http://bit.ly/DELICATE

Learning Analytics

HE Managers see:• Promise vs. Concerns• Potential vs. Risks• Benefits vs. Cost• Purpose vs. Competitive Pressures• Intentions vs. Hesitations

• Leading to Confusion

HEIs: How to implement LA?

Institutionalising LA

Recent set-backs in education:• (1) inBloom• (2) Snappet

Acceptance factors: Data subjects being sufficiently aware of the consequences of using the system, the validity and relevance of the results obtained, and the level of transparency of the data model.

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• $100 million investment • Aim: Personalized learning in public schools, through data & technology

standards • 9 US states participated, in 2013 data about millions of children

have been stored

Privacy as Show Stopper for LA

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Privacy as Show Stopper for LA

Ignoring the fears and public perception of the application of

analytics can lead to a lack of acceptance, protests, and even failure

of entire LA implementations.

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Related Research Work

Prinsloo & Slade (2013)Slade & Prinsloo (2013) Pardo & Siemens (2014) Prinsloo & Slade (2015) Hoel & Chen (2015) Sclater, Bailey (2015) Steiner, Kickmeier-Rust, Albert (2015)

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Related Policies

http://www.open.ac.uk/students/charter/essential-documents/ethical-use-student-data-learning-analytics-policy#

https://www.jisc.ac.uk/sites/default/files/jd0040_code_of_practice_for_learning_analytics_190515_v1.pdf

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Related Policies• HEI law on data collection in NL like in all

EU countries since Nuremberg trials (data collection allowed to improve education, clear purpose, consent, limited access)

• Engelfriet, A., Jeunink, E., Manderveld, J. (2015). Learning analytics onder de Wet bescherming persoonsgegevens. https://www.surf.nl/kennis-en-innovatie/kennisbank/2015/learning-analytics-onder-de-wet-bescherming-persoonsgegevens.html

• SURF follow-up report with use cases in preparation

Research Ethics

Origins lie in post-WWII. – Milestones:

• Nuremberg Code (1949)• Helsinki Declaration (1964)• Belmont Report (1978)• 2000s: Biomedical Science• RRI (Responsible Research and Innovation)

Facebook Study

Privacy

• The right to be left alone (Westin 1968)• Informational self-determination (Flaherty

1989)• Informational, decisional, local privacy

(Roessler 2005)

• Privacy is not anonymity or data security!

Privacy

Contextual Integrity vs. Big Data Research

Context bound information vs. Repurposing of data

Who are the Bad Guys?

ME&

MY DATAGovernment? Commerce?

Education? Hackers & Bad Guys?

Legal Frameworks

• EU Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC (automated processing of ‘personal data’)2016: General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

• Restricting the (re-)use of data vs. and contradicting• Big Data business models• European Data Retention Directive 2006/24/EC

(data storage for security purposes)

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Legal Frameworks

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Legal Frameworks

Fears

• Power-relationship, user exploitation• Data ownership• Anonymity and data security• Privacy and data identity• Transparency and trust

Power-relationship

• Tracking and id-ing users or citizens by state or corporations (e.g. insurance companies, banks, car manufacturers, etc.) = benefit not to the user!

• Power-relationship is asymmetrical

Exploitation

• Free labour as business model of for-profit companies

• Crowd sourcing outside the „commons“

Data Ownership

Data Ownership

Data Ownership

Anonymity and Data Security

• No absolute anonymity or de-identification

• Integration of multiple data sources increase compromised personal identity

• Data stores are not 100% secure

Privacy and Data Identity

• System identity vs. Social identity

• People approximated onto data models by probability

• Power: data subjects have no say in the design of data model

Arora, P. (2016). Bottom of the data pyramid: Big data and the global South, International Journal of Communication

Transparency and Trust

• Assumption: more transparency = more trust• But: relationship is mostly asymmetrical

(individual vs. big corporation)• Transparency as instrument of control

Introducing: DELICATE

Introducing: DELICATE

Introducing: DELICATE

Introducing: DELICATE

Call for Papers

Special Issue: Journal of HE Development (ZfHE)

Learning Analytics: Implications for Higher Education

http://bit.ly/1qXTaNzDeadline: 10 June 2016Publication date: Spring 2017