Land Chapter 14. Land Use, Land Cover Land Use: farming, mining, building cities and highways and...
-
date post
15-Jan-2016 -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
0
Transcript of Land Chapter 14. Land Use, Land Cover Land Use: farming, mining, building cities and highways and...
LandLandChapter 14Chapter 14
Land Use, Land CoverLand Use, Land Cover Land Use:Land Use: farming, mining, building farming, mining, building
cities and highways and recreationcities and highways and recreation Land Cover:Land Cover: what you find on a patch what you find on a patch
of landof land Urban: land covered mainly by buildings Urban: land covered mainly by buildings
and roadsand roads Rural: land that contains relatively few Rural: land that contains relatively few
people and large areas of open spacepeople and large areas of open space
Where we liveWhere we live Before 1850 most Americans lived in Before 1850 most Americans lived in
rural communitiesrural communities Industrial revolution changed this Industrial revolution changed this
patternpattern Machinery replaced people in farming Machinery replaced people in farming
and grain mill industryand grain mill industry Better transportationBetter transportation People had to move to city to find jobsPeople had to move to city to find jobs
The Urban-Rural The Urban-Rural ConnectionConnection
Whether people live in cities or Whether people live in cities or countryside, people are dependent countryside, people are dependent on resources produced by rural on resources produced by rural areas.areas. Ecosystem Services: resources that are Ecosystem Services: resources that are
produced by natural and artificial produced by natural and artificial ecosystemsecosystems
Ecosystem ServicesEcosystem Services
Area of rural land needed to support Area of rural land needed to support one person depends on many one person depends on many factors, such as the climate, the factors, such as the climate, the standard of living and how standard of living and how efficiently resources are used. efficiently resources are used. In the United States each person used In the United States each person used
the services for more than 12 the services for more than 12 hectacreshectacres
Ecosystem ServicesEcosystem ServicesExamplesExamples
Purification of air and waterPurification of air and water
Preservation of soil and renewal of soil fertilityPreservation of soil and renewal of soil fertility
Prevention of flood and droughtPrevention of flood and drought
Regulation of climateRegulation of climate
Maintenance of biodiversityMaintenance of biodiversity
Movement and cycling of nutrientsMovement and cycling of nutrients
Detoxification and decomposition of wastesDetoxification and decomposition of wastes
Aesthetic beauty Aesthetic beauty
UrbanizationUrbanization
The movement of people from rural The movement of people from rural areas to citiesareas to cities In 1960, 70% was urban; by 1980 75%; In 1960, 70% was urban; by 1980 75%;
now 81% of U.S. population is now 81% of U.S. population is considered urbanconsidered urban
Areas that have grown slowly are Areas that have grown slowly are usually pleasant places to live because usually pleasant places to live because they can handle the growththey can handle the growth
United States PopulationUnited States Population
The Urban CrisisThe Urban Crisis When cities grow too fast they often When cities grow too fast they often
run into troublerun into trouble A growing population can overwhelm A growing population can overwhelm
the infrastructurethe infrastructure Infrastructure: roads, sewers, railroads, Infrastructure: roads, sewers, railroads,
bridges, canals, fire and police stations, bridges, canals, fire and police stations, schools, hospital, water mains and schools, hospital, water mains and power linespower lines
When more people live in an area the When more people live in an area the living conditions deteriorate. living conditions deteriorate.
Urban SprawlUrban Sprawl Rapid expansion of a Rapid expansion of a
city into the city into the countryside around countryside around the city.the city. Building of suburbsBuilding of suburbs These people usually These people usually
commute to workcommute to work Each year in the U.S. Each year in the U.S.
suburbs spread over suburbs spread over another 2.5 million another 2.5 million acres of landacres of land
Development of LandsDevelopment of Lands Marginal Lands: land poorly suited for Marginal Lands: land poorly suited for
buildingbuilding Examples: L.A. and Mexico CityExamples: L.A. and Mexico City Cities were built with little room to grow, so Cities were built with little room to grow, so
they have to grow into surrounding mountains they have to grow into surrounding mountains or slopesor slopes
Urban PlanningUrban Planning
Land-Use Planning: Land-Use Planning: determining in determining in advance how land will be usedadvance how land will be used For businesses, factories, recreation, For businesses, factories, recreation,
shopping and other infrastructureshopping and other infrastructure Many companies are required to give a Many companies are required to give a
detailed report of their plans, and the detailed report of their plans, and the potential environmental impact of the potential environmental impact of the projectproject
GISGIS
Geographic Geographic Information SystemsInformation Systems a computerized a computerized
system for storing, system for storing, manipulating and manipulating and viewing geographic viewing geographic datadata
TransportationTransportation
Some cities were built after Some cities were built after the invention of the car, so the invention of the car, so planning for such was not planning for such was not as hardas hard
Many cities have to plan for Many cities have to plan for mass transit systemsmass transit systems Save energy, reduce highway Save energy, reduce highway
congestion, reduce air congestion, reduce air pollution and limit loss of pollution and limit loss of landland
Land Management & Land Management & ConservationConservation
Farmlands: land used for crops and Farmlands: land used for crops and fruit.fruit. The U.S. uses almost 100 million The U.S. uses almost 100 million
hectacres for prime farmlandhectacres for prime farmland These areas are often threatened by These areas are often threatened by
urban growth urban growth Farmland Protection Program (1996)Farmland Protection Program (1996)
Land Management & Land Management & ConservationConservation
Rangelands: lands that support Rangelands: lands that support different vegetation types but are different vegetation types but are not used for farming or timbernot used for farming or timber Most common use is for livestockMost common use is for livestock The current world population growth The current world population growth
may require a 40% increase in food may require a 40% increase in food production of rangeland from 1977 to production of rangeland from 1977 to 20302030
RangelandsRangelands
ProblemsProblems Most damage is done due to Most damage is done due to
overgrazing (allowing more animals to overgrazing (allowing more animals to graze in an area than the range can graze in an area than the range can support)support)
Results in changes in the plant Results in changes in the plant community, once all the plants are community, once all the plants are gone, there is nothing to keep the soil gone, there is nothing to keep the soil erodingeroding
RangelandsRangelands
Maintaining the Range: Maintaining the Range: Sustaining productivity means Sustaining productivity means
reducing overgrazing by limiting herds reducing overgrazing by limiting herds to sizes that do not degrade the land.to sizes that do not degrade the land.
Leaving the land to rest, so vegetation Leaving the land to rest, so vegetation can growcan grow
Digging several water holesDigging several water holes
Forest LandsForest Lands
Trees are harvested for a variety of Trees are harvested for a variety of productsproducts
They are also important for They are also important for ecosystem services, the most ecosystem services, the most important removing COimportant removing CO22 from the from the atmosphereatmosphere
Forest LandsForest Lands Harvesting TreesHarvesting Trees
On average each person used On average each person used 1,800cm1,800cm33 of wood per day (in the U.S. of wood per day (in the U.S. we use almost 4x that much)we use almost 4x that much) A 30m (~90ft) tree each yearA 30m (~90ft) tree each year
People in developing countries use People in developing countries use trees for firewoodtrees for firewood
Forest LandsForest Lands
ClassificationClassification of forest trees of forest trees VirginVirgin
Forest that has never been cutForest that has never been cut
NativeNative Forest that is planted and managedForest that is planted and managed
Tree FarmsTree Farms Trees are planted in rows and harvested Trees are planted in rows and harvested
like other cropslike other crops
Harvesting TreesHarvesting Trees
Clear-cuttingClear-cutting Removing all trees from an area of Removing all trees from an area of
landland Can cause soil erosion and destruction Can cause soil erosion and destruction
of wildlife habitatof wildlife habitat Selective cuttingSelective cutting
Cutting and removing only middle aged Cutting and removing only middle aged or mature treesor mature trees
More expensive, less destructiveMore expensive, less destructive
Clear CuttingClear Cutting
Selective Selective CuttingCutting
DeforestationDeforestation The clearing of trees The clearing of trees
from an area without from an area without replacementreplacement Due to population Due to population
expansion and expansion and demands for timberdemands for timber
Reduces wildlife Reduces wildlife habitat, causes soil habitat, causes soil erosionerosion
Rate is high in tropical Rate is high in tropical rain forestsrain forests
Borneo deforestion
ReforestationReforestation
The process by which trees are The process by which trees are planted to re-establish trees that planted to re-establish trees that have been cut down in a forest landhave been cut down in a forest land Some parts of the country require Some parts of the country require
reforestation after timber has been reforestation after timber has been harvested from public landharvested from public land
90% of all timber comes from 90% of all timber comes from unmanaged forestsunmanaged forests
Parks and ReservesParks and Reserves
Wilderness: an area in which the Wilderness: an area in which the land and the ecosystems it supports land and the ecosystems it supports are protected from all exploitationare protected from all exploitation In the U.S. 32 million acres have been In the U.S. 32 million acres have been
designated as wildernessdesignated as wilderness
Benefits of Protected Benefits of Protected AreasAreas
Without protected areas many Without protected areas many species would now be extinctspecies would now be extinct Provide the only place where unspoiled Provide the only place where unspoiled
forests, deserts, or prairies remainforests, deserts, or prairies remain Recreation, outdoor Recreation, outdoor
classrooms and classrooms and
research laboratoriesresearch laboratories
Threats to Protected Threats to Protected AreasAreas
Litter and traffic in Litter and traffic in conservation areasconservation areas
Industry built close Industry built close Climate changeClimate change