7/27/2019 Lactic acid was isolated and refined for the first time by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1780 from s

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Lactic Acid

Lactic acid was isolated andrefined for the first time by the Swedish chemistCarl WilhelmScheele in 1780 from sour milk.

In 1856,Louis Pasteur discoveredLactobacillusand its role in the making of lactic acid.

Lactic acid started to be producedcommerciallyby the GermanpharmacyBoehringer

Ingelheim in 1895.

Lactic acid is found primarily in sourmilkproducts, such askoumiss,laban,yogurt,kefir,

and somecottage cheeses.Thecasein in fermented milk is coagulated (curdled) by lactic

acid.

Methane

Converting methane to H2

In the chemical industry, methane is converted tosynthesis gas,a mixture ofcarbonmonoxide and hydrogen, bysteam reforming.This endergonic process (requiring energy)

utilizesnickel catalysts and requires high temperatures, around 7001100 C:

CH4+ H2O CO + 3 H2

Related chemistries are exploited in theHaber-Bosch Synthesis of ammonia from air, whichis reduced with natural gas to a mixture ofcarbon dioxide,water,andammonia.

Industrial

Hydrogen production

Commercial bulk hydrogen is usually produced by thesteam reforming ofnatural gas.[75]At

high temperatures (10001400 K, 7001100 C or 13002000 F), steam (water vapor) reacts

withmethane to yieldcarbon monoxide and H2.

CH4 + H2O CO + 3 H2

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Posphorous

Hening Brand experimented withurine,which contains considerable quantities of dissolved

phosphates from normal metabolism. His process originally involved letting urine stand for

days until it gave off a terrible smell. Then he boiled it down to a paste, heated this paste to a

high temperature, and led the vapours through water, where he hoped they would condense togold. Instead, he obtained a white, waxy substance that glowed in the dark. Brand had

discovered phosphorus, the first element discovered since antiquity. We now know that

Brand produced ammonium sodium hydrogen phosphate, (NH4)NaHPO4. While the

quantities were essentially correct (it took about 1,100 L of urine to make about 60 g of

phosphorus), it was unnecessary to allow the urine to rot. Later scientists would discover that

fresh urine yielded the same amount of phosphorus and improved Brand's process by using

sand in the reaction (still using urine as base material),

4 NaPO3 + 2 SiO2 + 10 C 2 Na2SiO3 + 10 CO + P4

methane

Laboratory synthesis

Methane can also be produced by thedestructive distillation ofacetic acid in the presence of

soda lime or similar. Acetic acid isdecarboxylated in this process. Methane can also be

prepared by reaction ofaluminium carbide withwater orstrong acids.

cryogenics

Inphysics,cryogenicsis the study of the production of very lowtemperature (below 150

C, 238 F or 123 K) and the behavior of materials at those temperatures.

Etymology

The word cryogenicsstems fromGreek and means "the production of freezing cold";

however, the term is used today as asynonym for the low-temperature state. It is not well-

defined at what point on the temperature scalerefrigeration ends and cryogenics begins, but

most scientists[2]assume it starts at or below -150 C or 123K (about -240 F). TheNational

Institute of Standards and Technology atBoulder, Colorado has chosen to consider the field

of cryogenics as that involving temperatures below 180 C (-292 F or 93.15 K). This is a

logical dividing line, since the normalboiling points of the so-called permanentgases (suchashelium,hydrogen,neon,nitrogen,oxygen,and normalair)lie below 180 C while the

Freon refrigerants,hydrogen sulfide,and other common refrigerants have boiling points

above 180 C.

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