Ladders and Scaffolds

72
Ladders and Scaffolds New England Roofing Industry Partnership

description

New England Roofing Industry Partnership. Ladders and Scaffolds. SUBPARTS X & L. Ladders and Scaffolds. 1. References. 29 CFR 1926.1050 - .1053, Subpart X - Ladders 29 CFR 1926.450 - .454, Subpart L - Scaffolds American National Standards Institute (ANSI). SUBPARTS. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Ladders and Scaffolds

Page 1: Ladders and Scaffolds

Ladders and Scaffolds

New England

Roofing Industry

Partnership

Page 2: Ladders and Scaffolds

Ladders and Scaffolds 1

29 CFR 1926.1050 - .1053, Subpart X - Ladders

29 CFR 1926.450 - .454, Subpart L - Scaffolds

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

References

SUBPARTS

X & L

Page 3: Ladders and Scaffolds

2

After completing this section you will:– Understand safe ladder placement & use.– Know how to inspect a ladder for defects.– Know the basics of Subpart X - Ladders.– Understand safe erection and use of

scaffolding.– Know the basics of Subpart L – Scaffolds.

Training Objectives

SUBPARTS

Ladders and ScaffoldsX & L

Page 4: Ladders and Scaffolds

Ladders not secured Ladder not extended 3 feet above landing Defective ladders Ladders within 10 feet of power lines Fixed ladders without fall protection 12% of OSHA citations for physical hazards

are for unsafe ladders or stairs. Most deaths from falls off ladders happen

from 10 feet or lower.

Ladder Hazards

Ladders and ScaffoldsSUBPARTS

3X & L

Page 5: Ladders and Scaffolds

Access to the Work LevelIf elevation change is 19 inches or more and there is no ramp, runway, slope or hoist:

– Employer must provide stairway & ladders prior to work at elevated areas.

– Two or more ladders or double-cleated ladder if more than 25 employees.

– At least one access point between levels must be clear at all times.

Ladders and Scaffolds 4SUBPARTS

X & L

Page 6: Ladders and Scaffolds

Basic Ladder Use Use only for intended purpose. Extend 3 feet above surface. Set up at 4:1 angle. Secure top and bottom. Keep top and bottom areas clear. Maintain 3-point contact.

– Cannot work off ladder unless 3-point contact is maintained.

Ladders and Scaffolds 5SUBPARTS

X & L

Page 7: Ladders and Scaffolds

Basic Ladder Use Don’t move a ladder that is occupied. Don’t overload a ladder. Keep up inspection and maintenance. Don’t use on a slippery surface. Use non-conductive near electric. Don’t tie together to make longer. Don’t paint wooden ladders.

Ladders and Scaffolds 6SUBPARTS

X & L

Page 8: Ladders and Scaffolds

Basic Stepladder Use

Do not use top step on stepladder. Stepladders cannot be used leaned

against a vertical wall, they must be opened and used as intended.– Use ONLY as intended by the manufacturer!

Ladders and Scaffolds 7SUBPARTS

X & L

Page 9: Ladders and Scaffolds

3 foot extension above landing

Top end secured

Maximum extensionnot exceeded

Bottom secured

1/4th of Working Length

Ladders and Scaffolds 8SUBPARTS

X & L

Proper Ladder Set-Up

Page 10: Ladders and Scaffolds

Can they be fixed?

Ladders must be inspected by a Competent Person.

Ladders and Scaffolds 9X & LSUBPARTS

Defective Ladders

Is this a citation? Is there a hazard created here?

Page 11: Ladders and Scaffolds

Ladders and Scaffolds 10X & LSUBPARTS

Access to the Roof

What is done right here? What could be done better?

The Job-Made Ladder

Page 12: Ladders and Scaffolds

Scenes We Don’t Want to See

1926.1053(a)(2) LADDERSRungs, cleats and steps shall be parallel, level, and uniformly spaced.

Do we really even need an OSHA standard to tell us there’s something wrong here?

Ladders and Scaffolds 11SUBPARTS

X & L

Page 13: Ladders and Scaffolds

Stupid Ladder Tricks

Ladders and Scaffolds 12SUBPARTS

X & L

Page 14: Ladders and Scaffolds

Ladders and Scaffolds 13SUBPARTS

X & L

More Stupid Ladder Tricks

Page 15: Ladders and Scaffolds

Your employer must train you.

.1060 Training Requirements

Ladders and Scaffolds 14SUBPARTS

X & L

Page 16: Ladders and Scaffolds

Ladders(1926.1050 - .1053)

Ladders and Scaffolds 15SUBPARTS

X & L

Common OSHA Citations:–.1053(b)(1): Extension 3 feet above landing surface

–.1052(c)(1): Stairs with > 4 risers or >30” height are to have at least one handrail; stair rail on open side

–.1051(a): Stair or ladder for >19” break in elevation

–.1060(a): Training as necessary

–.1053(b)(4): Ladder use only as intended

–.1053(b)(13): Stepladder top step not to be used.

How can the hazards addressed by these Standards best be corrected, controlled, or eliminated?

Page 17: Ladders and Scaffolds

Scaffolding for Roof Access Depending on the type of job you may

use:– Frame Scaffolds– Mobile Scaffolds– Stair Towers– Ladder Jacks– Pump Jacks– Aerial Lifts such as Scissor Lift or Manlift

Under OSHA standards, these are all “elevated work platforms”.

Ladders and Scaffolds 16SUBPARTS

X & L

Page 18: Ladders and Scaffolds

9% of construction deaths are scaffold-related. Scaffold falls injure 29,000 workers every year. 47% of all scaffold

catastrophes and deaths are caused by defective scaffolds.

Any missing or defective part makes a scaffold less safe.

The danger of falling is most common.

Scaffold Hazards

Ladders and Scaffolds 17X & L

SUBPARTS

Page 19: Ladders and Scaffolds

Supported scaffolds must have these

features:

How Do We Know a Scaffold Is Safe?

Ladders and Scaffolds 18SUBPARTS

X & L

Page 20: Ladders and Scaffolds

Firm Foundation Must have a foundation that is firm,

square and level. Support must bear on base plates and

mudsills or other adequate, firm foundation.─Must support load without settling or

displacement.─Must not use “unstable objects” as support.─Base plates are always required, even on

concrete.

Ladders and Scaffolds 19X & LSUBPARTS

Page 21: Ladders and Scaffolds

HEEL TEST: If a 180-pound worker can dig a heel an inch into the soil, it will not support 1,600 psf.

Look for firm ground and sills to distribute the scaffold load.

How to Make a Solid Foundation

Ladders and Scaffolds 20X & LSUBPART

Page 22: Ladders and Scaffolds

Ladders and Scaffolds 21SUBPARTS

X & L

Firm Foundation?

Page 23: Ladders and Scaffolds

Scaffold Capacity Support its own weight and 4 X the

Maximum Intended Load (MIL). Suspension rope & hardware, 6 X MIL. Stall load of hoist maximum 3 X rated

load. Designed by a Qualified Person and

built and loaded to design. Some Criteria listed in Appendix 'A'

Ladders and Scaffolds 22SUBPARTS

X & L

Page 24: Ladders and Scaffolds

How much load do we need the scaffold to support?

–Evenly distributed:Must support 4 X

Maximum Intended Load.

–Supported Scaffolds:

Capacity determined by

the space between the

uprights and plankthickness.

Scaffold Capacity

Ladders and Scaffolds 23SUBPARTS

X & L

Page 25: Ladders and Scaffolds

Can we applyany of the“capacity”criteria here?

Ladders and Scaffolds 24SUBPARTS

X & L

Capacity?

Page 26: Ladders and Scaffolds

Bracing holds parts fixed in relation to another.

Bracing

Poles, legs, frames and uprights must be plumb and braced.

Ladders and Scaffolds 25SUBPARTS

X & L

Page 27: Ladders and Scaffolds

You can visually check scaffold alignment.

Plumb:Vertical members stand perpendicular to horizon.

Level:Horizontal members are parallel to horizon.

Square:Horizontal and vertical members form right angles where they connect.

Plumb, Level, Square

Ladders and Scaffolds 26X & LSUBPARTS

Page 28: Ladders and Scaffolds

Competent Person decision required.

Is scaffold structuralintegrity maintained?

Ladders and Scaffolds 27X & L

SUBPARTS

Mixed Manufacturer’s Components

Page 29: Ladders and Scaffolds

Keeping Upright

When suspended scaffold reaches a height that is more than 4 times its minimum base dimension, it must be restrained to keep from tipping.– Guys/Braces at horizontal members.– Guys/ties/braces in accordance with

manufacturer or closest to 4:1 height.– Ties repeat at 26 feet vertical; maximum 30

feet horizontal.

Ladders and Scaffolds 28X & LSUBPARTS

Page 30: Ladders and Scaffolds

This 6-tier scaffold is anchored to the building with rope through windows.

A solid strut anchor is better, especially if not dependent upon friction attachments at both ends.

Ladders and Scaffolds 29X & LSUBPARTS

Tie-Ins to the Building

Page 31: Ladders and Scaffolds

Platform Construction

Platforms fully planked or decked

Maximum 1” gaps

Maximum openings of 9½” if necessary

Platforms and walkways minimum 18” wide Ladder jack, top plate bracket, roof bracket,

and pump jack scaffold at least 12” wide Guardrails and/or Personal Fall Arrest

System (PFAS) for < 18” wide

Ladders and Scaffolds 30SUBPARTS

X & L

Page 32: Ladders and Scaffolds

Fully planked with scaffold-grade wood or metal.

What Makes a Safe Platform?

Ladders and Scaffolds 31SUBPARTS

X & L

Page 33: Ladders and Scaffolds

Grading Stamps identify scaffold grade lumber in many parts of the U.S.

Scaffold planks must be in good repair. Look for damage that reduces width, length, thickness, or strength. Replace damaged planks immediately.

It is free of defects.

What Is Scaffold-Grade Lumber?

Ladders and Scaffolds 32X & LSUBPARTS

Page 34: Ladders and Scaffolds

Front edge of all platforms:– Maximum 14” from the face of the work

– 3” from the face for outrigger scaffolds

– 18” from face for plastering/lathing operations

Platform extension minimum 6”; maximum 12” – >10 feet, maximum 18” past support

Ladders and Scaffolds 33X & LSUBPARTS

Platform Construction

Page 35: Ladders and Scaffolds

Support for ends of abutted planks

Overlap minimum 12” and only over supports, unless restrained to prevent movement. On directional changes, platform on bearer at other than a right angle laid first, and platforms at right angles over the same bearer laid second.

Platform Construction

Ladders and Scaffolds 34SUBPARTS

X & L

Page 36: Ladders and Scaffolds

Platform Construction Don’t paint wood, except ID on edges Fully planked between front upright &

guardrails Don’t mix scaffold components used unless

compatible & strength is maintained [Competent Person decision]

Don’t modify mixed scaffold components to make them fit [C.P. decision] No components of dissimilar metals without

Competent Person approval

Ladders and Scaffolds 35SUBPARTS

X & L

Page 37: Ladders and Scaffolds

Platforms

Do not use front-end loader to support scaffold platforms unless they have been designed for such use.

Forklifts cannot be used to support platforms unless: – The entire platform is attached to the fork,

and– The forklift is not moved horizontally while

the platform is occupied.

Ladders and Scaffolds 36X & LSUBPARTS

Page 38: Ladders and Scaffolds

DON’T BECOME A STATISTIC!!

Is this in any way a safe platform?

Ladders and Scaffolds 37SUBPARTS

X & L

Page 39: Ladders and Scaffolds

Unsafe Anywhere…

This is not the kind of teamwork we're looking for…

Ladders and Scaffolds 38X & LSUBPARTS

Page 40: Ladders and Scaffolds

Distribute loads evenly. Point load over uprights.

Evenly distributed – A good practice!

Point Loading -

When necessary, it should be done over uprights.

An unsafe practice!

What’s the Best Way to Load the Scaffold?

Ladders and Scaffolds 39SUBPARTS

X & L

Page 41: Ladders and Scaffolds

Safe Access Must have safe access

– No access by cross braces– Bottom rung not more than 24” high– From other surface if within 14" H, 24" V– Rest platforms at 35’ intervals– Safe access for erectors/dismantlers

• Competent Person Decision• 22" Horizontals OK for Builders

Some end frames can be used for access.

Ladders and ScaffoldsSUBPARTS

40X & L

Page 42: Ladders and Scaffolds

25% of scaffold accidents happen when workers get on or get off.

If work platforms are more than 2 feet above a point of access, then stairs, ladders, or personnel hoists must be used.

You must never climb on scaffold braces or frames without built-in ladders.

Safe Access

Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS

41

Page 43: Ladders and Scaffolds

2 hands and 1 foot or 1 hand and 2 feet on ladder.

– You must face the ladder.– You cannot carry any load

that could cause you to

lose your balance.– Use a gin wheel to hoist

materials and equipment

onto the scaffold.

3-Point Climbing on Scaffold Ladders

Ladders and ScaffoldsSUBPARTS

42X & L

Page 44: Ladders and Scaffolds

Failure to provide safe access.

Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS

43

Page 45: Ladders and Scaffolds

Using the Scaffold Never overload: Lesser of Maximum Intended

Load or rated load Inspected by Competent Person No shore or lean-to scaffolds

Immediately remove, repair, or brace if found substandard

No horizontal movement while occupied unless approved

Maintain clearance near powerlines

Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS

44

Page 46: Ladders and Scaffolds

Using the Scaffold No makeshift devices to increase height

– The 'Drywall Bucket Rule' No ladder to increase height except on

'large area' and:– Side thrust countered, platform secured

– Ladder legs on same platform & secured Platforms should not deflect > 1/60 of

span

Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS

45

Page 47: Ladders and Scaffolds

Using the Scaffold

Erect, move, dismantle or alter only under the supervision of a Competent Person!

No work on snow, ice covered platforms.

Use taglines for swinging loads.

Protect suspension ropes from heat, acid

No work during storms or high winds.

No debris accumulation on platforms.

Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS

46

Page 48: Ladders and Scaffolds

Power Line Clearance

Keep 10 foot minimum unless de-energized!

Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS

47

Page 49: Ladders and Scaffolds

The old and the new, but still a ‘Lean-To’

Lean-to Scaffolds are Prohibited

Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS

48

Page 50: Ladders and Scaffolds

Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS) or guardrails are required at 10 foot height.

PFAS and guardrails are required on suspended scaffolds.

PFAS is required for erectors/dismantlers where feasible.

Fall Protection for Scaffolds

Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS

49

Page 51: Ladders and Scaffolds

Guardrails prevent work falls.

─ Toprails must be 38” to 45” above working platform.

─ Crossbracing can serve as top or mid-rail depending on height. Toprail must withstand a force of 200

pounds (or 100 pounds on suspension scaffolds).

Only 33% of the scaffolds involved in accidents had guardrails.

Guardrails

Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS

50

Page 52: Ladders and Scaffolds

Personal Fall Arrest Systems

Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS

51

PFAS used on scaffolds must be attached by lanyard, vertical lifeline, horizontal lifeline, or scaffold structural member.

– Vertical lifelines must be fastened to fixed safe point of anchorage, independent of the scaffold. Do not attach two vertical lifelines together or to same anchorage point.– Horizontal lifelines must be attached to 2 or more structural members of the scaffold.

Page 53: Ladders and Scaffolds

Competent Person must take into account:– Adequate Anchorage?– Clearance?– Work Practices?– Motions Required?– Equipment Available?– Environmental conditions?

Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS

52

Fall Protection for Erectors

Page 54: Ladders and Scaffolds

Falling Object Protection

Hardhats required Protect employees below Barricades to exclude working below Toe boards at edges of platforms

– Manufactured or job-made with 1x6 or plank

May use panels, screens, or canopies

Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS

53

Page 55: Ladders and Scaffolds

Fabricated Frame Scaffolds New frames braced before moving platforms Always plumb, level, square with bracing

secured. Frames joined vertically by coupling pins Where uplift can occur - locked together Side brackets parallel; end brackets at 900

Not bent or twisted; Personnel only, unless engineered

Over 125 ft. high requires engineer design

Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS

54

Page 56: Ladders and Scaffolds

Mobile Scaffolds Plumb; Level square; Braces secured Cross, horizontal & diagonal braces to

prevent racking or collapse Mobile scaffolds must comply with other

frame requirements Castors - positive lock on wheel and/or

swivel Force to move no more than 5 feet above

base

Ladders and Scaffolds 55X & LSUBPARTS

53

Page 57: Ladders and Scaffolds

Ladders and ScaffoldsSUBPARTS

56

Horizontal and diagonal bracing required to prevent “racking”.

Most manufacturers provide with fixed length.

Mobile Scaffolds

X & L

Page 58: Ladders and Scaffolds

Mobile Scaffolds Diagonal bracing; prevents “racking” No platforms beyond base Screwjacks or equivalent to level Castor stems pinned or bolted Not moved with riders unless:

– Height: base ratio = 2:1 or designed– Surface within 30 of level; no obstructions– Outriggers both sides if used; no extension

beyond support

Ladders and ScaffoldsSUBPARTS

57X & L

Page 59: Ladders and Scaffolds

Ladder Jacks

Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS

58

Maximum height = 20 feet

PFAS required at > 10 feet.

Ladders to meet Subpart X

Ladders must be secured

Platforms can’t be overlapped

Page 60: Ladders and Scaffolds

Ladders and ScaffoldsSUBPARTS

59X & L

Page 61: Ladders and Scaffolds

“Catapult” action on quick drop expels user.

Fall Protection Required!

Ladders and ScaffoldsSUBPARTS

60

Aerial Lifts

X & L

Page 62: Ladders and Scaffolds

Vehicle-mounted or self-propelled elevating work platforms – training is required!

Aerial Lifts

Ladders and ScaffoldsSUBPARTS

61X & L

Page 63: Ladders and Scaffolds

Attach lanyard to the provided tie-off point only.

Other Requirements:

─ Stand firmly on basket floor.

─ Do not climb on basket edge.

─ Do not use ladders or planks.

Tie-Off in Lift

Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS

62

Page 64: Ladders and Scaffolds

Aerial lifts provide a safe method of reaching your working area…as long as they are used appropriately.

Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS

63

This is definitely NOT the appropriate way to use an aerial lift or a stepladder.

Page 65: Ladders and Scaffolds

What’s Wrong Here?

Ladders and ScaffoldsX &LSUBPARTS

64

Page 66: Ladders and Scaffolds

Don’t allow tools, materials, or debris to collect on scaffold.

Never, never throw or drop tools, materials, or equipment.

Make sure connections are in place and completely tight.

Do not stand on ties. Do not stand on guardrails or plank

extensions. Do not overreach outside of the guardrails.

Protect Yourself With Good Scaffold Safety Practice

Ladders and ScaffoldsSUBPARTS

65X & L

Page 67: Ladders and Scaffolds

Protect Yourself With Good Scaffold Safety Practice

Stay off scaffold during loading or unloading. Replace guardrails after loading or unloading. Use 3-point climbing. Don’t hang tarps without evaluation. Get off mobile scaffold before it’s moved. Never leave partially dismantled scaffolds

unguarded or unlabelled. Wear the right clothing and safety gear.

Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS

66

Page 68: Ladders and Scaffolds

Your employer must train you.

.454 Training Requirements

Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS

67

Page 69: Ladders and Scaffolds

Scaffolds(1926.450 - .454)

Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS

68

Common OSHA Citations:– .451(g)(1): Fall protection at 10 feet– .451(e)(1): 2 foot max. vertical platform access

Cross braces not to be used as access– .451(b)(1): Full deck at all working levels– .453(b)(2)(v): Fall protection in aerial lifts– .454(a): Scaffold user training

How can the hazards addressed by these Standards best be corrected, controlled, or eliminated?

Page 70: Ladders and Scaffolds

Review Questions

Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS

69

True or False? LADDERS

1. Stepladders can be folded and leanedagainst a wall and used as a ladder.

2. Ladders must extend 2 feet above landing area.3. The proper ladder angle is 1:4.4. It’s OK to use the top step of a stepladder if you can’t reach.5. Ladders must be secured when used.

Page 71: Ladders and Scaffolds

Review Questions

Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS

70

True or False? SCAFFOLDS

1. Scaffolds and their components must support 3 times the maximum intended load.

2. Only one or two planks are required for a work deck.

3. You can access a scaffold by the cross braces.

Page 72: Ladders and Scaffolds

Review Questions

Ladders and ScaffoldsX & LSUBPARTS

71

True or False? SCAFFOLDS

4. Guardrails or other fall protection is required at 10 feet or higher.

5. A scaffold should never be less than 3 feet from an energized power line.

6. In an aerial lift, you can tie off to an adjacent pole or structure.