Lamb Feeding Research at Ridgetown Campus
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Transcript of Lamb Feeding Research at Ridgetown Campus
Nutrition Research at Ridgetown
Paul H. Luimes, Ph.D.
Can Corn Silage be a Part of a Profitable Feeder Lamb Nutrition Program?
2010-2011
Can corn silage be profitable?Component Percentage Corn Silage in Ration (DM basis)
0% CS 25% CS 50% CS
Corn silage 0.0% ( 0.0%)
44.8% (25.0%)
71.0% (50.0%)
Corn grain 30.4% (30.0%)
15.4% (20.6%)
6.7% ( 11.3%)
Mixed grain 50.2% (50.0%)
25.4% (34.4%)
11.0% ( 18.8%)
Protein supplement A*
19.4% (20.0%)
7.2% (10.0%)
0.0% ( 0.0%)
Protein supplement B*
0.0% ( 0.0%)
7.2% (10.0%)
11.4% (20.0%)
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Cost/tonne $311.81 $219.61 $165.72
Protein supplements supplied by Floradale Feed MillSupplement A – “off the shelf” product (34.25% CP, 61.72% TDN)Supplement B – “custom made” product (41.1% CP, 65.30% TDN)
Feeding
Average lamb weight (lbs).
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1065
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
0% CS 25% CS 50% CS
Week
Lam
b W
eig
ht,
lb
s
Performance from 70 to 105 lbs
Percentage Corn Silage in Ration (DM basis)
0% CS 25% CS 50% CS
average daily gain lb/d 0.71a 0.67a 0.46b
feed intake (dry matter) lb/d 3.11a 2.99a 2.54b
feed intake (as fed) lb/d 3.48a 4.55b 4.88c
days to market1 d 49.3 52.2 76.1feed (dry matter) to gain 4.43a 4.54a 6.08b
feed cost/lb gain2 $/lb $0.703a $0.689a $0.878b
a,bNumbers across rows with a different superscript are different (p < 0.10).1Values calculated based on other values presented in table2Feed cost was calculated based on corn silage costing $65/tonne, corn grain costing $260/tonne, mixed grain costing $255/tonne and the protein supplement costing on average $595/tonne
Ration Analysis (on DM basis)
Percentage Corn Silage in Ration (DM basis)
0% CS 25% CS 50% CS
Crude protein (CP) 16.4% 16.4% 16.4%Total digestible nutrients (TDN) 79.0% 77.1% 75.2%
Additional notes
•4 lambs on the 50% CS treatment died▫1 rectal prolapse▫3 listeriosis (Listeria monocytogenes)
•Management will require more attention with corn silage▫Harvesting▫Storage▫Bunk
So would I feed corn silage to lambs?•Maybe…if…
▫Around 25% inclusion A bit more if I wanted to slow lambs down for
a market (like a late Easter)▫I had they system already in place to do so
If I was already feeding it to my ewes Not worth decreasing automation over
▫I’d keep some beef cattle around for “clean up” Keep fresher feed in lamb/ewe bunks At least get some return for “wasted” feed
So would I feed corn silage to lambs?
• Say I brought in ▫ 70 lb lambs▫ on February 1,
2011 • And raised them
▫ on the 3 diets▫ to 105 lbs
• As long as death loss is kept under control!
Percentage Corn Silage in Ration (DM basis)
0% CS 25% CS 50% CS
End date Mar. 22 Mar. 25 Apr. 18
Total feed cost
$24.61 $24.12 $30.73
Diff - -$0.49 $6.13
Lamb value on end date*
$234.71 $234.71 $245.04
Diff - - $10.33
*calculated from OSMA market reports
Feeding Dried Distillers’ Grains with Solubles to Market Lambs2012
DDGSFirst of all…what is corn? Encyclopedia Britannica
• Starch 72.6%• Oil 4.3%• Protein 9.8%• NDF 9.0%• Minerals 1.6%
Basic ProcessCorn
GroundCooked
Fermentation
Digested(“Liquifaction”
)
Distillation
Centrifugation
Distillers’ Grains
Wet Condensed Solubles
CO2
DDGS
Ethanol
Modified ProcessCorn
GroundCooked
Fermentation
Digested(“Liquifaction”
)
Distillation
Centrifugation
Distillers’ Grains
Wet Condensed Solubles
CO2Ethano
l
De-oiled WCS
De-oiled DDGS
Corn Oil
Commodity $/tonne 0% DDGS 15% DDGS 30% DDGS
Corn $300 25.5% 25.5% 25.5%
Mixed grain1
$314 42.5% 42.5% 42.5%
Soybean meal
$450 16.7% 8.3% 0.0%
Oat hulls $240 13.3% 6.7% 0.0%
DDGS $235 0.0% 15.0% 30.0%
Premix2 $1,100 2.0% 2.0% 2.0%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Cost/tonne $339.01 $320.62 $302.44
How much DDGS can we feed profitably?
1 Mixed grain is barley and oats at 50%:50% mix2 Premix supplied by KenPal Farm Products Inc.
Average lamb weights, lb
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1065
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
0% DDGS 15% DDGS 30% DDGS
Week
Weig
ht,
lbs
Percentage DDGS in Ration
0% DDGS 15% DDGS 30% DDGS
Average daily gain
lb/d 0.78 0.80 0.71
Feed intake lb/d 3.60a 3.54a 3.13b
Days to market1 d 51.3 50.0 56.3
Feed to gain 4.79 4.56 4.62
Feed cost/lb gain2 $/lb $0.769a $0.693b $0.664b
Performance from 70 to 110 lbs
a,bNumbers across rows with a different superscript are different (p < 0.10).1Values calculated based on other values presented in table2Feed cost was calculated based on feed costing from previous slide
Percentage DDGS in Ration
0% DDGS 15% DDGS 30% DDGS
Dry Matter 88.9% 88.8% 89.5%
Crude Protein 18.8% 16.1% 15.6%
Total Digestible Nutrients
85.9% 84.4% 86.8%
Acid Detergent Fibre 11.0% 12.6% 9.9%
Neutral Detergent Fibre 20.1% 23.9% 23.9%
Calcium 1.00% 0.90% 0.82%
Phosphorus 0.46% 0.45% 0.44%
Ration Analysis
There is a fair amount of error associated with these numbers.
At the start…
At market…
At market…
•No death losses•Typical illnesses
▫Some pink-eye▫Some coughing
Challenges
•Feed was offered as textured feed▫Lambs consumed corn, barley and oats first▫Consumed ground feed (soybean
meal/DDGS/premix) later▫Sorting of soybean meal was not as
noticeable as sorting of DDGS•Most of the time the refusals were almost
exclusively ground feed▫Targeted around 5-10% refusals▫Actual was around 12.5%
Bunk Management
Sorting
At feeding Approx. 8 hrs after feeding
0% DDGS 15% DDGS 30% DDGS
Feed offered, lbs/d 4.13 4.13 3.65
Feed refused, lbs/d 0.53 0.58 0.52
Feed intake, lbs/d 3.60 3.55 3.13
Average daily gain, lbs/d 0.78 0.80 0.71
Estimated sorting None Some Considerable
CP offered, %1 17.0 17.0 17.0
CP refused, %2 17.0 22.0 27.0
CP offered, lbs/d 0.702 0.702 0.621
CP refused, lbs/d 0.090 0.128 0.140
CP intake, lbs/d 0.612 0.575 0.480
Some thoughts on refusals*…
1Calculated2Assuming estimated sorting *On a per lamb basis
• Absolutely▫ If I could do “tight” bunk management
I’d feed at least 30%▫ If I was feeding ad lib (like hog feeders)
I might drop it a bit to 15% Or pellet it
• At $4.20 savings per lamb (70-110 lbs), not feeding DDGS is a missed opportunity
• Since lambs are refusing expensive protein, could we improve gains or make it cheaper by pelleting?
So would I feed DDGS?
Does Pelleting Lamb Feed Improve Efficiency Cost Effectively?2013
To “requirements” High CP
0% DDGS 0% DDGS 30% DDGS
not pelleted
pelleted not pelleted
pelleted not pelleted
pelleted
Corn 32.2% 22.2% 25.5% 15.5% 25.5% 15.5%
Barley 28.0% 28.0% 21.35% 21.35% 21.35% 21.35%
Oats 28.0% 28.0% 21.35 21.35 21.35% 21.35%
Wheat 10.0% 10.0% 10.0%
Soybean meal
3.0% 3.0% 10.0% 10.0%
DDGS 30.0% 30.0%
Wheat shorts
7.0% 7.0% 20.0 20.0
Premix 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0%
Limestone
0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
$/tonne $373.00 $383.00 $386.50 $396.50 $378.00 $388.00Premixes, feeds and pelleting supplied by B-W Feed and Seed, New Hamburg, ON
The treatments
•Form▫Pellet vs. Non-Pellet
•Content▫Low CP (SBM)▫High CP (SBM)▫High CP (DDGS)
PerformanceForm Content
Non-Pellet Pellet Low CP (SBM)
High CP (SBM)
High CP (DDGS)
Average daily feed intake (lb/d)
3.36x 3.46y 3.31a 3.49b 3.42ab
Average daily gain (lb/d)
0.75x 0.76x 0.70a 0.76ab 0.82b
Days to market* 60 59 64 60 55
Feed to gain ratio 5.07x 5.03x 5.32a 5.15a 4.67b
Feed $/lb of gain $0.81x $0.82x $0.84a $0.85a $0.75b
*Calculated based on 45 lb gain
Ration Analysis
Form Content
Non-Pellet Pellet Low CP (SBM)
High CP (SBM)
High CP (DDGS)
Dry matter 86.7%x 86.9%x 87.1%a 86.3%b 87.0%a
Crude protein
13.1%x 13.8%x 11.3%a 14.1%b 14.9%b
TDN 81.9%x 82.7%x 83.4%a 82.5%a 81.1%a
NDF 18.0%x 19.2%y 16.9%a 17.6%a 21.2%b
ADF 8.5%x 8.3%x 8.1%a 7.5%a 9.5%b
Calcium 0.56%x 0.55%x 0.50%a 0.58%a 0.59%a
Phosphorus
0.41%x 0.45%y 0.37%a 0.45%a 0.48%b
Ca:P 1.36%x 1.22%x 1.35%a 1.29%a 1.24%a
Feed bunks…
Issues
•Completed in two groups▫Group 1
No major issues One lamb was euthanized after a physical
injury▫Group 2
Many lambs suffered from chronic lung infection
Early struggle with coccidiosis Some deworming failure
Detected by FAMACHA
A few points of consideration
•Assumed all feeds were purchased (non-pelleted as well as pelleted)▫This artificially raised cost of non-pelleted
ration•Used fixed number of feeds (other feeds
could be available especially for pelleted ration)▫This artificially raised cost of pelleted
ration
So would I pellet feed?
•I would formulate my concentrate ▫Assuming not pelleting
Limiting available ingredients Use home grown grains
▫Assuming pelleting Using full number of available ingredients Both using and not using home grown grains
•Is pelleted ration is within $10 more per tonne of non-pelleted ration ▫Yes? Then “yes” I’d pellet▫No? Depends on labour savings potential
Protein level
•It appears the NRC targeted levels for growing lambs may be too low for protein▫0.70 vs. 0.79 lb/d (low vs. avg. high)
•But higher levels (of same ingredient) were no cheaper per lb of gain▫0.84 vs. $0.85 per lb of gain
•Is optimal in the middle somewhere?▫I don’t know
Cost of disease
•I cannot determine this statistically so it is only an estimate to illustrate▫$0.23/lb▫For 65 to 110 lb this means $10.35/lamb
•Not including▫Medicine▫Dead lambs▫Frustration
BUY/KEEP THEM HEALTHY
DDGS
•Once again feeding DDGS is profitable▫$0.10/lb ~ $4.50 per lamb▫Very close to same savings as last time
DDGS value $/tonne = (0.5417 x corn $/tonne) + (0.4344 x soybean $/tonne)
Corn $ 125
$ 150
$ 175
$ 200
$ 225
$ 250
$ 275
Soybean
Meal
$ 525
$ 296
$ 309
$ 323
$ 336
$ 350
$ 364
$ 377
$ 550
$ 307
$ 320
$ 334
$ 347
$ 361
$ 374
$ 388
$ 575
$ 318
$ 331
$ 345
$ 358
$ 372
$ 385
$ 399
$ 600
$ 328
$ 342
$ 355
$ 369
$ 383
$ 396
$ 410
$ 625
$ 339
$ 353
$ 366
$ 380
$ 393
$ 407
$ 420
$ 650
$ 350
$ 364
$ 377
$ 391
$ 404
$ 418
$ 431
$ 675
$ 361
$ 375
$ 388
$ 402
$ 415
$ 429
$ 442
•Funding▫OSMA and FIP
•Lambs▫Wicketthorn Livestock
•Feed▫Agribrands Purina Ltd.▫Floradale Feed Mill Ltd.▫KenPal Farm Products Inc.▫B-W Feed and Seed Ltd.▫Greenfield Ethanol
•Collaboration▫Ridgetown Campus Sheep Advisory Group▫Shepherds
Acknowledgements
Future Directions
•OSMA (FIP) - funded▫Ewe feed efficiency (preliminary trial)
Breeding, gestation, lactation feed vs. lb of weaned lamb
•OMAF - applied▫Lamb feed trials▫Ewe feed efficiency▫Pasture efficiency
Questions?
Paul Luimes519-674-1500 [email protected]