, a vast membershipand decades of credibility as a sworn enemy of deposedand decades of credibility as a sworn enemy of deposed

dictator Zine Ben Ali, Ennahda has proved to be betterdictator Zine Ben Ali, Ennahda has proved to be better--

equipped than any other partyequipped than any other party most have existed only formost have existed only for

a matter of weeksa matter of weeks to step into the political void.to step into the political void.

WellWell--funded and with strong grassroots support in thefunded and with strong grassroots support in the

poorest areas, Ennahda has positioned itself as a moderatepoorest areas, Ennahda has positioned itself as a moderate

Islamist voice which emphasizes democracy, consensusIslamist voice which emphasizes democracy, consensus

politics, family values, including lowering Tunisia's highpolitics, family values, including lowering Tunisia's high

divorce rate. It has promised to respect Tunisia's secular civildivorce rate. It has promised to respect Tunisia's secular civilsociety upholding women's rights, the most advanced in thesociety upholding women's rights, the most advanced in the

Arab world.Arab world.


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Party Leader Rachid Ghannouchi, whom followers call the Sheikh, hasParty Leader Rachid Ghannouchi, whom followers call the Sheikh, has

hammered home a moderate discourse. But critics have raised concernshammered home a moderate discourse. But critics have raised concerns

about a "double discourse" suggesting Ghannouchi says things to ensureabout a "double discourse" suggesting Ghannouchi says things to ensure

the party's victory but will act differently once in power.the party's victory but will act differently once in power.


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Rachid al-Ghannouchi, founder of an Islamist party in Tunisia, says his country will

soon become "a model in the Arab world."


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The Supreme Military CouncilThe Supreme Military Council

Far left: Air Marshal Reda Mahmoud Hafez Mohamed - AIR FORCE COMMANDER

Mid left: Lt. Gen. Sami Hafez Enan - ARMED FORCES CHIEF OF STAFF

Mid right: Field Marshal Hussein Tantawi - DEFENSE MINISTER (Chairman)

Far right: Lt. Gen. Abd El Aziz Seif-Eldeen - COMMANDER OF AIR DEFENSE


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Growing Rift BetweenGrowing Rift Between

the Military and Civiliansthe Military and Civilians Egyptians have grown increasingly distrustful of theEgyptians have grown increasingly distrustful of the

Supreme Council of the Armed Forces.Supreme Council of the Armed Forces.

Activists accuse it of remaining too close to Mubarak'sActivists accuse it of remaining too close to Mubarak's

regime and practicing similarly repressive policies, includingregime and practicing similarly repressive policies, includingabusing detainees. The trials of thousands of civilians inabusing detainees. The trials of thousands of civilians in

military courts has also angered activists.military courts has also angered activists.

"In the beginning we were with the military because they claimed"In the beginning we were with the military because they claimed

to be protectors of the revolution, but month after month nothingto be protectors of the revolution, but month after month nothing

has changed," said doctor Ghada Nimr, one of those who gatheredhas changed," said doctor Ghada Nimr, one of those who gathered

in Tahrir Square, last weekendin Tahrir Square, last weekend..

One banner at the recent Tahrir demonstrations read,One banner at the recent Tahrir demonstrations read,

"Egyptians, come out of your homes, Tantawi is Mubarak.""Egyptians, come out of your homes, Tantawi is Mubarak."


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The military-dominated interim government announced that the generals will appoint 80 ofthe 100 committee members charged with drafting the new Egyptian constitution. Only 20

will be appointed by the newly elected parliament.

The military leaders also say that the defense budget will be kept secret and the militarywill be the "guardian of the constitution, raising the possibility of intervention in

governmental affairs.

"The military is working on constitutional proposals to maintain their political and financialmight and to rule the country from behind a curtain. Nabil Abdel Fattah, an analyst at Al

Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies

Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi


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Muslim Brotherhood Prepares for aMuslim Brotherhood Prepares for a

Political RolePolitical Role When the new militaryWhen the new military--

appointed prime minister,appointed prime minister,

Essam Sharaf, addressed aEssam Sharaf, addressed a

crowd in Tahrir Square,crowd in Tahrir Square,

Mohamed elMohamed el--Beltagi, aBeltagi, aprominent Brotherhoodprominent Brotherhood

member, stood by his side.member, stood by his side.

After years as an illegalAfter years as an illegal

organization, now a legalorganization, now a legal

political party,T

hepolitical party,T

heFreedom and Justice Party.Freedom and Justice Party.

Sharafel-Beltagi


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The Muslim Brotherhood has sparked several antiThe Muslim Brotherhood has sparked several anti--military governmentmilitary government

rallies in Cairo's central Tahrir Square in recent weeks, demanding thatrallies in Cairo's central Tahrir Square in recent weeks, demanding that

the military leaders stand down from government and chanting for thethe military leaders stand down from government and chanting for the

implementation of Islamic law.implementation of Islamic law.


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BrotherhoodBrotherhood--Inspired Mob Also Stormed the Israeli EmbassyInspired Mob Also Stormed the Israeli Embassy After a day of demonstrations outside the building, antiAfter a day of demonstrations outside the building, anti--Israeli mob storms Israeli Embassy. DumpedIsraeli mob storms Israeli Embassy. Dumped

hundreds of documents out of the windows. Set fire to the building.hundreds of documents out of the windows. Set fire to the building.

Israel's ambassador, Yitzhak Levanon, his family and 86 other embassy staff were evacuated fromIsrael's ambassador, Yitzhak Levanon, his family and 86 other embassy staff were evacuated from

Cairo's airport by Israeli Air Force.Cairo's airport by Israeli Air Force.

Three people died and 1,049 were wounded in the clashes that began Friday and raged on into theThree people died and 1,049 were wounded in the clashes that began Friday and raged on into the

early hours of the next day around the Cairo tower block housing the embassy.early hours of the next day around the Cairo tower block housing the embassy.


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A volunteer with the Muslim Brotherhood's politicalA volunteer with the Muslim Brotherhood's political

party, Freedom and Justice, passes out discountedparty, Freedom and Justice, passes out discounted

vegetables to customers.vegetables to customers.


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Composition of NewComposition of New

Egyptian ParliamentEgyptian Parliament


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The SalafistsThe Salafists Salafis view the first three generations of Muslims as an eternal modelSalafis view the first three generations of Muslims as an eternal model

for all succeeding Muslim generations, especially in their beliefs andfor all succeeding Muslim generations, especially in their beliefs andmethodology of understanding the texts, but also in their method ofmethodology of understanding the texts, but also in their method ofworship, mannerisms, morality, piety and conduct.worship, mannerisms, morality, piety and conduct.

This belief is based on a number of sources in the Qur'an andThis belief is based on a number of sources in the Qur'an andSunnah, such as the narration of Àbd Allah ibn Ùmar (a companionSunnah, such as the narration of Àbd Allah ibn Ùmar (a companionof Muhammad) who reported that Muhammad said:of Muhammad) who reported that Muhammad said:

"The best people are those of my generation, and then those who will"The best people are those of my generation, and then those who willcome after them (the next generation), and then those who will come aftercome after them (the next generation), and then those who will come afterthem (i.e. the next generation),...them (i.e. the next generation),...

The principal tenet of Salafism is that the Islam that was preached byThe principal tenet of Salafism is that the Islam that was preached byMuhammad and practiced by his Companions, as well as the secondMuhammad and practiced by his Companions, as well as the secondand third generations succeeding them, was pure, unadulterated, and,and third generations succeeding them, was pure, unadulterated, and,

therefore, the ultimate authority for the interpretation of the twotherefore, the ultimate authority for the interpretation of the twosources of revelation given to Muhammad, namely the Qur'an and thesources of revelation given to Muhammad, namely the Qur'an and theSunnah.Sunnah.

Salafis maintain thatSalafis maintain that bidahbidah or innovation in the Islamic creed oror innovation in the Islamic creed oractions of worship are totally without sanction and are unacceptable toactions of worship are totally without sanction and are unacceptable toGod.God.


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Ultraconservative Salafis and elements of the Muslim Brotherhood haveUltraconservative Salafis and elements of the Muslim Brotherhood have

also called for banning bikinis at tourist resorts, abolishing banks, breakingalso called for banning bikinis at tourist resorts, abolishing banks, breaking

Egypt's peace treaty with Israel and establishing an Islamic caliphate.Egypt's peace treaty with Israel and establishing an Islamic caliphate.


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The New Parliament in SessionThe New Parliament in Session

On the occasion of the opening session of the Egyptian parliament, on

Jan. 23, Israel extends its congratulations to the people of Egypt for its

efforts to achieve freedom, democracy and economic development.

- Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs


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Mohamed Saad elMohamed Saad el--KatatniKatatni

Mohamed Saad elMohamed Saad el--Katatni, secretaryKatatni, secretary--general of thegeneral of theBrotherhoods Freedom and Justice Party, was appointedBrotherhoods Freedom and Justice Party, was appointedspeaker in a vote during the parliaments first session.speaker in a vote during the parliaments first session.

On 27 January 2011, Mohamed Saad ElOn 27 January 2011, Mohamed Saad El--Katatni and tens ofKatatni and tens ofother Muslim Brotherhood leaders were arrested as theother Muslim Brotherhood leaders were arrested as the

government of Hosni Mubarak sought to repress the growinggovernment of Hosni Mubarak sought to repress the growingpopular uprising.popular uprising.


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The Coming Presidential ElectionsThe Coming Presidential Elections


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Mohammad ElMohammad El--BaradeiBaradei Former Head of UN International Atomic Energy Agency.Former Head of UN International Atomic Energy Agency.

A 2003 Nobel Peace Prize laureate for trying to work a deal over potentialA 2003 Nobel Peace Prize laureate for trying to work a deal over potentialIraqi weapons of mass destruction.Iraqi weapons of mass destruction.

Dropped out of the race on 13 January saying, My conscience does notDropped out of the race on 13 January saying, My conscience does notpermit me to run for the presidency or any other official position unless it ispermit me to run for the presidency or any other official position unless it iswithin a real democratic system.within a real democratic system.


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Abdel Moneim Abul FotouhAbdel Moneim Abul Fotouh A senior member of Egypts Muslim Brotherhood but will run as an independentA senior member of Egypts Muslim Brotherhood but will run as an independent

because the The Muslim Brotherhoods Shura Councilbecause the The Muslim Brotherhoods Shura Council voted not to field anvoted not to field an

official candidate for the upcoming presidential elections.official candidate for the upcoming presidential elections.

A doctor by profession, is currently secretaryA doctor by profession, is currently secretary--general of the Arab Doctors Uniongeneral of the Arab Doctors Union

Polls show Fotouh tied for lead in election popularity with Amr Moussa.Polls show Fotouh tied for lead in election popularity with Amr Moussa.


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Amr MoussaAmr Moussa Former Secretary General of the Arab League. FormerFormer Secretary General of the Arab League. Former

Egyptian foreign minister. He gained popularity for hisEgyptian foreign minister. He gained popularity for his

criticism of Israel. Strong ties to Hamas.criticism of Israel. Strong ties to Hamas.


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Mohamed Selim AlMohamed Selim Al--AwaAwa Prominent Muslim scholar. His book,Prominent Muslim scholar. His book, On theOn the

Political System of the IslamicStatePolitical System of the IslamicState, is one of, is one ofthe most comprehensive studies of thethe most comprehensive studies of the

concept of the Islamic state and rule.concept of the Islamic state and rule.


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Bothaina KamelBothaina Kamel A long time proA long time pro--democracy advocate, her professional career has beendemocracy advocate, her professional career has been

marked by repeated conflict with authorities. She recently announcedmarked by repeated conflict with authorities. She recently announcedher candidacy for the Egyptian Presidency.her candidacy for the Egyptian Presidency.

Kamel hosted a popular Egyptian radio program called "NightimeKamel hosted a popular Egyptian radio program called "NightimeConfessions" from 1992 to 1998. She later worked as a new presenterConfessions" from 1992 to 1998. She later worked as a new presenter

for Egyptian state televisionfor Egyptian state television


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Mustafa Abdul Jalil, Chairman of the National TransitionCouncil, outlined his plans to create a democratic state based

on "moderate Islam. But he also warned against secularism, envisaging a state

"where sharia [Islamic law] is the main source for legislation".


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Libya's newly elected prime minister, AbdelLibya's newly elected prime minister, Abdel--Rahim alRahim al--Keeb, echoed theKeeb, echoed the

words of NTC chairman Mustafa Abdul Jalil, saying:words of NTC chairman Mustafa Abdul Jalil, saying: "Islam will be the source"Islam will be the source

of lawmaking in Libya. Islam is not the religion of extremism and radicalismof lawmaking in Libya. Islam is not the religion of extremism and radicalism

provided that the realIslam is implemented.provided that the realIslam is implemented.


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We have seen flickers in the intelligence of potential Al Qaeda andWe have seen flickers in the intelligence of potential Al Qaeda and

Hezbollah ... but at this point I don't have detail sufficient to sayHezbollah ... but at this point I don't have detail sufficient to say

that there's a significant Al Qaeda presence or any other terroristthat there's a significant Al Qaeda presence or any other terrorist

presence in and among these folks.presence in and among these folks. Admiral James Stavridis, USN, Supreme Allied Commander, NATO, toAdmiral James Stavridis, USN, Supreme Allied Commander, NATO, to

Senate Armed Services committee, 30 March 2011Senate Armed Services committee, 30 March 2011


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The AlThe Al--Qaeda FactorQaeda Factor

During the height of the alDuring the height of the al--Qaeda violence in Iraq inQaeda violence in Iraq in20062006--2007, 25% of the foreign fighters came from Libya.2007, 25% of the foreign fighters came from Libya.

According to the West Point Center for Counter Terrorism,According to the West Point Center for Counter Terrorism,

almost all of them came from eastern Libya, the center of thealmost all of them came from eastern Libya, the center of the

antianti--Gadhafi rebellion that the United States and others haveGadhafi rebellion that the United States and others have

been assisting.been assisting.

Secret U.S. diplomatic cables published by WikiLeaksSecret U.S. diplomatic cables published by WikiLeaks

reported in 2007 that, Sermons in the local Benghazireported in 2007 that, Sermons in the local Benghazi

mosques are laced with phraseology urging worshippersmosques are laced with phraseology urging worshippers

to support jihad against the West."to support jihad against the West."

A disturbing event that occurred early in the rebellionA disturbing event that occurred early in the rebellion

that went little noticed was a declaration by a Council ofthat went little noticed was a declaration by a Council of

Islamic Imams claiming to establish the Islamic emirateIslamic Imams claiming to establish the Islamic emirate

of Benghazi.of Benghazi.

Islamic Militia CommanderIslamic Militia Commander


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Islamic Militia CommanderIslamic Militia Commander

the New Libyan Military Chiefthe New Libyan Military Chief National Transitional Council (NTC) hasNational Transitional Council (NTC) has

named Abdel Hakim Belhadj head of thenamed Abdel Hakim Belhadj head of the

newly created Tripoli Military Council,newly created Tripoli Military Council,with control of the largest fighting forcewith control of the largest fighting force

in Libya.in Libya.

Belhaj is a founding member and formerBelhaj is a founding member and former

leader of the Libyan Islamic Fightingleader of the Libyan Islamic Fighting

Group (LIFG), which is listed by both theGroup (LIFG), which is listed by both the

U.S. State Department and the BritishU.S. State Department and the BritishHome Office as an international terroristHome Office as an international terrorist

organization.organization.

Several past or present LIFG membersSeveral past or present LIFG members

have held prominent positions in alhave held prominent positions in al

Qaeda, including operations chief AtiyahQaeda, including operations chief Atiyah

Abd alAbd al--Rahman, who was killed in a CIARahman, who was killed in a CIA

drone attack.drone attack. Belhadj joined Islamist fighters inBelhadj joined Islamist fighters in

AfghanistanAfghanistan in the late 1990s, and wasin the late 1990s, and was

detained up by US forces after the 9/11detained up by US forces after the 9/11

attacks and "rendered" into Libya custodyattacks and "rendered" into Libya custody

for interrogation.for interrogation.

Says he was tortured while in U.S. custodySays he was tortured while in U.S. custody

and spent six years in prison in Libya.and spent six years in prison in Libya.

Abdel Hakim Belhadj


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Al Qaeda FlagAl Qaeda Flag

Flies AboveFlies Above

NationalNational

TransitionalTransitional

CouncilCouncil

HQHQ


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Violence Shows No Sign of EndingViolence Shows No Sign of EndingThe Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, a LondonThe Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, a London--based activist group,based activist group,

says more than 5,500 peoplesays more than 5,500 people ---- mostly antimostly anti--government demonstratorsgovernment demonstrators ----

have died since the uprising began in midhave died since the uprising began in mid--March 2011.March 2011.


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U.S. Ambassador to Syria Robert S. Ford was withdrawn from Syria in October

over fears for his safety. Returned two months later.


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The Alawite StateThe Alawite State

The Ba'ath Party seized power in 1963. In 1970, Hafez alThe Ba'ath Party seized power in 1963. In 1970, Hafez al--Assad, anAssad, anAir Force General, and an Alawite, took control of the Baath Party,Air Force General, and an Alawite, took control of the Baath Party,ruling with an iron hand until his death in 2000, when his son Basharruling with an iron hand until his death in 2000, when his son BasharAssad took his place.Assad took his place.

The Baath party is panThe Baath party is pan--Arab movementArab movement calling for a union of all Arabcalling for a union of all Arabpeoples in a single political unit.peoples in a single political unit.

The Assads have filled all power positions in the Syrian governmentThe Assads have filled all power positions in the Syrian governmentand military with Alawites and theirChristian allies.and military with Alawites and theirChristian allies.

The most obvious difference between Alawites and Sunni Muslims, isThe most obvious difference between Alawites and Sunni Muslims, isthat Alawis believe the Shi'ite Imam Ali is an incarnation of one of thethat Alawis believe the Shi'ite Imam Ali is an incarnation of one of thepersons of God and wholly divine, along with Jesus Christ, Thepersons of God and wholly divine, along with Jesus Christ, TheProphet Muhammad and many other eastern holy men.Prophet Muhammad and many other eastern holy men.

Alawites don't fast, nor perform pilgrimage, nor have specific places ofAlawites don't fast, nor perform pilgrimage, nor have specific places ofworship. Alawites celebrate certain Christian festivals, "in their ownworship. Alawites celebrate certain Christian festivals, "in their ownway, including Christmas, Easter, and Palm Sunday, and theirway, including Christmas, Easter, and Palm Sunday, and theirreligious ceremonies make use of bread and wine. Many other secretreligious ceremonies make use of bread and wine. Many other secretceremonies and beliefs that are known only to a select few, evenceremonies and beliefs that are known only to a select few, evenwithin the Alawite community.within the Alawite community.


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Syrians turn out to rally in support of President Bashar Assad.Syrians turn out to rally in support of President Bashar Assad.

T

he rally coincided with the arrival of Arab League delegates.T

he rally coincided with the arrival of Arab League delegates.


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Syrian Opposition GroupsSyrian Opposition Groups Identifying and discussing "the opposition" or the people in

Syria suggests that there is a single voice to which oppositionpositions and statements can be attributed. This is not thecase.

There are two prominent and diverse umbrella organizationsoperating in Syria

The Syrian National Council (SNC), based in Istanbul, Turkeyruns the Free Syrian Army, a paramilitary that is composed ofruns the Free Syrian Army, a paramilitary that is composed ofdefected Syrian Armed Forces personnel, who have been activedefected Syrian Armed Forces personnel, who have been activeduring the uprising. It claims to represent 60% of the people ofduring the uprising. It claims to represent 60% of the people ofSyria.Syria.

The SNC is dominated by the exiled Syrian wing of the Muslim Brotherhood.The SNC is dominated by the exiled Syrian wing of the Muslim Brotherhood.

Some Kurdish dissidents, as well as several independent Syrian dissidents andSome Kurdish dissidents, as well as several independent Syrian dissidents andthe Local Coordination Committees, a group involved in advertising andthe Local Coordination Committees, a group involved in advertising andcoordinating demonstrations, also claim to be part of the SNC.coordinating demonstrations, also claim to be part of the SNC.

The National Coordinating Body (NCB) is composed of aboutabout13 mostly left13 mostly left--leaning political parties and independent politicalleaning political parties and independent politicalactivists, including three Kurdish political parties, and youthactivists, including three Kurdish political parties, and youthactivists, operating within Syria and abroad. Based inside Syria, itactivists, operating within Syria and abroad. Based inside Syria, it

opposes foreign intervention in Syria.opposes foreign intervention in Syria.

The Real Issue:The Real Issue:


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The Real Issue:The Real Issue:

Secularism vs. Islamic FundamentalismSecularism vs. Islamic Fundamentalism The unrest in Syria is primarily the current manifestation of aThe unrest in Syria is primarily the current manifestation of a

struggle between the Arab Socialist Baath Party and the Muslimstruggle between the Arab Socialist Baath Party and the MuslimBrotherhood that has been going on ever since the 1940s.Brotherhood that has been going on ever since the 1940s.

The two groups are opposed in important ways.The two groups are opposed in important ways.

The Ba'ath party is secular, nationalist, and dominated by the minority AlawiteThe Ba'ath party is secular, nationalist, and dominated by the minority Alawite

sect, an offshoot of Shia Islam, considered by conservative Sunni Muslims to besect, an offshoot of Shia Islam, considered by conservative Sunni Muslims to be

Apostates.Apostates.

The Muslim Brotherhood comes from the fundamentalist wing of the SunniThe Muslim Brotherhood comes from the fundamentalist wing of the Sunnibranch of Islam that sees loyalty to Islam to be more important than national tiesbranch of Islam that sees loyalty to Islam to be more important than national ties

and religion to be inseparable from politics and government.and religion to be inseparable from politics and government.

The first fullThe first full--scale clash between the two groups occurred in Aprilscale clash between the two groups occurred in April

1964 in the town of Hama, a Muslim Brotherhood stronghold.1964 in the town of Hama, a Muslim Brotherhood stronghold.

The Brotherhood burned shops in the town selling wine used by used by theThe Brotherhood burned shops in the town selling wine used by used by the

Alawites in their religious rituals. The AlawiteAlawites in their religious rituals. The Alawite--dominated regime of Hafez aldominated regime of Hafez al--Assad brought in tanks to crush the rebellion.Assad brought in tanks to crush the rebellion.

Relations between the Brotherhood and the regime became worseRelations between the Brotherhood and the regime became worse

in June 1980 with Brotherhoods attempt to assassinate thenin June 1980 with Brotherhoods attempt to assassinate then--

president Hafiz alpresident Hafiz al--Assad. The Syrian army entered the city of HamaAssad. The Syrian army entered the city of Hama

and killed between 10,000 and 25,000 Brotherhood members.and killed between 10,000 and 25,000 Brotherhood members.


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Arab League Peace ProposalArab League Peace Proposal

On November 1, 2011 the Arab League proposed a plan callingOn November 1, 2011 the Arab League proposed a plan callingfor:for: A withdrawal of Syrian army tanks from citiesA withdrawal of Syrian army tanks from cities

A dialogue to begin between the Assad regime and opposition groupsA dialogue to begin between the Assad regime and opposition groupsconcerning the future government of the country.concerning the future government of the country.

January 22, 2012 proposal. Calls for President Bashar AssadJanuary 22, 2012 proposal. Calls for President Bashar Assadto turn over power to his Viceto turn over power to his Vice--President with a new aPresident with a new agovernment of national unity to be formed within two months,government of national unity to be formed within two months,followed by presidential and parliamentary elections.followed by presidential and parliamentary elections.

Assad rejected the proposal, terming it a blatant infringement ofAssad rejected the proposal, terming it a blatant infringement of

the countrys sovereignty and evidence of a conspiratorialthe countrys sovereignty and evidence of a conspiratorialscheme.scheme.


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Arab League Sends Monitors to SyriaArab League Sends Monitors to Syria

On November 2, 2011, The Arab League adopted a planOn November 2, 2011, The Arab League adopted a planof action for Syria and welcomed the Syrianof action for Syria and welcomed the Syriangovernment's agreement to the plan to deploy agovernment's agreement to the plan to deploy amonitoring group of over 165 civilian and military expertsmonitoring group of over 165 civilian and military expertsfrom Arab countries and Arab nonfrom Arab countries and Arab non--governmental humangovernmental humanrights organizations.rights organizations.

On December 26, 2011, the monitors began work,On December 26, 2011, the monitors began work,dividing the country into 15 zones and dispatchingdividing the country into 15 zones and dispatchingobservers to 20 cities and districts across Syria.observers to 20 cities and districts across Syria.

The Arab League said Saturday that it was suspendingThe Arab League said Saturday that it was suspending

its observer mission in Syria because of the escalatingits observer mission in Syria because of the escalatingviolence.violence.

The sixThe six--nation GulfCooperation Council now urges thenation GulfCooperation Council now urges theU.N. Security Council to force Syria to comply with theU.N. Security Council to force Syria to comply with the

Arab League peace proposals.Arab League peace proposals.

Li l Lik lih d f I i lLi l Lik lih d f I i l


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Little Likelihood of InternationalLittle Likelihood of International

InterventionIntervention

Syria has more allies than Libya is unlikely to face similar U.N.Syria has more allies than Libya is unlikely to face similar U.N.--

mandated action.mandated action.

China and Russia are especially unlikely to agree to UNChina and Russia are especially unlikely to agree to UN

endorsement of action against the Assad regime.endorsement of action against the Assad regime.

Russia's Foreign Minister Lavrov on January 18, 2012 issuedRussia's Foreign Minister Lavrov on January 18, 2012 issuedMoscow's strongest statements of support yet for Assad,Moscow's strongest statements of support yet for Assad,

saying,saying,

"If some intend to use force at all cost we can hardly prevent"If some intend to use force at all cost we can hardly preventthat from happening. But let them do it at their own initiative onthat from happening. But let them do it at their own initiative ontheir own conscience. They won't get any authorization from thetheir own conscience. They won't get any authorization from theU.N. Security Council."U.N. Security Council."


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Difficult ChoicesDifficult Choices The initial gut feeling among many Americans may beThe initial gut feeling among many Americans may be

that elimination of the Assad regime that has frustratedthat elimination of the Assad regime that has frustratedAmerican policy in the Middle East for nearly fiveAmerican policy in the Middle East for nearly five

decades must be in our interests.decades must be in our interests.

But deeper scrutiny of what is meant by the antiBut deeper scrutiny of what is meant by the anti--

government slogan government slogan Allah, Freedom, Syria,Allah, Freedom, Syria, and theand thelikely composition and policies of a replacement regimelikely composition and policies of a replacement regime

suggest we might need to rethink our options.suggest we might need to rethink our options.

Its the classic dilemma we always face in our foreignIts the classic dilemma we always face in our foreign

policy formulation:policy formulation:

Do we act in accordance with our valuesDo we act in accordance with our values democracy, selfdemocracy, self--

determination, human rights. Or do we act in support of ourdetermination, human rights. Or do we act in support of our

strategic interests: the security of Israel, uninterrupted access tostrategic interests: the security of Israel, uninterrupted access to

the worlds main energy, and elimination of the internationalthe worlds main energy, and elimination of the international

jihadist threat.jihadist threat.


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The Fundamentalist Credo

Islam is not merely a religion, in the Western senseof a system of belief in God. It possesses animmutable law, revealed by God, that deals withevery aspect of life, and it is an ideology, a

complete system of belief about the organization ofsociety, the state, and the world. This law and ideology can only be implemented

through the establishment of a truly Islamic state,under the sovereignty of God.

The empowerment of Islam, which is Gods planfor mankind, is a sacred end. It may be pursued byany means that can be rationalized in terms ofIslams own code.


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Why Fundamentalism HasBecome Radicalism

Sense of crisis from Muslim statesbackwardness/weakness, challenges frommodernization

History of blaming problems on others, victimization World is a perpetual battlefield between faith and

unbelief; no coexistence or compromise Islam is a revolutionary liberation movement:

required to alter the unjust political, economic andsocial status quo

Current regimes are apostate, must be deposed Struggle (jihad) is required until all lands are underMuslim control: reestablish the caliphate Goal of Gods utopia: life is phased process to build

ideal society, governed only by the sharia


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Early Perspectives Described as fighting in the path of God in

Koran, Hadith: defense of the ummah, thenspread of the faith

Dar Al-Islam (Territory of believers) vs.Dar Al-Harb (Territory of war)

Influenced by threats to the ummah from bothCrusaders and Mongols- Leaders who dont enforce shariacompletely and wage active jihad againstinfidels are unfit to rule

- Muslims who dont live by requirements ofthe faith are unbelievers

f


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Why The Popularity ofFundamentalism?

Internal conditions in the Arab/Muslim world:- Corrupt, authoritarian, unrepresentative regimes- Repression, economic failure and disenfranchisement- Promotion of impure forms of Islamic belief and practice

-C

ontinuing lack of opportunities and hope Threats from outside of the Islamicnation:- New Crusade by Jews and Westernneocolonialists- Political and economic domination by non-Muslims,keep the region dependent

Invasion of alien ideas: secularism, nationalism,democracy andhuman rights

Continued Western support of Israel and unpopularMiddle Eastern governments


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The Case Against the West

Arrogance, insensitivity toward other cultures Unbalanced foreign policies, favoritism toward Israel Resentment over economic success, political and military

power, commercial exploitation Disgust over lax morals: alcohol consumption,

suggestive dress of women, commercialization of sex Economic sanctions against Muslim countries Continued stationing of US troops in Islamic countries. Support of repressive, corrupt regimes due to Western

greed (oil)

Wide reach of international news media spreadsresentment that can be manipulated (Koran burning,opposition to mosque construction, etc.)


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The Society of Islamic Brothers

The Muslim Brotherhood opposes

secular tendencies of Islamic nations

and wants return to the precepts ofthe Quran, and rejection of Western influences.

The organization's motto is:

Allah is our objective. The Prophet is ourleader. Qur'an is our law. Jihad is our way.Dying in the way ofAllah is our highest

hope


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The Muslim Brotherhood The Brotherhood is one of the most influential

movements in the Islamic World. It exists in morethan 80 countries.

The Muslim Brotherhood was founded in Egypt in1928, and Egypt is still considered the center of themovement.

The Brotherhood has posted electoral victories inTurkey, Tunisia, Egypt, Jordan, and Algeria. Theyare politically active to some extent in nearly everyMuslim country.

There are also diaspora branches in severalWestern Nations, composed by immigrantspreviously active in the Brotherhood in their homecountries.

M h d Ib Abd l W hh b


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Muhammad IbnAbd al-Wahhab

Lived in what is now Saudi Arabia 1703 -1792. Founded a

movement to cleanse Islam of innovations, deviances, heresies. Formed an alliance with the Saud family.

Wahhabis advocate strict return to fundamentals of the faith, rejectany behavior not conducted or supported by the ProphetMuhammad.

Expanded the concept ofjahiliyya to include Muslim societies of the18th century that had diverted from pure Islamic practice to sin(idolatry, veneration of saints by Sufis)

Reintroduced Kharijite concept oftakfir to labelsinful Muslimsas hypocrites, thus allowing for jihad against them

Interpret the Quran literally.

At most extreme, the Salafis sect of Wahhadis, rejects nation statesand all manmade laws; many Sunni radicals are products of thissects teachings

H l B


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Hasan al-BannaEgyptian

Jihadis notagainst polytheists alone,butagainstall whodo notembrace IslamToday the Muslimsarecompelled

to humble themselves before non-Muslims,andareruledbyunbelieversTheiradversaries arein charge of theiraffairs,andtherites of theirreligion have fallen into abeyancewithin theirown domains, to say nothingof theirimpotenceto broadcast the summons [to embrace Islam]. Henceithas becomean individual obligation, which thereis no

evading, on every Muslim to preparehis equipment, tomakeup his mind to engagein jihad,and to getready foritKnow then thatdeathis inevitable,and thatitcan onlyhappen once. If you sufferitin the way of God,it willbeyourprofitin this world,andyourrewardin the next.

Islamis concernedwith thequestion ofjihadand themobilization of theentire Ummainto onebody to defend

therightcause withallits strengthThe verses of theQuran and the Sunnahare overflowingwithall these

nobleideals and they summon the peoplein generaltojihad, to warfare, to thearmed forces,andallmeans of landandsea fighting.

On Jihad

Building Al Bannas Islamic


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Building Al-Banna s IslamicState

Muslim Brotherhood founded as a vehicle to counter threatsfrom Western colonialism, Arab nationalism and secularism;movement endures today throughout the Muslim world

Primary means to restore Islamic character to society isvigorous preaching and teaching (dawa)campaign;

Gradualist approach to build a strong Muslim state governed

by sharia: re-Islamization through four stages starting withindividuals, then families, then communities, which will bandtogether to form a true Islamic state (unique bottom-upapproach to reform)

Influenced radicals by redefining jihad: God-ordaineddefensive requirement for all Muslims, as long as unbelievers

rule any Islamic lands; greater jihad is armed physical struggleagainst injustice and unbelief, not the internal spiritual struggle

His concept of jihad combined the Quranic definition offighting with a struggle not only against infidels but alsoPeople of the Book.


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Sayyid QutbEgyptian

Sayyid Qutb was the Brotherhoodsleading theorist of 1950-60s. On a 1949student trip to U.S., he developednegative impressions of Americanculture.

Egyptian Pres. Nasser hanged Qutb in1966 for plotting his assassination.

Qutb laid the philosophical foundationfor modern radical Islamists. In Shadeof the Quran and Milestones of theRoads, Qutb interpreted the Quranas demanding extension ofSharia

(religious law) to all aspects of life. Hecalled forJihadfor abolishing theorganizations and authorities of theJahilisystem, i.e., all secular Muslimgovernments in the world today.


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Sayyid Qutb

If we lookat the sources and foundations ofmodern ways of living,itbecomes clear that thewhole worldis steepedin Jahiliyya(paganignorance ofdivineguidance), [which] takes theform ofclaiming that theright to create values, to

legislaterules ofcollectivebehavior,and tochooseany way of liferests withmen, withoutregard to what Godhas prescribed.Theresult ofthis rebellion against theauthority of Godis theoppression of His creatures

Western civilization is unable to presentany

healthy values for theguidance ofmankindIslamis the only system which possesses these valuesand this way of life.

Milestones, 1964

P i i l f M li


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Principles of MuslimBrotherhood

Drawing from puritanical Wahabbidoctrines, Qutbisms principles are: Muslims must return to pure Islam as practiced

in the Prophets time

That path lies through strict, literalinterpretation of the Quran & Hadith Muslims should individually interpret original

sources, not rely on scholars Using history and contexts to interpret the

Qur

an is a corruption Armed struggle (jihad) is justifiable as themeans to eliminate un-Islamic governmentsand establish a global system of Islamic Staterule


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Qutbs 4-Phased Process

1. Vanguard (jamaah)of the movement is formed2. Vanguard sounds the call (dawah) to society to turn

back to God, but is persecuted for its faith, oppressedby the system

3. Movement undergoes hijra: conscious separation(spiritual and/or physical detachment) from the jahilisystem, and the group purifies itself, unifies and growsin strength

4. Victory and consolidation of power: movementconducts a jihadby forceto overthrow the apostategovernment, and restores the community to just ruleand the practice of true Islam (through institution solelyof the sharia); God himself grants the victory and isonce again sovereign

Abd llah A am


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Abdullah AzzamPalestinian

Every Muslim on earth shouldunsheathhis swordandfight to liberatePalestine. TheJihadis not limited toAfghanistanThere willbe no solutionto the Palestinian problemexceptthroughjihad"

Jihadmeans fighting. Yo

umu

st fightin any place youcan get. WheneverJihadis mentionedin the Holy Book,itmeans the obligation to fight. Itdoesnotmean to fight with the pen ortowritebooks orarticles in the press ortofightbyholdinglecturesJihadandtheriflealone: no negotiations, noconferences, no dialogues."

TheJihadin Afghanistan willbroadenuntil theentire worldwillbeconqueredbecause Allahhas promisedthe victoryto Islam."

1941-1989

Azzam Expands the Struggle


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Azzam Expands the Struggle

Founded the Mujahedin Services Bureau (MAK) in PeshawarPakistan to physically support the anti-Soviet jihad inAfghanistan, absorb and train Muslim volunteers; also helpedto unite leaders of the resistance

Didnt invent movements ideas, but developed religiousideology for the Afghan conflict, then put it into practiceglobally; also redefined the Palestinian struggle from anationalist/secular to a religious conflict

As the Islamic jihadstraveling salesman, he traveledthroughout the Arab world and Middle East (and in Europe andthe US) promoting participation in the struggle: defense ofIslamic faith and territory are important cause for all Muslims

Proclaimed that any land that was once part of the caliphate

must be recaptured if it falls into infidel hands Thought to have recruited between 16,000-20,000 fighters from

20 countries, and built an international network that became al-Qaida

Global Jihad: A New Twist


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Global Jihad: A New Twist Osama bin Laden:

- August 1996 Declaration of War (Ladinese

Epistle

): Muslims must expel infidels from

land ofthe two holy places- February 1998 Fatwa: Americansstormed theArabian Peninsula and are using it to launch attacksagainst Muslims; are hurting Iraq; and are supportingIsraeli occupation of Jerusalem and aggression so allmust be killed anywhere

- Defensive struggle that is morally required for alltrue Muslims- May 1998 ABC Interview: Bring the battle to Americansoil; focus on political, economic and military targets

Fed byJihad Factories: madrassas have providedsteady source ofmujahedin for struggles in Afghanistan,

Bosnia, Chechnya, Kashmir (highest honor is to wagejihadagainstenemies of Islam) Ayman al-Zawahiri: small suicide teams best, establish

new base forjihadoperations in Middle East, hitfarenemy first.

R di l S i D t i


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Radical Sunni Doctrines

Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas):

- Ideological and military crusade by theGreat Powers ofEast and West has taken Palestine, created Israel- Defensivejihad(like Saladin) is required to recover Muslimlands and get rid of the infidels- Emergency situation where secular approval of an

established government is not needed, everyone mustparticipate Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ):

- Equates current struggle with earlyjihadagainst the Mongols- Inattention to physical jihadhas resulted in current depressedcondition of the Islamicnation- Mass resistance justified: must overthrow and kill apostateruler to establish true Islamic government, then restore thecaliphate; authorization comes from loss of rulers divineauthority (bidah)

R di l Shiit D t i


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Radical Shi ite Doctrines Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini: population must

be goaded to overthrow tyrannical regimes,establish true Islamic government headed by clerics(velayat-e faqih); proper Islamic teaching turns allinto mujahids

Ayatollah Murtaza Mutahhari: Armed forcesanctioned in Islam, required wherever and

whenever oppression and injustice are to be found(defensive jihad)

Shaykh Fadlallah (Lebanese Hizballah):

- Terrorism is not justified in Islam, and Islam should not beseen as uncompromisingly hostile to the West

- However, Muslims legitimate grievances being ignored, soMuslims are inflicting violence on others because of their ownpain.


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Land of Promise or Land of Turmoil

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