Lameness and Pneumonias In Housed Sheep...Farmers can recognise lame sheep –even mildly lame 20%...
Transcript of Lameness and Pneumonias In Housed Sheep...Farmers can recognise lame sheep –even mildly lame 20%...
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Lameness and Pneumonias
In Housed Sheep
Neil Roberts
20th January 2015
Hilary O’Keife
Shearwell Data Tags UK
Sponsored by
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�Lameness
�Respiratory Disease
�Lice/Scab
�Abortion
�Rattlebelly/Joint ill
�Orf
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10% of national flock (3,000,000 sheep)
lame at any one time
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�Footrot
�Scald
�CODD
�Abscess
�Toe Granuloma
�Shelly Hoof
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� Identification
�Causes and route of spread
�Treatment
�Prevention and control in housed sheep
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�Varying severity of lameness
�Ewes and lambs affected
�Can be epidemic�Pink/red, wet interdigital space
�White/grey pasty scum - smells
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�Varying degrees of
lameness
�Can be several in
flock affected
�Separation of horn
from the underlying
live tissue
�Foul smelling, greyish,
oozing pus
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�Severe lameness�Up to 40% flock affected initially –ewes and lambs
�Red raw lesion starts at the top of the hoof, rapidly leads to horn separation
�May smell
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�Caused by bacteria - Dichelobacter
nodosus
�Off the sheep survives 7 – 10 days on
pasture, 6 weeks in horn clippings
�Likes warm, moist
environment
�Carrier sheep
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�Bacterial infection of interdigital skin,
Fusiformis necrophorum or D. Nodosus
�Scald = early stage footrot
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�Contagious Ovine Digital Dermatitis
�Related to digital dermatitis in cattle
(Treponemes)
� Infection starts at top of hoof
�Whole hoof can drop off
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�Footrot Antibiotic injection & spray
all 4 feet
�CODD Antibiotic injection & spray
all 4 feet
�Scald Lambs – spray all 4 feet
ewes – antibiotic injection &
spray all 4 feet
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�Alamycin LA 9 day meat withhold
�Hexasol LA 5 day cover & painkiller
�Micotil (Zactran)
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0
3
6
9
12
C T
Intervention (T) Control (C) groups
Nu
mb
er
of
days
Interdigital dermatitis
FootrotMake sure dose
is sufficient e.g.
oxytet LA
1ml / 10kg
? Resistance to
some antibiotics
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�Do not pare feet with active infection
present
�Allows infection into foot
�Causes pain
� Infection spread on foot
trimming shears
�Weight should be taken
on wall of hoof
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Proportion recovered after 5 days
Injection + spray
Injection + spray +
trim
Spray only
Spray and trim
0
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Trimming feet with footrot Trimming feet with footrot
delays healingdelays healing
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�Use time to inspect and treat lame ewes
� If not convinced, try leaving feet and see
what happens (35% of random sample of
1300 farmers not routinely foot trimming
in 2013)
Avoid TrimmingAvoid Trimming
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Two examples of overgrown horn the
integrity is good and the sheep is sound
Horn grows at 3 inches / year!
Avoid TrimmingAvoid Trimming
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� If very overgrown –
�Use sharp clean trimming equipment
�Trim leaving the wall edge ¼ inch
below sole all around the claw for
sheep to walk on
�Clean clippers with
disinfectant spray
between feet
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�Farmers can recognise lame sheep – even mildly lame
�20% did not catch and treat individual sheep at all lameness – reported 15% lameness in their flock
�Those that catch all lame sheep (even one in a field), catch -
�within 3 days
�when less severely lame
�Level of lameness in flock <5% lame�Those that wait until several lame 10%lameness
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�Treat within 3 days
�Appropriate treatment
�CODD, footrot and scald in ewes
�Antibiotic injection and spray
�Correct dose, long acting antibiotic
�Do not trim feet
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� Plan ahead and ensure equipment is in excellent order
� Ensure feet are clean before footbath
� Stand sheep on a hard surface for at least one hour after
footbath
� Always follow the instructions of the products used
• Using chemical concentrations that are too high will
cause damage to the sheep’s feet and cause
lameness
• 10% for zinc sulphate for at least 2 minutes,
depending on the product
• Maximum of 3% formalin as a walk-through solution
(can be painful on exposed lesions)
� Uses – lambs in spring, housed sheep if necessary
� NOT EFFECTIVE to treat footrot
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This was reported to be the
footbath for a 600 ewe flock
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� Lame ewes spread infection to the rest of the
flock
�Keep a record of lame sheep – ear tag, spray
mark
�Cull:• Sheep treated for footrot more than once
• Sheep with badly misshapen feet, including replacement
lambs
�Do not breed from:• Lambs from ewes/rams repeatedly lame with footrot
� BE TOUGH – Two strikes and she is out!
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� Inspect, treat and separate lame sheep
at housing
� Improve underfoot conditions – clean
bedding/lime
�Footbath clean group
if appropriate and
facilities allow
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�Disease spreads quickly
�Catch lame animals asap – even mild
cases
�Focus on a minimum of 1/3 flock each day
� Inspect and Diagnose
�Treat appropriately
�Footrot / Scald / CODD
�Do not trim
�Use appropriate antibiotic injection and
spray
�Mark and record
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�Buy in from known source (ideally visit
farm!)� Reject any lame sheep
� Avoid CODD
� Enquire about vaccination status and vendors
lameness policy
�Quarantine returning/new sheep for
>21days� Inspect all feet and footbath / treat on arrival
� During quarantine treat promptly if become lame
� Consider vaccination in discussion with vet
� Only add to flock once sure healthy
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� Licensed vaccine available
� Timings should coincide with high risk periods
�Vaccine should be used as part of a 5 point plan
�Vaccinate whole flock (including rams)
• Once / twice per year before expected peaks in
footrot
�Care when using vaccine
• Wear gloves and use a safety vaccinator, lumps at
injection site can occur
�Discuss strategic use and timings with your vet
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�Pasteurellosis
�Mycoplamas
�Lungworm *
� Jaagsiekte
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�Pasteurella pneumonia (Mannhaemia
Haemolytica)
�Pasteurella septicaemia (Pasteurella
Trehalosi)
�Found in tonsils of healthy sheep
�Stressors/trigger factors cause bacteria
to multiply up � clinical disease
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�Sudden death
�Horned hoggs away wintering on
lowland farms or store lambs finished on
lowland farms
�Trigger factors:
• Transport
• Change in plane of nutrition
• Cold, wet weather
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�Dull, high temperature, breathing
heavily and not eating. Watery discharge
from eyes and nose. Stand back from
group.
�Trigger factors:
• PI3
• Mycoplasma infection
• Clipping, shearing, worming,
housing
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�Antibiotics and anti-inflammatories for
treatment
�Preventive antibiotics in face of outbreak
(septicaemias)
�Vaccination
�Ventilation in buildings
�Management of fluke, worms, trace
elements etc
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�Heptavac P, Ovivac P, Ovipast Plus
�Contains most common strains
� Initial 2 doses 4-6 weeks apart from 3
weeks of age
�Annual
�Colostral protection passed to lambs for
≈ 3 weeks
�Aid in the control of Pastuerellosis
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�Maximise fresh air, avoid draughty
buildings
�Reduce dust/ammonia levels in air
�Reduce bacterial/viral concentration in
air
�Reduce air humidity
�Avoid over crowding
(1.5m²/ewe)
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�Lambs less than 1 year old especially
when housed
�Coughing, reduced growth rates, not ill
� Increased susceptibility to pasteurellas
�No vaccine – sensitive to
antibiotics
�Avoid mixing with older sheep
when housed
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�Very rarely causes clinical disease in
lambs or sheep
�All wormers effective against lungworm
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�Chronic viral disease of sheep
�Causes tumour development in lungs
� Incubation period 2-4 years
�Weight loss, progressive respiratory
distress, excessive nasal discharge
�11% Scottish flocks affected
�Can also cause sudden death
� ‘Wheelbarrow’ test
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�Spread by nasal secretions
�Cull suspect cases
�Do not breed off offspring of suspect
cases
�Minimise trough feeding, reduce housing
period
�Separate age groups
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